All chapte rs -ashish, avneesh , sandeep

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CONCERN OF AIR POLLUTION

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Air pollution is defined by the existence and integration of toxic compound in the

atmosphere in concentration high enough to cause harm to human, animals and the

earth’s environment.

Carbon monoxide and sulfur oxide are considered primary pollutants. These pollutants

undergo chemical changes and cause secondary effects such as smog.

Acid deposition consists of rain, snow, dust or gas with a ph lower than 5.6.

1.2 EPIDEMIOLOGY

Epidemiology is the study of the patterns, cause, and effects of health and disease

conditions in defined pollutions. It is the cornerstone of public health, and informs

policy decisions and evidence based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and

target for preventive health care. Epidemiologist help with study, design collection and

statical analysis of data and interpretation and dissemination of results.

1.3 EFFECTS OF THE THERMAL POWER PLANT ON

ENVIRONMENT

Coal is the only natural resource and fossil fuel available in abundance in India.

Consequently, it is used widely as a thermal energy source and also as fuel for thermal

power plants producing electricity. Power generation in India has increased manifold in

the recent decades to meet the demand of the increasing population. Generating capacity

has grown many times from 1362MW in 1947 to 147,403MW (as on December 2008).

India has about 90,000 MWe installed capacity for electricity generation, of which more

than 70% is produced by coal- based thermal power plants. The only fossil fuel

available in abundance is coal, and hence its usage will keep growing for another 2–3

decades at least till nuclear power makes a significant contribution. The coal available

in India is of poor quality, with very high ash content and low calorific value, and most

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of the coal mines are located in the eastern part of the country. Whatever good quality

coal available is used by the metallurgical industry, like steel plants. The coal supplied

to power plants is of the worst quality. Some of the coal mines are owned by private

companies, and they do not wish to invest on quality improvement1. Combustion

process converts coal into useful heat energy, but it is also a part of the process that

produce greatest environmental and health concerns.

Combustion of coal at thermal power plants emits mainly carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur

oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx); CFCs other trace gases and air borne inorganic

particulates, such as fly ash and suspended particulate matter (SPM). CO2, NOx and

CFCs are greenhouse gases (GHGs) High ash content in Indian coal and inefficient

combustion technologies contribute to India’s emission of air particulate matter and

other trace gases, including gases that are responsible for the greenhouse effect. The

present coal consumption in thermal power station in India results in adding ash

estimated 12.21 million tons fly ash in to the environment a year of which nearly a third

goes in to air and the rest is dumped on land or water .in spite of various research results

a consistent utilization is not evident, and it expected that stocks piles of fly ash will

continue to grow with the increasing number of super thermal power station in India. As

reliance upon coal as a fuel source increases .This large quantities of this material will

be increasingly brought into contact with the water and soil environment.

1.4 CAUSE OF AIR POLLUTION

It mainly concerned with two causes they are:

1. Natural cause.

1. Natural contamination- pollen, fungal spores, bacteria etc.

2. Volcanic eruption- gases and ash.

3. Forest fire- smoke and harmful trace gases.

4. Salt spray from oceans

5. Dust storm.

2. Anthropogenic.

1. Thermal power plant.

2. Rapid industrialization.

3. Automobile revolution.

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4. Advanced agricultural technique.

From the above causes we conclude that main factors of air pollution are dust and smog.

1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF POLLUTION SOURCES

1. Point or stationary sources-industries (only effect the restricted area)

2. Line or mobile sources- Automobile(as these add pollutants along narrow belt)

3. Area sources- towns and cities (add smog and gases along wide area).

1.6 CLASSIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS

On the basis of origin:

1. Primary Air pollutants: These are emitted directly into the air from source.

They can have effects both directly and as precursors of secondary air pollution

2. Secondary Air pollutants: These are produced in the air by interaction two or

more primary pollutants or by reaction with normal atmospheric constituents

with or without photo activation. Examples of secondary pollutants are ozone,

formaldehyde, PAN, acid mist.

1.7PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTANTS

Particulate pollutants are categorized according to size, mode of formation and physical

state.

1. Aerosols –air borne suspension of solid or liquid particles smaller than 0.001mm

example dust, smog, mist and fumes.

2. Dust- all solid particles suspended in the air temporary but settled under gravity

(0.001mm – 0.2mm)

3. Smoke- fine solid particle resulting from in complete combustion of organic

particle like coal, wood , tobacco etc (0.0001 – 0.001mm)

4. Fumes- fine solid particles formed by condensation of a vapour of a solid

material usually not visible and are released from chemical of metallurgical

process.

5. Mist- it consist of liquid droplet formed by the condensation of vapour in atmosphere

or industrial operation, example sulphuric acid mist.

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1.8 EFFECTS

Following adverse health effects have been linked to particulate matter

1. Premature death.

2. Lung cancer.

3. Development of the chronic health disease.

4. Heart attack

5. Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease

and asthma.

6. Decreased lung function.

7. Pre-term birth.

8. Low birth weight.

1.9 EFFECT ON ENVIRONMENT BY THERMAL POWER PLANT

1.9.1 Impact on water

The water requirement for a coal-based power plant is about 0.005-0.18 m3/kwh. At

STPS, the water requirement has been marginally reduced from about 0.18 m3/kwh to

0.15 m3/kwh after the installation of a treatment facility for the ash pond decant. Still the

water requirement of 0.15 m3/kwh = 150 Liters per Unit of electricity is very high

compared to the domestic requirement of water of a big city. Ash pond decant contains

harmful heavy metals like B, As, Hg which have a tendency to leach out over a period

of time. Due to this the ground water gets polluted and becomes unsuitable for domestic

use. At Ramagundam STPS leakage of the ash pond decants was noticed into a small

natural channel. This is harmful to the fisheries and other aquatic biota in the water

body. Similar findings were noted for Chandrapur. The exposure of employees to high

noise levels is very high in the coal based thermal power plant. Moreover, the increased

transportation activities due to the operation of the power plant leads to an increase in

noise levels in the adjacent localities.

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1.9.2 Impact on land

The land requirement per megawatt of installed capacity for coal, gas and hydroelectric

power plants is 0.1- 4.7 hectare 0.26 hectare and 6.6 hectare respectively. In case of coal

based power plants the land requirement is generally near the area to the coal mines.

While in the case of gas-based it is any suitable land where the pipeline can be taken

economically. Land requirement of hydroelectric power plants is generally hilly terrain

and valleys. 321 hectare, 2616 hectare, and 74 hectare of land were used to dispose fly

ash from the coal based plants at Ramagundam, Chandrapur and Gandhinagar

respectively. Thus large area of land is required for coal based thermal power plant. Due

to this, natural soil properties changes. It becomes more alkaline due to the alkaline

nature of fly ash.

1.9.3 Biological & thermal impact

The effect on biological environment can be divided into two parts, viz. the effect and

flora and the effect on fauna. Effect on flora is due to two main reasons, land acquisition

and due to flue gas emissions. Land acquisition leads to loss of habitat of many species.

