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Long-term evaluation of dryland cropping systems intensification for enhancing productivity on Vertisols of the semi-arid India
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Nageswara Rao V, Rego TJ, Meinke H, Parsons D, Craufurd PQ, Wani SP, and Kropff MJ
Long-term evaluation of dryland cropping systems intensification for enhancing productivity on Vertisols
of the semi-arid India
180 m. ha is under Vertisols globally
Distributed across Northern Australia, India, Ethiopia, Sudan, Argentina, Mexico and Central America.
72.9 m. ha is in India, that is 22.2% of India’s geographical area.
Distributed in the states of
Maharashtra (84%),
Gujarath (48%),
Madhya Pradesh(38%)
Andhra Pradesh (26%).
Distribution of Vertisols and associated soils
Vertisols are difficult to Manage as they shrink and crack, becomes hard on drying. Swell and sticky with rains.
Twin problems : poor drainage – water logging due to high clay content (40-60%, up to 80%).
Farmers keep Vertisols fallow in rainy season, and sow crops in Sept-Oct on stored soil moisture.
Rainy season fallow Vertisols distribution
States Rainy season fallows (m. ha)
All India 26.2
Madhya Pradesh 5.378
Maharashtra 4.642
Andhra Pradesh 2.253
Management problems of Vertisols
25% as runoff against 15% as runoff from cropped fields.
25% of rainfall lost through evaporation. 9% of rainfall lost in deep percolation 41% of rainfall is potentially available for
post rainy season crops.
10-43 t ha-1 yr-1 of soil is lost through soil erosion from fallows.
80% of soil erosion could be reduced with cropping .
Runoff and soil erosion from Vertisols
Waterlogging on Vertisols during rainy season
Rainy season fallow fieldsWater balance studies for 6 years on rainy season fallows showed rainfall losses are :
Chickpea after a rainy season fallow (FCP-FCP)
Sorghum after a rainy season fallow (FS-FS)
Farmers’ risk management strategy is to leave the land fallow during rainy season.
Sow crops like sorghum, chickpea, safflower year after year on these Vertisols.
Farmers preferably sow post rainy season crops in the month of October based on receding monsoon rainfall.
Generally farmers sow traditional varieties.
Traditional fallow systems
Climate at ICRISAT
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
monthly mean rainfall (mm) Pan EvaporationM
ean
mon
thly
rain
fall
and
evap
ora-
tion
(mm
)
Rainy season
Post-rainy season
Rainfall ranges from 750-1250 mm on Vertisols regions in India,
Rainy season cropping period is June- September,
ET is less than rainfall from July to September months
Our main goal was to enhance sustainable productivity, and specific objectives are:
1. Identify improved sustainable cropping system options for enhanced crop productivity.
2. Quantify the benefits of grain legumes in the intensified cropping system rotations.
Objectives
Experiment was conducted for 15 years at ICRISAT farm from 1983 to 1997 seasons.Main plots: cropping systems
1st Year 2nd Year Rotation Abbreviation
Rainy Post-rainy Rainy Post-rainy Mung bean (M) + Sorghum Mung bean + Sorghum MS-MS
Sorghum (S) + Chickpea (CP) Sorghum + Chickpea SCP-SCP
Fallow (F) + Sorghum(S) Fallow + Sorghum FS-FS
Fallow + Sorghum Fallow + Chickpea FS-FCP
Sub plots: Nitrogen application 4 levels of Nitrogen 0, 40, 80,120 kg ha-1 for cereals only (sorghum). Rainfed cropping completely and no irrigation for crops.
Experimental details
Mung bean was dry seeded during first fortnight of June before monsoon rains.
270,000 plants ha-1 population was maintained for mung bean.
Post-rainy sorghum sown in the 3rd week of September after mung bean harvest.
120,000 plants ha-1 was maintained for post-rainy sorghum.
Mung bean in rainy season
Sorghum in post-rainy season
Improved SystemMungbean + Sorghum (MS+MS)
Rainy sorghum was dry sown, to maintain 180,000 plants ha-1 .
