Cell WallCell Wall Cell WallCell Wall

Cell wall is the outermost tough and rigid layer, which Cell wall is the outermost tough and rigid layer, which comprises cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectin and at comprises cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectin and at other times, lignin. As expected, it remains connected other times, lignin. As expected, it remains connected with the cell walls of other cells. The prime functions of with the cell walls of other cells. The prime functions of cell wall are protection, giving structural support and cell wall are protection, giving structural support and helping in the filter mechanism.  helping in the filter mechanism. 

Cell MembraneCell Membrane

Cell membrane, also called plasma membrane, is Cell membrane, also called plasma membrane, is present inside the cell wall and surrounds the cytoplasm. present inside the cell wall and surrounds the cytoplasm. It connects the intracellular components (organelles and It connects the intracellular components (organelles and cytoplasm) with the extracellular environment, and helps cytoplasm) with the extracellular environment, and helps in protection and transportation. The cell membrane is in protection and transportation. The cell membrane is permeable to specific substances only.permeable to specific substances only.

PlasmodesmataPlasmodesmata Plasmodesma (plural plasmodesmata) is a small Plasmodesma (plural plasmodesmata) is a small

opening, which connects plant cells with each other. opening, which connects plant cells with each other. Present only in some types of algal cells and plants Present only in some types of algal cells and plants cells, this connecting channel enables transport of cells, this connecting channel enables transport of materials and allows communication between the cells. materials and allows communication between the cells. In a single plant cell, about 1,000-100,000 In a single plant cell, about 1,000-100,000 plasmodesmata are present. plasmodesmata are present.

Nuclear MembraneNuclear Membrane The nuclear membrane and the nuclear envelope The nuclear membrane and the nuclear envelope

mean one and same thing. As the name reveals, it is mean one and same thing. As the name reveals, it is the outer covering of the nucleus. It separates the the outer covering of the nucleus. It separates the cytoplasmic contents from the nuclear contents. cytoplasmic contents from the nuclear contents. Nonetheless, minute pores (nuclear pores) are present Nonetheless, minute pores (nuclear pores) are present for exchanging materials between the nucleus and for exchanging materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm.  cytoplasm. 

NucleusNucleus Nucleus is a specialized organelle, which contains the Nucleus is a specialized organelle, which contains the

plant's hereditary material i.e. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic plant's hereditary material i.e. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid). Inside the nucleus, a dense, spherical body Acid). Inside the nucleus, a dense, spherical body called nucleolus is present. The nucleus contains called nucleolus is present. The nucleus contains structures, which regulates the cell cycle, growth, structures, which regulates the cell cycle, growth, protein synthesis and reproductive function.protein synthesis and reproductive function.

VacuoleVacuole Vacuoles are large membrane-bound compartments, Vacuoles are large membrane-bound compartments,

which store water and compounds. They function as which store water and compounds. They function as storage, excretory and secretory organelles. The storage, excretory and secretory organelles. The membrane surrounding a vacuole is called tonoplast. A membrane surrounding a vacuole is called tonoplast. A mature plant cell has a single vacuole at the near mature plant cell has a single vacuole at the near center of the cell (central vacuole), which contributes to center of the cell (central vacuole), which contributes to about 30-80 percent of the cell's volume. about 30-80 percent of the cell's volume. 

CytoplasmCytoplasm

Cytoplasm is filled up by cytosol, which is a gelatinous Cytoplasm is filled up by cytosol, which is a gelatinous and semitransparent fluid. All the and semitransparent fluid. All the organelles of the plant cellorganelles of the plant cell are present in this  are present in this cytoplasm. This part of the plant cell is the site for cell cytoplasm. This part of the plant cell is the site for cell division, glycolysis and many other cellular activities. division, glycolysis and many other cellular activities. Also, the cytoskeleton elements (microtubules and Also, the cytoskeleton elements (microtubules and

microfilaments) are present in the cytosol.microfilaments) are present in the cytosol.

Plastids are organelles responsible for photosynthetic activity, Plastids are organelles responsible for photosynthetic activity, manufacturing and storage of chemical compounds in plants. manufacturing and storage of chemical compounds in plants. Chloroplast is an important form of plastid containing Chloroplast is an important form of plastid containing chlorophyll pigment, which helps in harvesting light energy chlorophyll pigment, which helps in harvesting light energy and converting it to chemical energy. Likewise, chromoplast and converting it to chemical energy. Likewise, chromoplast and other plastids are present in a plant cell.and other plastids are present in a plant cell.

