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Water resources in the coastal zone of Bangladesh: constraints or opportuni6es for cropping intensifica6on? CSIRO LAND AND WATER FLAGSHIP Mohammed Mainuddin, Riasat Ali, S. M. ShahNewaz, Chris5an Roth November 2014

Water resources in the coastal zone of Bangladesh: constraints or opportunities for cropping intensification?

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By Mohammed Mainuddin, Riasat Ali, S.M. Shah-Newaz, Christian Roth Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference 21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/

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Page 1: Water resources in the coastal zone of Bangladesh: constraints or opportunities for cropping intensification?

Water  resources  in  the  coastal  zone  of  Bangladesh:  constraints  or  opportuni6es  for  cropping  intensifica6on?  

CSIRO  LAND  AND  WATER  FLAGSHIP  

Mohammed  Mainuddin,  Riasat  Ali,  S.  M.  Shah-­‐Newaz,  Chris5an  Roth  November  2014  

Page 2: Water resources in the coastal zone of Bangladesh: constraints or opportunities for cropping intensification?

Southern  Bangladesh  –  coastal  zone  

•  19  Districts,  46,  271  Km2,  31  percent  of  the  country  •  About  13,000  Km2  protected  by  123  polders  •  Popula5on  –  40  million  (2010)  •  Annual  rainfall  is  slightly  higher  than  the  remaining  area  of  the  country  • Most  vulnerable  to  climate  change  

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Rainfall,  mm

Coastal  region

Non-­‐coastal  region

Page 3: Water resources in the coastal zone of Bangladesh: constraints or opportunities for cropping intensification?

•  Natural  calami5es  –  cyclones,  storm  surge,  floods,  water  logging,  etc.  

•  Shortage  of  fresh  water  –  both  for  drinking  and    irriga5on  water    

•  Affected  by  salinity  •  Cropping  intensity  is  low  •  Large  fallow  lands  during  Rabi  –  

due  high  salinity  and  lack  of  water  

•  As  of  2005,  65  %  popula5on  are  below  poverty  line  compared  to  the  40%  at  the  country  level  

 

Issues  in  the  coastal  zone  

3    |  

Page 4: Water resources in the coastal zone of Bangladesh: constraints or opportunities for cropping intensification?

 GoB  is  giving  importance  to:    •  to  intensify  agriculture  in  the  coastal  zone    •  to  make  the  zone  environmentally  sustainable  

Key  ques6ons  

4    |  

The  ques5ons  are:    Is  there  scope  for  sustainable  cropping  intensifica5on?  What  are  the  constraints  and  opportuni5es?  Water  resources:  constraints  or  opportuni5es?  

Page 5: Water resources in the coastal zone of Bangladesh: constraints or opportunities for cropping intensification?

The  main  objec5ve  was  to  iden5fy  the  opportuni5es  and  constraints  to  the  sustainable  intensifica5on  of  cropping  systems  in  the  coastal  regions.      Done  in  2012-­‐13    

ACIAR  funded  scoping  study  

5    |  

Page 6: Water resources in the coastal zone of Bangladesh: constraints or opportunities for cropping intensification?

•  Complex  river  network-­‐  57  cross  boundary  rivers  •  Confluence  of  the  Ganges,  Brahmaputra,  and  Meghna  Rivers  •  Total  annual  discharge  is  1,200  –  1,500  billion  m3  •  High  seasonal  varia5on-­‐  too  much  in  the  wet  season  and  too  lidle  in  the  dry  season  •  No  big  storage  facili5es    

Surface  water  resources  

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Daily  discharge  at  the  Hardinge  Bridge  on  the  Ganges  River  

Page 7: Water resources in the coastal zone of Bangladesh: constraints or opportunities for cropping intensification?

•  Availability  depends  on  the  flow  at  the  Ganges  and  the  Brahmaputra  

•  Dry  season  flow  at  the  Gorai  river  is  very  important  for  salinity  in  surface  water  

•  Availability  is  decreasing  due  to  increasing  upstream  use  

   

Surface  water  availability  –  coastal  zone  

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Discha

rge,  m

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Discharge  of  the  Ganges  at  Hardinge  Bridge  

Discharge  at  Gorai  Railway    Bridge  

Page 8: Water resources in the coastal zone of Bangladesh: constraints or opportunities for cropping intensification?

•  GoB  recently  spent  millions  to  increase  the  flow  to  the  Gorai  river  by  dredging  the  Gorai  oeake  

•  Dredging  has  increased  dry  season  flow  which  reduces  salinity  of  surface  water    

 

Surface  water  availability–  Gorai  restora6on  

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Discharge  at  Gorai  intake  after  dredging

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1-­‐Jan 31-­‐Jan 1-­‐Mar 31-­‐Mar 30-­‐Apr 30-­‐May 29-­‐Jun 29-­‐Jul

Salinity

 (ppt)

Salinity  observed  at  Khulna  during  different  year

Year  2012 Year  2011 Year  2010 Year  2009 Year  2007

Page 9: Water resources in the coastal zone of Bangladesh: constraints or opportunities for cropping intensification?