The waste-water being at higher temperature (by 4-5oC) when discharged can harm the

local aquatic biota. The primary effects of thermal pollution are direct thermal shocks,

changes in dissolved oxygen, and the redistribution of organisms in the local

community. Because water can absorb thermal energy with only small changes in

temperature, most aquatic organisms have developed enzyme systems that operate in

only narrow ranges of temperature. These stenothermic organisms can be killed by

sudden temperature changes that are beyond the tolerance limits of their metabolic

systems. Periodic heat treatments used to keep the cooling system clear of fouling

organisms that clog the intake pipes can cause fish mortality.

1.9.4 Socio-economic impact

The effect of power plants on the socio-economic environment is based on three

parameters, viz. Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R & R), effect on local civic

amenities and work related hazards to employees of the power plants. The development

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of civic amenities due to the setting up of any power project is directly proportional to

the size of the project. The same has been observed to be the highest for the coal based

plants followed by the natural gas based plant and lastly the hydroelectric plant. The

coal based plant has the highest number of accidents due to hazardous working

conditions. A similar study was undertaken by Agrawal & Agrawal3 (1989) in order to

assess the impact of air pollutants on vegetation around Obra thermal power plant (1550

MW) in the Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh. 5 study sites were selected northeast

(prevailing wind) of the thermal power plant. Responses of plants to pollutants in terms

of presence of foliar injury symptoms and changes in chlorophyll, ascorbic acid and S

content were noted. These changes were correlated with ambient SOx and suspended

particulate matter (SPM) concentrations and the amount of dust settled on leaf surfaces.

The SOx and SPM concentrations were quite high in the immediate vicinity of the

power plant. There also exists a direct relationship between the concentration of SPM in

air and amount of dust deposited on leaf surfaces. In a lichen diversity assessment

carried out around a coal-based thermal power plant by Bajpai et al.4, (2010) indicated

the increase in lichen abundance. Distributions of heavy metals from power plant were

observed in all directions.

Manohar et al.5, (1989) have carried out the study on effects of thermal power plant

emissions on atmospheric electrical parameters, as emissions from industrial stacks may

not only cause environmental and health problems but also cause substantial deviation

in the fair weather atmospheric electric parameters.

1.10 MOST CONTROL DEVICES ARE LOCATED SOME

DISTANCE FROM THE EMISSION SOURCE THEY

CONTROL

The type of equipment needed to convey waste gases are the same for most kind of

control devices. These are:

1. Hoods – we use to capture the emissions at the source.

2. Duckwork – to convey them to the control device.

3. Stacks – to disperse them after they leave the device.

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4. Fans- to provide the energy for moving them for the controlled system together

these terms comprise a ventilation system.

5. Electrostatic separator.

1.11 CONCLUSION

Thermal Power Plant affects environmental segments of the surrounding region very

badly. Large amount of SOx, NOx & SPM are generated which damage the

environment and are highly responsible for deterioration of health of human beings,

animal kingdom as well as plants. Emission of SPM & RSPM disperse over 25 Kms

radius land and cause respiratory and related aliments to human beings and animal

kingdom.

SPM gets deposited on the plants which affect photosynthesis. Due to penetration of

pollutants inside the plants through leaves & branches, imbalance of minerals, micro

and major nutrients in the plants take place which affect the plant growth severely.

Spreading & deposition of SPM on soil disturb the soil strata thereby the fertile and

forest land becomes less productive. Because of continuous & long lasting emission of

SOx & NOx, which are the principal pollutants emitted from a coal based power plant,

structures & buildings get affected due to corrosive reactions.

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CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE REVIEW

This project includes the causes and ill effects of the air pollution by the industries in

the surrounding areas.

PROJECT SITE is Taanda Thermal Power Plant As Well As JAYPEE Cement

Company which is situated at Ambedkar Nagar, U.P

We have chosen the above site because it is an industrial area where the industries are

releasing lots of harmful gases and materials which are directly and indirectly affecting

the ecological life of Ambedkar nagar. Human health, animal health as well as land are

severely getting affected by these industries.

Thermal power plant of Ambedkar nagar is using coal as a fuel for generating electricity

after which gets converted into fly ash and also it releases harmful gases like CO2, SOx,

NOx etc.

JAYPEE cement company is releasing dust particle in the atmosphere which contains

harmful elements like cadmium, arsenic, Hg, Pb, etc which is also affecting the

environment of the area.

The above work is also done in Delhi where CPCB researched about the impact of air

pollution on the children.

In London, Particulate matter affected the human life.

2.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Epidemiological studies have established a close relationship between exposure to

ambient air pollution and morbidity and mortality from cardio-pulmonary diseases. Air

pollution is a complex mixture of various gases, particulates, hydrocarbons, and

transition metals. Of all these pollutants, the association between air pollution and

adverse health conditions was the strongest and most consistent for respirable

suspended particulate matters (RSPM) with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10

micrometer (PM10). Health risk from particulate pollution is especially high for some

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susceptible groups such as the children and the elderly persons, and those with diseases

of the heart and lungs

Central Pollution Control Board had sponsored the epidemiological study “Study on

Ambient Air Quality, Respiratory Symptoms and Lung Function of Children in Delhi’

carried out during March 2003–August 2005 and conducted by Chittranjan National

Cancer Institute, Kolkata. The findings of these studies are as follows:

2.2 OBJECTIVES

1. Assessment of the respiratory health status of school children chronically

exposed to ambient air pollution of Delhi.

2. Assessment of degree of lung function impairment among children of Delhi.

2.3 Study details

1. 11,628 school-going children (7757 boys and 3871 girls) from 36 schools in

different parts of Delhi in different seasons were included in the study.

2. Control: 4536 children, boys 2950 and girls 1586, from 15 schools of rural West

Bengal and 2 schools from Khirsu and Kotdwar in Uttaranchal.

3. Overall, the age of the children was between 4 to 17 years.

4. Study was carried out between “December 2002 – August 2005”.

5. Pulmonary function tests (PFT) was conducted in 5718 participants of Delhi and

2270 control children by electronic, battery-operated spirometer.

2.4 Study protocol

1. Assessment of respiratory health by questionnaire survey and clinical

examination.

2. Pulmonary function test (PFT) by Spirometry.

3. Assessment of childhood obesity.

4. Examination of cellular lung reaction to inhaled pollutants by sputum cytology

and cytochemistry.

5. Assessment of haematological and vascular changes associated with air

pollution exposure following standard haematological procedure.

6. Assessment of behavioural characteristics.

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2.5 Findings

2.5.1 Respiratory and associated symptoms

1. Compared to control, Delhi’s children had 1.80 times more Upper respiratory

symptoms (sinusitis, running or stuffy nose, sneezing, sore throat and common

cold with fever) and two times more Lower respiratory symptoms (frequent dry

cough, sputum-producing cough, wheezing breath, breathlessness on exertion,

chest pain or tightness and disturbed sleep due to breathing problems)

suggesting higher prevalence of underlying respiratory diseases.

2. Respiratory and associated symptoms were most prevalent in children from low

socioeconomic status, and least in children from families with high socio-

economic background.

3. The symptoms were more prevalent in children during winter when PM10 level

in air is highest in a year, and lowest during monsoon when particulate air

pollution level is lowest, suggesting a positive association with particulate air

pollution.