Cultivar sown was CSH-6 in all the years.
Chickpea cultivar Annegiri was sown one week after harvest of sorghum without any cultivation.
333,000 plants ha-1 was maintained
Rainy season sorghum
Chickpea sown after the harvest of sorghum
Improved system sorghum + chickpea (SCP-SCP)
Fallow+sorghum (F+S) Fallow+chickpea (F+CP) Sorghum cultivar CSH-8R was sown after
fallow in Sep-Oct in FS-FS treatment.
Post rainy sorghum was maintained at 120,000 plants ha-1.
Chickpea sown after rainy season fallow in Sep-Oct in FCP treatment.
Population target was 333,000 plant ha-1.
Traditional cropping systems in the experiment
N-0 N-40
N-80
N-120
N-0 N-40
N-80
N-120
N-0 N-40
N-80
N-120
N-0 N-40
N-80
N-120
FS-FS MS-MS FS-FCP SCP-SCP
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
chickpea sorghum mung bean
Cropping systems
Gra
in y
ield
(kg
ha-1
two-
year
rota
tion-
1)
Long-term cropping systems productivity
Error bars (SE±) indicate standard error for each crop yield
0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Mungbean grain yield probabilities with MS-MS
mungbean Grain yield (kg ha-1)
Prob
abili
ty
Probability of rainy season sorghum and mung bean grain yields from 15 years
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 70000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Rainy season sorghum grain yield probabilities with SCP-SCP systems
Nitrogen_0 Nitrogen_40 Nitrogen-80 Nitrogen-120
Grain yield (kg ha-1)
Prob
abili
ty
Average uptake of Nitrogen in a cropping systems
N-0 N-40
N-80
N-120
N-0 N-40
N-80
N-120
N-0 N-40
N-80
N-120
N-0 N-40
N-80
N-120
FS-FS MS-MS FS-FCP SCP-SCP
0
50
100
150
200
250mungbean sorghum chickpea
Cropping systems
Crop
mea
n up
take
of N
(kg
ha-1
two-
year
ro
tatio
n-1)
Error bars indicate SE± for the crops mean uptake in two-year rotation
Cropping system
Crops Systems of two-year rotationWUE (kg ha-1 mm-1)
N0 N 40 N 80 N120
SCP-SCP Rainy sorghum 11.4 18.6 21.8 23.2
chickpea
MS-MS Mung bean 9 12 13.8 14
PR. sorghum
FS-FS PR. sorghum 4.4 8.6 10.2 11.8
FCP-FS Chickpea- 5.6 7.5 9.3 9.4
PR. sorghum
Mean water use efficiency (WUE) for crops and rotation
Water Use Efficiency of systems
FS-FS MS-MS FS-FCP SCP-SCP0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000N-0
Gro
ss re
turn
s (R
s. h
a-1
two-
year
rota
tion-
1)
Gross returns
FS-FS MS-MS FS-FCP SCP-SCP0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
N-80
mungbean sorghum sorghum fodderchickpea
Cropping systems
Gro
ss re
turn
s (R
s. h
a-1
rota
tion
cycl
e-1)
Gross returns increased in N-0 with MS-MS exceeded by Rs 22,000 and with SCP-SCP exceeded by Rs. 30,000 in two-year rotation.
Gross returns increased in N-80 with MS-MS exceeded by Rs 30,000 and with SCP-SCP by Rs. 34,000 in two-year rotation.
Double cropping with MS-MS or SCP-SCP replacing fallows improves WUE between 19%-165% at same N level across systems.
Farmers’ gross returns increase by Rs.22000-25000 ha-1 two-year rotation-1 at N-0 over traditional fallow systems.
Yield response to applied Nitrogen increased by 2-3 fold in rainy season crops as well as post-rainy crops in the systems.
Post-rainy season cereal or legume that follows a cereal in rainy season require N application to utilize water more efficiently .
Adopting opportune double cropping on dryland Vertisols enhances productivity and additional N uptake of 30 kg N ha-1 y-1 by crops in N-0 for 15 years.
Summary
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