Considerable  increase  in  salinity  over  5me  both  in  concentra5on  and  area;  saline  front  moved  further  inland  through  the  stream  

Surface  water  salinity    

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Page 10: Water resources in the coastal zone of Bangladesh: constraints or opportunities for cropping intensification?

Presenta5on  5tle    |    Presenter  name  

Groundwater  resources  

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Aquifer  systems  in  Khulna  

Pre  and  post  monsoon  groundwater  surfaces,  2010  

Page 11: Water resources in the coastal zone of Bangladesh: constraints or opportunities for cropping intensification?

•  WL  –  steady  or  rising  except  some  wells  in  in  the  upper  part  and  in  Noakhali  

•  Scope  for  freshwater  storage  in  the  aquifer  by  pumping  saline  groundwater?    

 

Groundwater  trend  

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Noakhali  Narail  

Page 12: Water resources in the coastal zone of Bangladesh: constraints or opportunities for cropping intensification?

Groundwater  salinity  

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6  m  

52  m  

2011   2012  

•     Salinity  is  varying  in  groundwater  –  with  5me  and  depth  •  There  may  be  opportuni5es  for  limited  irriga5on  –  but  need  more  study.  

Source:  BADC  

Page 13: Water resources in the coastal zone of Bangladesh: constraints or opportunities for cropping intensification?

Presenta5on  5tle    |    Presenter  name  

Irriga6on  –  net  requirements  by  major  crops  

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Average  irriga5on  requirements  of  different  crops  

•  Net  irriga5on  requirement  for  non-­‐rice  crops  is  not  very  high.      

• Many  rabi  crops  can  be  grown  with  1  or  2  strategic  irriga5on.  

 •  Scope  for  rabi  cropping.  

Page 14: Water resources in the coastal zone of Bangladesh: constraints or opportunities for cropping intensification?

Salinity  trial  of  wheat  

Layout  of  all  salinity  trials:  this  one  is  Benerpota,  Satkhira  28  plots  deep  x  4  replica6ons  =112  plots:  note  salt  on  surface  and  adjacent  lake  

4  loca5ons  –  Satkhira,  Patuakhali,  Barguna,  Noakhali  

Page 15: Water resources in the coastal zone of Bangladesh: constraints or opportunities for cropping intensification?

Grain  yield  of  each  plot  against  its  plot  salinity    for  the  whole  Satkhira  site  (112  plots)  –  Salinity  measured  1  month  a\er  sowing  

y  =  -­‐1.6568x  +  4.6653  r²  =  0.10  

0.0  

1.0  

2.0  

3.0  

4.0  

5.0  

0.0   0.2   0.4   0.6   0.8   1.0   1.2   1.4  

Grain  Yield  (t/ha)  

Soil  salinity  (av  0-­‐90  cm  EC  1:5  dS/m  For  ECe  mul6ply  by  10)  

Salinity  trial  of  wheat  

Page 16: Water resources in the coastal zone of Bangladesh: constraints or opportunities for cropping intensification?

Constraints  and  opportuni6es  While  there  are  constraints  of  salinity  and  availability  of  freshwater  for  irriga5on  there  are  opportuni5es  as  well.  Some  of  these  are:    •  Collec5on,  use  and  management  of  fresh  surface  water,  beder  polder  management.  •  Sustainable  use  of  groundwater  in  conjunc5on  with  stored  surface  water  for  strategic  irriga5on.  •  planning  of  the  crop  calendar  to  use  residual  moisture.    •  Improved  agronomic  management  prac5ces.    

Presenta5on  5tle    |    Presenter  name  16    |  

Need  an  integrated  approach  

Page 17: Water resources in the coastal zone of Bangladesh: constraints or opportunities for cropping intensification?

Proposed  project  funded  by  ACIAR  (2015-­‐19)  Cropping  systems  intensifica5on  through  integrated  soil,  water  and  crop  management  in  the  salt  affected  coastal  zone  of  Southern  Bangladesh  and  South-­‐eastern  West  Bengal,  India.  •  Develop  regional  scale  understanding  of  the  surface  water  and  groundwater  

resources.    •  Develop  a  detailed  understanding  of  the  salt  and  water  dynamics  at  the  

polder/sub-­‐regional  scale  including  evalua5on  of  groundwater  resources,  salt  movement,  surface  water  

•  Develop  detailed  understanding  of  crop  produc5on  responses  to  various  improved  polder  and  fresh  water  management  strategies,    through  experiments,  field  trials  and  crop  systems  modelling.      

•  Test  suitable  cropping  op5ons  and  water  and  salt  management  through  a  par5cipatory  approach  of  field  evalua5on  and  co-­‐learning.    

•  Pilot  some  up-­‐scaling  prac5ces  for  sustainable  intensifica5on.    

Presenta5on  5tle    |    Presenter  name  17    |  

Page 18: Water resources in the coastal zone of Bangladesh: constraints or opportunities for cropping intensification?

CSIRO  Land  and  Water  Flagship  Mohammed  Mainuddin  Senior  Research  Scien5st  Water  Resource  Management  Program  t  +61  2  6246  5929  e  [email protected]  w  www.csiro.au  

 

 

CSIRO  LAND  AND  WATER  FLAGSHIP