2.5.2 Lung function

1. The results showed reduction of lung function in 43.5% schoolchildren of Delhi

compared with 25.7% in control group. Delhi’s children had increased

prevalence of restrictive (20.3% vs. 14.3% in control), obstructive (13.06% vs.

8% in control), as well as combined (both restrictive and obstructive) type of

lung functions deficits (9.6% vs. 3.5% in control). After controlling potential

confounders like season, socioeconomic conditions and ETS, PM10 level in

ambient air was found to be positively associated with types of lung function.

2. Lung function reduction was more prevalent in girls than the boys both in rural

and urban settings.

3. Based on BMI data, 5.4% children of Delhi enrolled in this study were

overweight against 2.4% children in control (p<0.001). Overweight and

underweight children had poor lung function than children with normal weight.

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2.5.3 Cellular lung reaction to air pollution

1. The mean number of alveolar macrophages (AM) per high power field in

Delhi’s Children was 5.2 in contrast to 1.7 AM per hpf in control. Hence, school

children of Delhi had 3.1 times more AM in their sputum. Marked increase in

AM number signifies greater exposure to particulate pollution as AM represents

the first line of cellular defence against inhaled pollutants.

2. Sputum of Delhi’s children contained 4-times more iron-laden macrophages

(siderophages) than controls indicating convert pulmonary haemorrhage.

3. Changes in the sputum cytology among the school children of Delhi positively

correlated with ambient PM10 level.

2.5.4 Haematological and vascular changes

1. The prevalence of hypertension in children was 6.2% in Delhi compared with

2.1% in control. Hypertension was more prevalent among girls than the boys

and increased progressively with age, highest being in the age group of 15 – 17

years.

2. ‘Target’ cells in 9.8% of Delhi’s children against 4.3% of controls, implying a

greater risk of liver problem.

3. Higher prevalence of toxic granulation in neutrophils (21.0% vs. 8.7%) and

circulating immature neutrophils (11.3% vs. 6.5%) was found among the

children of Delhi, which suggests greater risk of infection and inflammation.

2.5.5 Behaviour

1. Delhi’s schoolchildren had 2.5-times more Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity

Disorder (ADHD) prevalence than age-and sex-matched controls (6.7%

vs.2.7%, p<0.05). Boys had a remarkably higher prevalence than the girls.

Besides air pollution, the stress of urban living could have played a role in

eliciting greater prevalence of ADHD among the schoolchildren of Delhi

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2.6 AIR POLLUTION AND ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS:

MODIFYING FACTORS

2.6.1. Indoor air pollution

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) i.e. passive smoking, nitrogen dioxide from gas

cooking /heating and smoke from biomass fuels are the three potential sources of indoor

air pollution that may modify health effects of ambient air pollution. ETS increases the

risk of respiratory symptoms and lung function reduction in children. Natural gas

cooking and heating stoves increase exposure of family members to nitrogen dioxide.

Children who are exposed to gas heating in their homes are more likely to be prone to

respiratory illness than those with electric heating, but the level of significance was only

marginal. In a study in Nepal, found a relation between hours per day spent near a stove

and acute lower respiratory illness in children.

2.6.2. Housing and family size

Respiratory illnesses caused by respiratory infections are contagious diseases.

Overcrowding favor their propagation. As early as in 1927, Woods reported a highly

significant correlation between overcrowded houses and pneumonia mortality in

England and Wales. Payling-Wright, and Payling-Wright (1945) confirmed this finding

by reporting a strong correlation between person per room and number of children per

family and mortality from broncho pneumonia in children. Pneumonia epidemics have

also been observed in crowded living conditions in South African mining camps, and

during the construction of the Panama Canal (Finland, 1982).

2.6.3. Nutrition

Malnutrition is generally regarded as a risk factor for respiratory infection. However,

malnutrition is closely correlated with crowding, poverty, poor education and poor

housing in developing countries. Its independent effect on risk of respiratory infection is

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rather difficult to assess. Malnourished children have been shown to experience 2.7

times more bronchitis and 19 times more pneumonia than normal-weight properly

nourished children (James, 1972). A significant relation between malnutrition and

pneumonia but not bronchitis has been reported. Vitamin A deficiency in children is

associated with increased morbidity from respiratory infection and increased overall

mortality. Breast-feeding reduce mortality in children in the developing countries.

Whether the protective effect from breast milk is from its conferred anti-infective

properties

(Saarinen, 1982) or from nutritional factors is not clear. Conversely, obesity was

reported to be associated with increased incidence of respiratory illness in infants

(Tracey, 1971).

2.6.4. Age

Some studies have observed a relationship between acute lower respiratory tract

infection in the first two years of life and chronic respiratory disease in later life. For

example, acute lower respiratory infection in childhood has been related to chronic

cough in young adults, adult mortality from bronchitis (Barker and Osmond, 1986),

reduced lung function and increased bronchial reactivity.

2.6.5. Psychosocial factor

Early cross sectional studies reported relations between anxiety and upper respiratory

illness (Belfer et al., 1968), and between life changes, maladaptive coping, social

isolation, unresolved role crises with respiratory infections (Jacobs et al., 1970). Other

cross sectional studies have found relations between maternal stress and bronchitis in

children (Hart et al., 1984); and poor family functioning with doctor visits for

respiratory infection in children (Foulke et al., 1988). Stressful life events in families

are four times more likely to precede an episode of streptococcal pharyngitis (Meyer

and Haggerty, 1962). Stress and anxiety might predispose to respiratory infection by

two mechanisms: first, high stress levels may lead to disruption of normal hygiene

measures that reduce transmission of respiratory viruses; second, since psychological

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stress and other psychological factors suppress body’s defense against infection (Kieolt-

Glaser and Glaser, 1986), this may lead to increased susceptibility to increased

respiratory infection.

2.6.6. Socio-economic status

Socio-economic status (SES) is usually measured in terms of level of income, education

and pneumonia in children (Collins et al., 1971). Social class is also related to

respiratory morbidity from predominantly lower respiratory tract infections (Colley and

Reid, 1970, Colley et al., 1973). Tupasi et al., (1988) confirmed that SES within

developing countries strongly predicts risk of acute respiratory infection. Question has

been raised about the key component of the low SES that increases the risk of

respiratory infection. Poverty and lower social status are associated with large family

size, crowded living conditions, poorer access to medical care, higher smoking rates,

nutritional deficits and exposure to environmental pollutants including urban air

pollution and stressful living environments. These factors may contribute individually

or perhaps interact between themselves to increase the susceptibility to respiratory

diseases.

2.6.7. Meteorological factors

Low temperatures are usually associated with increase in mortality from pneumonia and

bronchitis (Yang, 1924). However, the association could be explained by high PM level

because peak levels of respirable particles occurred in mid winter presumably due to

condensation, cloud cover and precipitation that prevent dispersal (Graham, 1990).

Humidity might play a role in respiratory illness; for example, rhinoviruses survive

better at higher humidity implying greater transmission during high humidity periods

(Gwaltney, 1980). In temperate and warm climates, however, high humidity is often

associated with the monsoon when people spent more time indoors. Therefore it

remains a matter of conjecture whether the association was due to humidity or indoor

air pollution.