Plastid Plastid (Chloroplast)(Chloroplast)

MitochondriaMitochondria Mitochondria (singular mitochondrion) are oblong shaped Mitochondria (singular mitochondrion) are oblong shaped

organelles, which are also known as 'the powerhouse of the organelles, which are also known as 'the powerhouse of the cell'. They are responsible for breaking down complex cell'. They are responsible for breaking down complex carbohydrate and sugar molecules to simpler forms, which carbohydrate and sugar molecules to simpler forms, which the plants can use. Other than this, mitochondria are crucial the plants can use. Other than this, mitochondria are crucial for cell signaling, cycle, division, growth and death. for cell signaling, cycle, division, growth and death.

Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) organelle plays a major The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) organelle plays a major

role in manufacturing and storage of chemical compounds, role in manufacturing and storage of chemical compounds, like glycogen and steroids. It is also involved in translation like glycogen and steroids. It is also involved in translation and transportation of protein. ER is also connected to the and transportation of protein. ER is also connected to the nuclear membrane, so as to make a channel between the nuclear membrane, so as to make a channel between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. cytoplasm and the nucleus. 

Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus Golgi apparatus also known as golgi complex and golgi Golgi apparatus also known as golgi complex and golgi

body. It is an organelle responsible for processing of body. It is an organelle responsible for processing of macromolecules (like carbohydrates, proteins and fats) and macromolecules (like carbohydrates, proteins and fats) and packaging them into membrane-bound vesicles for packaging them into membrane-bound vesicles for transportation purposes. Golgi bodies are present near to transportation purposes. Golgi bodies are present near to the nucleus of the plant cell. the nucleus of the plant cell.

RibosomeRibosome

Ribosomes are organelles, which are made up of 60% Ribosomes are organelles, which are made up of 60% RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) and 40% protein, and play an RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) and 40% protein, and play an important role in protein translation. It won't be wrong to important role in protein translation. It won't be wrong to say that the main site of protein synthesis is ribosome. say that the main site of protein synthesis is ribosome. Endoplasmic reticulum having ribosomes is referred to Endoplasmic reticulum having ribosomes is referred to as rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).  as rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). 

MicrobodiesMicrobodies Microbodies are single, membrane-bound, globular Microbodies are single, membrane-bound, globular

shaped organelles, which are found in the cytoplasm. shaped organelles, which are found in the cytoplasm. They range in size from 0.5-1 micrometer, and contain They range in size from 0.5-1 micrometer, and contain degradative enzymes. Many kinds of microbodies are degradative enzymes. Many kinds of microbodies are present in a plant cell, of which the two most common present in a plant cell, of which the two most common types are peroxisomes and glyoxysomes.types are peroxisomes and glyoxysomes.

MicrotubulesMicrotubules Microtubules are straight, hollow, tubular cylinders, Microtubules are straight, hollow, tubular cylinders,

which are major elements of the cytoskeleton. These which are major elements of the cytoskeleton. These plant cell structures are involved in synthesizing cell plant cell structures are involved in synthesizing cell wall. Function wise, they are crucial for structural wall. Function wise, they are crucial for structural support, cell division and transport of vesicles. support, cell division and transport of vesicles. Microtubules in a plant cell are simpler, as compared to Microtubules in a plant cell are simpler, as compared to those of an animal cell. those of an animal cell. 

MicrofilamentsMicrofilaments Microfilaments are thin, filament like structures found in Microfilaments are thin, filament like structures found in

the cytosol, which contain actin subunits. These along the cytosol, which contain actin subunits. These along with the microtubules make up the cytoskeleton of with the microtubules make up the cytoskeleton of plants cells. Similar to the microtubules, the plants cells. Similar to the microtubules, the microfilaments are responsible for giving structural microfilaments are responsible for giving structural support, flexibility and shape to the cell. support, flexibility and shape to the cell. 

Manuela BedoyaManuela Bedoya Ms. MooreMs. Moore P.5P.5 ScienceScience