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2.6.8. Low birth weight

It has been hypothesized that low birth weight could lead to more respiratory infections

(Pio et al., 1985). Low birth weight (< 2 kg) is associated with chronic cough but not

wheeze (Chan et al., 1989). A study in India by Datta et al., (1987) revealed that low

birth weight infants (<2.5 kg) experienced the same respiratory illness prevalence as

normal weight infants in the first year of life (4.65 vs. 4.56 episodes), but had a much

higher death rate (24.6 vs. 3.2 per 100 episodes of moderate to severe respiratory

illness). Increased mortality from respiratory infection in low birth weight children has

also been reported by Victora et al., (1989) and this relationship persisted after

adjustment for parental income and education. These studies suggest that low birth

weight children do not experience higher rates of respiratory illness, but do experience

more severe infections. Confounding factors for low birth weight such as overcrowding,

poverty and poor nutrition make it difficult to ascertain whether the association is causal

or not.

Particle size, chemical composition and source

It is now well recognized that particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter of

less than 10 mm (PM10) and less than 2.5 mm (PM2.5) are the primary mediators of

toxicity in the lungs and the airways, while fine (PM2.5) and ultrafine particles (UFP,

aerodynamic diameter less than 0.1 mm) generally mediate toxicity on the heart and

blood vessels (Pope 2004, Brook et al., 2004). It was also observed that exposures to

fine particles from outdoor sources of combustion and from tobacco smoke invoke

similar pathophysiological processes. Indeed, airway inflammation, an important factor

in mediating air pollution effects on the lungs, is a common finding among smokers as

well as in persons who have lived for long in a polluted environment (Gauderman et al.,

2004).

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2.7 AIR POLLUTION AND ITS SOURCES IN DELHI

According to 2001 census, 13.8 million people lived in the Delhi within an area of 1483

km2. Due to relatively high employment opportunities and better living conditions,

Delhi has attracted millions of people from rural areas in neighboring states. Currently

Delhi and its surrounding suburbs is the third largest metropolitan area in the country

after Mumbai and Kolkata. There are 827 women per 1000 men, and the literacy rate is

78.5%. Approximately 90% of the population is urban.

2.7.1 Vehicular source of air pollution: motor vehicles in Delhi

Motor vehicles are responsible for a substantial part of Delhi’s air pollution. The motor

vehicle fleet of Delhi presently stands at 4.2 million, which is more than Mumbai,

Kolkata and Chennai put together (Badami, 2005). Delhi alone with only a little over

1% of India’s population accounts for 1/ 8th of national vehicle population (Badami,

2005). In 1975, the number of vehicles in Delhi and Mumbai was almost the same.

Today Delhi has 3 times more vehicles than Mumbai, although Mumbai has 4 million

more inhabitants than Delhi. While Delhi’s population has grown about 5% per annum

over the last three decades motor vehicles grew 20% per annum in the 1970s and 1980s

and 10% per annum in the 1990s (Fig.1.1). They are still growing at a current rate of

7% per annum (DDA 1996; Mohon et al., 1997). Vehicular particulate emissions are

especially harmful for human health, because they are small and numerous, and occur

near ground level where people live and work.

Figure 2.1: Growth in population and no. of vehicles in Delhi over a period of 30 years (1970-2001)

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(i) Road transportation in Delhi

Delhi’s road transport includes private vehicles such as 2-wheelers, cars, Jeeps etc.;

public transport vehicles, such as bus, taxi, and auto rickshaws; and goods transport

vehicles such as trucks and tempos.

(ii) Bus

Delhi’s buses constitute only small percentage of city’s vehicular population, but they

cater to maximum of the total traffic load. Although personal vehicles such as cars and

two wheelers represent nearly 94% of the total number of vehicles of the city, they cater

to only 30% of the travel demand (Dept. of Transport, Govt. of Delhi). Growth of motor

vehicles in Delhi is depicted in Fig. 1.2. Delhi Transport Corporation operates large

fleet of compressed natural gas (CNG)-fueled buses. Besides, there are a large number

of private-owned CNG-fueled buses plying in Delhi. Delhi’s buses pollute much less

than diesel-fueled buses of most other cities in India.

Figure 1.2: Growth of motor vehicles in Delhi

2.8 SCOPE OF THE WORK

Air pollution is considered as the most important contributing factor for respiratory

illnesses. Considering these, it is important to assess the respiratory health of children in

Delhi. Accordingly, the present study was undertaken in 2003 to study the respiratory

health of children in Delhi.

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CHAPTER – 3

METHODOLOGY

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3.1 SITE SELECTION

Tanda Thermal power plant TnTPP is situated at Tanda, Ambedkar Nagar, U.P. Tanda

Thermal Power Project was conceived and implemented by Uttar Pradesh State

Electricity Board (UPSEB) in 1980-81 in District Ambedkar Nagar of Uttar Pradesh.

Subsequently, the station was taken over by NTPC in January, 2000.

The present capacity of TnTPP is 440 MW (4x110 MW) and the same is under

commercial operation. The present proposal is to implement coal based Tanda TPP,

Stage-II (2x660 MW) for the benefit Uttar Pradesh and other willing of States/UTs of

Northern Region during early XII Plan period. The project is envisaged to be based on

Super Critical Technology, which shall generate power at higher efficiency, i.e. with

less consumption of coal and water and less generation of pollutants as compared to

conventional sub critical units.

The Tanda project site is located on the right bank of Main Tanda Canal near

Bahadurpur village in Ambedkar Nagar District of Utter Pradesh having latitude and

longitude of 260 35' 30" N and 820 35’ 40” E respectively. The site is approachable

from Tanda - Faizabad State Highway. Nearest railway station Akbarpur is at a distance

of 20 Kms on Faizabad-Shahganj section of Northern Central railways. The nearest

commercial airport at Lucknow is located at a distance of approximately 240 Kms from

the project site.

1. Ambedkar Nagar district covers an area of 2520 sq. km.

2. Total population of 16, 29,353.

3. Tanda has population of 83,079.

4. Approximately 16% of the population is under 6 years of age.

5. Tanda is an industrial city

6. It is coal based power plants of NTPC.

7. Source of water for the power plant is from Tanda Pump Canal on Saryu River.

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Figure 2.1: Tanda Thermal Power plant (Google image)

3.1.1 ECONOMY

Tanda is an industrial city famous for its Terri cot clothes. The "Tanda Teri cot" is now

manufactured by power looms; however, the town has a long history of weaving using

hand looms. Things changed with the introduction of electricity in the early 1960s.

Clothes manufactured include lungi, gamcha, arabi roomal, sari etc.

Other important industrial establishments in the region include a power plant run by the

National Thermal Power Corporation and the Jaypee cement factory. National Thermal

Power Corporation has an installed capacity of 440 MW (4 x 110 MW). The power

plant also houses a residential colony along with a hospital and the educational

facilities: (Rajkiya Vidyut Parishad Intermediate College, Bal Bharti Public School,

Vivekananda Shishu Kunj (UP Board & CBSE Board) and recreational clubs (Navrang

and Saptrang) having various sports facilities and gymnasium. The colony is located

beside the Saryu River. Jaypee has its own Township and Hospital/Dispensary. This

hospital provides free treatment and medicines to nearby villagers.

3.1.2 TRANSPORTATION

Tanda is connected by rail and road with the rest of the country. The rail connectivity is

used primarily for goods transportation for NTPC and Jaypee Cement Factory. For

passenger transportation, Akbarpur Railway Station is the main option. It is located

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about 18 km from in south of the town. Tanda is around 155 km from Varanasi, 200 km

from Lucknow, 55 km from Faizabad and around 80 km from Gorakhpur.

Frequent government bus services are not available to nearby towns and cities.

However, many private travel agencies run frequent bus services to Lucknow and

Faizabad. For short journeys, Jeeps and Autos are the common means of transportation.

For internal transport, the rickshaw is common.

The nearest Airport is Babatpur near Varanasi, and Amausi in Lucknow.

3.1.3 CULTURE

Many festivals are celebrated here (by Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs), such as Durga

Pooja and Eid. Some local events like Datikandhava [a festival that celebrates Lord Shri

Krishna], Ramleela and Haroon Rasheed Mela and the Muharram are also celebrated

here.

3.1.4 EDUCATION

Mahamaya Rajkiya Allopathic Medical College and Trilok Nath Postgraduate College

are the two degree colleges in the city. Trilok Nath Postgraduate College offers B.A. in

a few subjects including Hindi and Urdu. There are many intermediate-level colleges

such as Arya Kanya Inter College, Lalta Prasad Kanya Inter College, Muslim Niswan

Inter College, Fatima Girls Inter College, Adarsh Janta Inter College, Qaumi Inter

College and Hobart Triloknath Inter College.

C. English Academy, Bal Shiksha Niketan, Madarsa Manzar-e-Haq, Noor-e-Haq

Islamia, Kanz-Ul-Uloom, Adars Janta Inter College, Cosmopolitan School,Crescent

English Academy, Modern Anglo, Bal Bharti and DAV are few of the schools in the

area. While the majority of the schools have Hindi-medium education, there are several

English medium schools including Cosmopolitan School, Vivekanand Shishukunj

N.T.P.C. etc.

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3.2 ANALYSIS OF STACK AND PLUME

Pollutants enter the atmosphere in a number of different ways. For example, wind blows

dust into the air. When plant material decays, methane is released. Automobiles, trucks

and buses emit pollutants from engine exhausts and during refuelling. Electric power

plants along with home furnaces give off pollutants as they try to satisfy mankind's need

for energy.

One method of pollution release has received more attention than any other pollution

released from stationary point sources, i.e. stacks. Stacks come in all sizes from a small

vent on a building's roof to a tall stack. Their function is to release pollutants high

enough above the earth's surface so that emitted pollutants can sufficiently disperse in

the atmosphere before reaching ground level. All else being equal, taller stacks disperse

pollutants better than shorter stacks because the plume has to travel through a greater

depth of the atmosphere before it reaches ground level. As the plume travels it spreads

and disperses.

3.2.1 PLUME RISE

Gases that are emitted from stacks are often pushed out by fans. As the turbulent

exhaust gases exit the stack they mix with ambient air. This mixing of ambient air into

the plume is called entrainment. As the plume entrains air into it, the plume diameter

grows as it travels downwind. These gases have momentum as they enter the

atmosphere. Often these gases are heated and are warmer than the outdoor air. In these

cases the emitted gases are less dense than the outside air and are therefore buoyant. A

combination of the gases' momentum and buoyancy causes the gases to rise. This is

referred to as plume rise and allows air pollutants emitted in this gas stream to be lofted

higher in the atmosphere. Since the plume is higher in the atmosphere and at a further

distance from the ground, the plume will disperse more before it reaches ground level.

The final height of the plume, referred to as the effective stack height (H), is the sum of

the physical stack height (hs) and the plume rise (Δh). Plume rise is actually calculated

as the distance to the imaginary centreline of the plume rather than to the upper or lower

edge of the plume (Figure 4). Plume rise depends on the stack's physical characteristics

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and on the effluent's (stack gas) characteristics. The difference in temperature between

the stack gas (Ts) and ambient air (Ta) determines the plume density which affects

plume rise. Also, the velocity of the stack gases which is a function of the stack

diameter and the volumetric flow rate of the exhaust gases determines the plume’s

momentum.

Figure 3.2: Plume rise

3.2.2 MOMENTUM AND BUOYANCY

The condition of the atmosphere, including the winds and temperature profile along the

path of the plume, will largely determine the plume's rise. Two plume characteristics

influence plume rise: momentum and buoyancy. The exit velocity of the exhaust gases

leaving the stack contributes to the rise of the plume in the atmosphere. This momentum

carries the effluent out of the stack to a point where atmospheric conditions begin to

affect the plume. Once emitted, the initial velocity of the plume is quickly reduced by

entrainment as the plume acquires horizontal momentum from the wind. This causes the

plume to bend over. The greater the wind speed is the more horizontal momentum the

plume acquires. Wind speed usually increases with distance above the earth's surface.

As the plume continues upward the stronger winds tilt the plume even further. This

process continues until the plume may appear to be horizontal to the ground. The point

where the plume looks level may be a considerable distance downwind from the stack.

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Wind speed is important in blowing the plume over. The stronger the wind, the faster

the plume will tilt over.

Plume rise due to its buoyancy is a function of the temperature difference between the

plume and the surrounding atmosphere. In an atmosphere that is unstable, the buoyancy

of the plume increases as it rises, increasing the ultimate plume height. In an

atmosphere that is stable, the buoyancy of the plume decreases as it rises. Finally, in a

neutral atmosphere, the buoyancy of the plume remains constant.

Buoyancy is taken out of the plume by the same mechanism that tilts the plume over the

wind. As shown in Figure 5, mixing within the plume pulls atmospheric air into the

plume interior. The faster the wind speed is, the faster this mixing with outside air takes

place. Entrainment of ambient air into the plume by the wind "robs" the plume of its

buoyancy very quickly so that on windy days the plume does not climb very high above

the stack.

Figure 3.3: Wind speed affects entrainment

The emitted gases being known as plume and their source of origin as stack.

3.2.3 TYPE OF PLUME

1. Looping plume

2. Neutral plume

3. Coning plume

4. Fanning plume

5. Lofting plume

6. Fumigating plume

7. Trapping plume

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1. LOOPING PLUME-

Take place when there has been a super-adiabatic lapse rate and solar heating. The large

thermal eddies in the unstable air may bring the plume to the ground level periodically.

In general, however, the direction of the plume with the surrounding air occurs rather

rapidly

1. Occurs in super adiabatic environment.

2. It produce highly unstable environment because of rapid mixing.

3. Higher stack are needed.

2. NEUTRAL PLUME

1. Upward vertical rise.

2. ELR=ALR.

3. CONING PLUME

Gets resulted in when the vertical air temperature gradient has been between dry

adiabatic and isothermal, the air being slightly unstable with some horizontal and

vertical mixing occurring. Coning is most likely to occur during cloudy or windy

periods.

1. When wind velocity > 32 km/hr & when clouds are present.

2. Also occurs under sub adiabatic condition (ELR<ALR).

4. FANNING PLUME-

Spread out horizontally but do not mix vertically. Fanning plumes take place when the

air temperature increases with altitude (inversion). The plume rarely reaches the

grounds level unless the inversion is broken by surface heating or the plume encounters

a hill. At night, with light winds and clear skies, fanning plumers are most probable.

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1. Under extreme inversion conditions.

2. Emission will spread only horizontally.

3. High rising stack are needed.

5. LOFTING PLUME-

Diffuse upward but not downwards and occur when there is a super-adiabatic layer

above a surface inversion. A lofting plume will generally not reach the ground surface.

1. When there exists a strong super adiabatic L.R. above surface inversion.

2. Such plume has minimum downward mixing as its downward motion is

prevented by inversion but upward mixing will be rapid and turbulent.

6. FUMIGATING PLUME

Causes the high pollutant concentration plume reaching the ground level along the

length of the plume and is caused by a super-adiabatic lapse rate be4neath an inversion.

The super-adiabatic lapse rate at the ground level occurs due to the solar heating. This

condition has been favoured by clear skies and light winds.

1. When inversion layer occurs at a short distance above the top of the stack and

super adiabatic condition prevail below the stack.

2. Pollutant cannot escape above the top of the stack because of I.L.

7. TRAPPING PLUME-

1. When inversion layer exist above the emission source as well as below the

source naturally the emitted plume will neither go up nor down.

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Figure 3.4: Different types of Plume Behavior

Figure 3.5: Plume pattern formation

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3.3 ABOUT STACK AND PLUME BEHAVIOR OF

TANDA’S THERMAL POWER PLANT

A 275 m one twin flue steel lined reinforced concrete chimney is provided to facilitate

wider dispersion of SO2, NOx and remaining particulate matters after ESP. Stack exit

diameter is 0.85m

3.3.1 Calculation of effective stack height Of NTPC Tanda

Formula used is Holland’s Formula

∆h=Vsdu

[1.5+(0.00286 Pd∆TTs )]

∆h= rise of plume above the stack.

Vs= Stack gas velocity.

d= Stack exit diameter.

u= wind speed in m/s.

P= atmospheric pressure in millibars.

∆T= Stack gas temperature minus air temperature Ta, K.

Ts= Stack gas temperature, K.

Ta= Air temperature

Given

u= wind speed in m/s = 3.6m/s

d= Stack exit diameter = 0.85m

Ta = Air temperature = 320 C

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Figure 3.6: Stack and Plume behavior


P= atmospheric pressure in millibars = 1000 millibars

Vs = Stack gas velocity = 9.14 m/s

Ts = Stack gas temperature = 1500C

Convert temperature to K

Ta = 32+273=305 K

Ts =150+273= 423 K

∆T= Ts - Ta

= 423-305

= 118 K

∆h=9.14 x 0.85

3.6[1.5+(0.00286 x1000

118 x 0.85150 )]

=7.38m~7.5m

Effective stack height = hs+∆h

= 275+7.5

= 282.5m

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3.4 BLOOD SAMPLES TESTS

A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually

extracted from a vein in the arm using a needle. Blood tests are used to determine

physiological and biochemical states, such as disease, mineral content, drug

effectiveness, and organ function.

Figure 3.7: Collection of Blood Samples

3.4.1 How is a blood test normally done?

1. The vein used for blood sampling is usually on the inside of your elbow or the

back of your wrist.

2. A tight band (tourniquet) is usually placed around your upper arm. This makes

the vein fill with blood and makes it easier for the blood sample to be taken.

3. The skin over the vein is usually cleaned with an antiseptic wipe.

4. A needle is then inserted into the vein through the cleaned skin. The needle is

connected either to a syringe, or directly to blood sample bottles.

5. When the required amount of blood is taken, the needle is removed. The small

wound is pressed on with cotton wool for a few minutes to stop the bleeding and

prevent bruising. A sticking plaster may be put on. The blood is placed in

bottles.

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3.4.2 Variations of blood taking

1. Some blood tests require several samples taken over a period of time. For

example, they may be done to check how you respond to something. If you

require repeated samples fairly close to each other (over the following few hours

or so), a doctor may insert a 'butterfly' needle into the vein, which can be taped

to the skin. Samples of blood can then be taken without using a needle each

time.

2. If only a small amount of blood is needed then a few drops of blood can be

squeezed out from a small prick in the tip of the finger or earlobe. For example,

only a small amount of blood is needed for checking the blood sugar (glucose)

level, using a test strip of paper.

3. Some blood tests are taken from an artery in the wrist. For example, to measure

the level of oxygen in the artery. This is usually only done in hospital in certain

circumstances.

4. You may be told not to eat for a time before certain tests. For example, a test of

blood glucose is commonly done first thing in the morning before you have

anything to eat.

Following tests were performed on blood samples

1. TCO2 test

2. SO2 test

3. pH test

4. Haemoglobin test

Heavy Metal tests of blood

5. Mercury test.

6. Lead test.

7. Cadmium test.

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3.5 TCO2 TEST

TCO2 is Total carbon dioxide, it is the test to measures the amount of carbon dioxide in

the liquid part of your blood, called the serum. In the body, most of the CO2 is in the

form of a substance called bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Therefore, the CO2 blood test is really a measure of your blood bicarbonate level.

The CO2 test is most often done as part of an electrolyte or basic metabolic panel.

Changes in your CO2 level may suggest that you are losing or retaining fluid. This may

cause an imbalance in your body's electrolytes.

CO2 levels in the blood are affected by kidney and lung function. The kidneys help

maintain the normal bicarbonate levels.

Normal Results

The normal range is 23-29 mEq/L (milliequivalents per liter).

Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories.

3.6 HAEMOGLOBIN TEST

Haemoglobin is a protein contained in red blood cells which carries oxygen. Low

Haemoglobin is known as anaemia.

Haemoglobin may be performed as a simple bedside test on a finger prick sample of

blood using a hand-held colour-comparison device.

It may also be performed as a laboratory blood test, usually as part of a Full Blood

Count (FBC), on a few millilitres of blood from a vein.

Normal results vary, but in general are:

1. Male: 13.8 to 17.2 gm/dL

2. Female: 12.1 to 15.1 gm/dL

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What Abnormal Results Mean

Lower-than-normal hemoglobin may be due to:

1. Anemia

2. Bleeding

3. Destruction of red blood cells

4. Malnutrition

5. Nutritional deficiencies of iron, vitamin B12, vitamin B6

6. Overhydration

3.7 HEAVY METAL TEST

There are many heavy metals in our environment both naturally and from pollution. The

term “heavy metal” applies to a group of metals with similar chemical properties. Some

of these, including copper, iron and zinc, play important roles in our bodies. Others

have no known benefit for health. Examples of these are lead, which is found in paint in

old homes as well as many other sources; arsenic, which can be found in well water and

wood products; and mercury, which can build up in fish that we eat. At very high levels,

most heavy metals can cause health problems.

A blood test alone cannot accurately determine your level of metals toxicity. Many

metals quickly pass from your blood to your tissues, where they may lodge and cause

serious long-term health problems such as:

• Iron lodged in your heart tissue can cause heart disease.

• Aluminum lodged in your brain tissue can cause Alzheimer's or clinical insanity.

• Mercury lodged in your brain can cause autism spectrum disorders.

• Lead lodged in your bones can interfere with red blood cell production and even white

blood cell production.

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3.8 RANGES OF HEAVY METALS IN BLOOD

Table 3.1: Ranges of Heavy Metals

Many of the symptoms of chronic heavy metal toxicity can include:

1. Headache

2. Weakness

3. Muscle and joint pains

4. Constipation

5. Feeling tired

True chronic heavy metal poisoning is rare. More often, these same symptoms can be

caused by other health problems not related to a metal exposure at all. It is important to

know that it may not be possible to find the true cause.

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3.9 TREATMENT TO REMOVE THE METALS

Chelation therapy using EDTA is the medically accepted treatment for lead poisoning.

Other heavy metal poisonings treated with chelation include mercury, arsenic,

aluminum, chromium, cobalt, manganese, nickel, selenium, zinc, tin, and thallium.

Chelating agents other than EDTA are also used to clear several of these substances

from the bloodstream.

Chelation is the main treatment for acute heavy metal poisoning, but its medical use is

generally limited to people with very high levels of the metal and clear symptoms. The

reason it is not more widely used is because this treatment can be dangerous. Some of

the risks are:

Chelators bind to heavy metal particles, but they can also bind to important • minerals in

your body, such as calcium and iron, that you do not want to lose. There have been

deaths in Oregon and other states from chelation therapy causing people’s calcium to

fall below safe levels.

Chelation products, even when used under medical supervision, can cause • serious

harm, including allergic reactions, dehydration, kidney failure, and death.

Your body’s natural response to heavy metals is to store them in the safest place •

possible while slowly excreting them over time, minimizing the chance of harm to the

brain, nerves, or other organs. Chelators can take the metals out of a place in your body,

like bone, where it is not causing as much harm, and put it back into your bloodstream.

Once in your blood, there may be a risk of it entering other organs (such as the brain or

kidneys) in greater amounts than it would have before taking the medication. In this

way, it could potentially cause more damage than good.

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3.10 INTERVIEW OF HOD (NTPC)

Name= S N Singh (Head of environmental department)

We asked certain general questions to Mr. S N Singh (Head of Environmental

Department) about the Thermal Power plant and process used and material used for

generation of electricity and also about the generation of waste material and its

deposition and its effect on air quality.

This flowchart explains the process of generation of electricity using coal as a fuel

Figure 3.8: This flowchart explains the process of generation of electricity using coal as a fuel

3.10.1 FUEL AVAILABILITY & REQUIREMENT

Annual coal requirement for Tanda TPP, Stage-II shall be about 6.5 MTPA corresponding

to 90% PLF and GCV of 3350 kcal/kg and the same is proposed to be met from Chatti-

Bariatu and Kerandari captive coal mining blocks allotted to NTPC in North Karanpura

Coalfields. The daily coal requirement shall be about 20,000 tonnes based on 100% plant

load factor. The average ash content of coal would be 36% maximum sulphur content in

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coal would be 0.5%. The envisaged mode of coal transportation from the coal mines to the

power plant is by Indian Railways.

3.10.2 WATER AVAILABILITY AND REQUIREMENT

The source of water for the project is Main Tanda Pump Canal on Saryu River which is at a

distance of about 4 Kms from the plant boundary. Make up water requirement for this

project would be about 4400 m3/hr with ash water re-circulation system and about 6700

m3/h with once through ash water system. The make-up water requirement is estimated as

65 Cusecs for 2x660 MW. Govt. of Uttar Pradesh vide dated 20.08.07 has given water

availability commitment of 65 Cusecs of water from Tanda Pump Canal on Saryu river.

3.10.3 ASH UTILISATION AND ASH DISPOSAL

NTPC shall take all possible actions to utilize the ash, such as facilities for 100% extraction

of dry fly ash, segregation of coarse and fine ash and fly ash storage and loading facilities;

providing infrastructural facilities to the entrepreneurs; encourage utilization of ash based

products in NTPC’s own construction activities. The un-utilized fly ash, if any, and bottom

ash shall be disposed off, in the well, designed ash dyke using wet slurry disposal system.

The ash disposal system will have facilities for ash water recirculation. At the end, it is

proposed to cover entire ash disposal area by plantation.

3.10.4 PROJECT BENEFITS

The present proposed project would meet the power shortage of Uttar Pradesh and other

willing States/ UTs of Northern Region, which is vital for economic growth as well as

improving the quality of life. The improved power supply will reduce the dependence of

general public and commercial establishments on DG Sets thereby reducing the noise

pollution as well as air pollution at local levels In addition, construction and operation of

the project would benefit local people with respect to the following:-

1. Increase in employment opportunity in skilled, semi-skilled and un-skilled

categories.

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2. Increase in employment/ self-employment avenues in service sector.

3. Availability of large quantities of ash for the cement and construction

industries, helping in conservation of land resources.

3.11 LUNG TESTS

3.11.1 SPIROMETER TEST

Spirometry is the most common of the pulmonary function tests (PFTs), measuring

lung function, specifically the amount (volume) and/or speed (flow) of air that can be

inhaled and exhaled.

Spirometry is an important tool used for generating pneumotachographs, which are

helpful in assessing conditions such as asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, and

COPD.

The Spirometry test is performed using a device called a Spirometer, which comes in

several different varieties. Most spirometers display the following graphs, called

spirograms:

1. A volume-time curve, showing volume (liters) along the Y-axis and time

(seconds) along the X-axis

2. A flow-volume loop, which graphically depicts the rate of airflow on the Y-axis

and the total volume inspired or expired on the X-axis

3.11.2 RESPIRATORY EXERCISE

An incentive spirometer is a medical device used to help patients improve the

functioning of their lungs. It is provided to patients who have had any surgery that

might jeopardize respiratory function, particularly surgery to the lungs themselves, but

also commonly to patients recovering from cardiac or other surgery involving extended

time under anaesthesia and prolonged in-bed recovery. The incentive spirometer is also

issued to patients recovering from rib damage to help minimize the chance of fluid

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build-up in the lungs. It can be used as well by wind instrument players, who want to

improve their air flow.

The patient breathes in from the device as slowly and as deeply as possible, and then

holds his/her breath for 2–6 seconds. This provides back pressure which pops open

alveoli. It is the same manoeuvre as in yawning. An indicator provides a gauge of how

well the patient's lung or lungs are functioning, by indicating sustained inhalation

vacuum. The patient is generally asked to do many repetitions a day while measuring

his or her progress by way of the gauge.

Figure 3.9: Respirator Exerciser

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Table 3.2: Respirator Exerciser results

RESULT

Push =2 balls in 2 seconds is normal

Pull= 3 balls in 4 seconds is normal

3.12 BODY MASS INDEX

The body mass index (BMI) is a measure for human body shape based on an

individual's mass and height.

BMI = Weight (in kg)/ Height 2(in m)

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Table 3.3: Body mass index

Table 3.4: WHO Classification of adult underweight, overweight and obesity according to BMI

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3.13 GRAPHS

Graph 3.1: graph showing normal lung condition

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Graph 3.2: graph showing critical lung condition

Graph 3.3: graph showing ideal lung condition

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Graph 3.4: Inhalation and Exhalation graph1

Graph 3.5: Inhalation and Exhalation graph2

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3.13.1 Forced vital capacity (FVC)

Forced vital capacity (FVC) is the volume of air that can forcibly be blown out after full

inspiration, measured in litres. FVC is the most basic manoeuvre in Spirometry tests.

3.13.2 Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)

FEV1 is the volume of air that can forcibly be blown out in one second, after full

inspiration. Average values for FEV1 in healthy people depend mainly on sex and age.

Values of between 80% and 120% of the average value are considered normal.

Predicted normal values for FEV1 can be calculated online and depend on age, sex,

height, mass and ethnicity as well as the research study that they are based on.

3.13.3 FEV1/FVC ratio (FEV1%)

FEV1/FVC (FEV1%) is the ratio of FEV1 to FVC. In healthy adults this should be

approximately 75–80%. In obstructive diseases (asthma, COPD, chronic bronchitis,

emphysema) FEV1 is diminished because of increased airway resistance to expiratory

flow; the FVC may be decreased as well, due to the premature closure of airway in

expiration, just not in the same proportion as FEV1 (for instance, both FEV1 and FVC

are reduced, but the former is more affected because of the increased airway resistance).

This generates a reduced value (<80%, often ~45%). In restrictive diseases (such as

pulmonary fibrosis) the FEV1 and FVC are both reduced proportionally and the value

may be normal or even increased as a result of decreased lung compliance.

A derived value of FEV1% is FEV1% predicted, which is defined as FEV1% of the

patient divided by the average FEV1% in the population for any person of similar age,

sex and body composition.

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CHAPTER 4

Data Collection

4.1 EIA REPORT OF NTPC TANDA

In order to identify the impacts due to construction and operation of TnTPP, a detailed

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study has been undertaken through M/S

Mantec Consultants Pvt. Limited, New Delhi. The study covers establishment of

baseline environmental scenario, assessment of impacts and identification of

environmental mitigation measures to minimise these impacts. In addition, ash

utilisation and management plan, environmental monitoring plan, environmental

management plan and disaster management plan have also been briefly covered.

The environmental disciplines studied include land-use, demography and

socioeconomics, geology and soils, hydrology and water use, water quality,

meteorology, air quality, terrestrial and aquatic ecology and noise. The study covered a

period of one year from March, 2008 to February, 2009.

The study area for EIA comprises of 10 km. radius around Tanda TPP.

The study area is generally flat in nature and river Ghaghara (also known as saryu)

flows from North-West to East direction almost in the middle of the study area.

The study area falls in Ambedkar Nagar (South of Ghaghra River) and Basti (North of

Ghaghara River) districts of Uttar Pradesh and it is rural in nature.

4.1.1 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

Ambient air quality was monitored at six locations around the project, for total

suspended particulate matters (TSPM), respirable particulate matter (RPM), sulphur

dioxide (SO2) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) during the study period. The monitoring

results (Table) indicate that the air quality is well within the Ambient Air quality

Standards for Residential and Rural Areas.

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Table 4.1: Ambient Air Quality characterstics of the study area

Particulate matter and NOx (due to excavations, handling and transport of earth and

construction materials, movement of construction equipment and traffic etc.) will be the

main pollutant during the construction phase. However, the impact is likely to be for

short duration and limited to the construction site only. Prediction of short term impacts

on air quality due to stack emissions has been carried out using Industrial Source

Complex [ISC3] 1993 simulation model, developed by United States Environmental

Protection Agency [USEPA]. The model simulations deal with three major pollutants

viz., Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Suspended Particulate

Matter (SPM) emitted from the stack. The maximum predicted incremental ground level

concentrations (GLCs) for SPM, SO2 and NOx due to operation of Tanda TPP, Stage-II

are 2.58, 44.78 and 19.16 μg/m3 respectively (Table 6.1) and these were observed in the

South-East direction at distance of 3.6 km. The maximum GLCs for SO2 and NOx after

implementation of Stage-II, are estimated to be within the ambient air quality standards

for rural and residential areas.

Table 4.2: Resultant Maximum Ground Level concentration after Implementation of Tanda Thermal Power Project

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4.2 BLOOD TEST REPORT

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4.3 PRIMARY SURVEY

Respiratory health questionnaires

1. Age, sex, height and weight, calculated body mass index in kg/m2.

2.Prevalence of respiratory symptoms (URS) like sinusitis, rhinitis (running or stuffy

nose),common cold and fever and sore throat and in past 3 months and one year.

3.Prevalence of lower respiratory symptoms (LRS) like chronic wet or dry cough,

wheeze, heaviness in chest or chest pain, disturbed sleep due to breathing problem in

past three months and one year

4. Prevalence of asthma symptoms such as history of dispend attacks associated with

wheezy breathing at any time in the last twelve months.

5. Prevalence of symptoms related to carbon monoxide exposure like headache,

dizziness and eye irritation

6. Information was also collected for congenital abnormalities, recent illness and history of medication.

RESULT OF PRIMARY SURVEY

Table 4.3: RESULT OF PRIMARY SURVEY

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4.4 SPIROMETER TEST RESULTS

Table 4.4: SPIROMETER TEST RESULTS

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CHAPTER –5

5.1 RESULTS

1. In Questionnaire we found that among 100 people 6 people having short

breathing problem, 2 were Asthma patient and 12 people were suffering from

eye burning and many more, showing acute impact of air pollution.

2. On the basis of blood test results, CO2 and SO2 levels of some people were more

as compared to the standard level.

3. Lung tests report showing elder people have chronic impact while younger

children having acute impact.

4. Body mass index of some people was found to be less and of some people it was

found to be more i.e., overweight, shows there is respiratory problems and may

have chronic impact on them.

5.2 SCOPE

1. By this project we are able to find the pollution problems of that area.

2. Establishment of a database relating to pollution related respiratory problems

among the citizen of Tanda

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CHAPTER- 6

6.1 CONCLUSION

1. The overall epidemiological impact observed nearby NTPC Tanda, the

population is facing serious respiratory disease and toxicant in the blood

samples.

2. The overall conclusion is the chronicle impact (asthma) of air pollution is

frequently observed within the population surrounding NTPC Tanda.

6.2 REMEDIES

1. For industrial workers, they should be advised to wear Glasses and

Mask.

2. People of that area should get regular check-up by the Doctors.

3. They should regularly perform respiratory exercise.

4. Industries should use green belt in their surroundings and more

plantations.

5. Use of cartons in houses and self-containing breathing apparatus.

CE Page 54

Health & Medicine

All chapte rs -ashish, avneesh , sandeep