UNNAMED INTERESTS AND INFORMAL LEADERS:

A STREET VENDOR RELOCATION IN YOGYAKARTA

CITY

Silvio Adriano Shiddiq Suparyaman / 342806!Laura Patricia / 344142!

Introduction

backgroundrelocation plan had raised questions to

Pethikbumi (Paguyuban Pedagang Klitikan Mangkubumi)

municipal government was trying to impose this relocation onto the street vendors in an undemocratic manner."

Herry wants to build a specialized market for antiques and second-hand goods because the prospects would be good.

legal aid organization and a student activists’ group were helping to support Pethikbumi in its opposition of the relocation."

effect

protest engage mass media

improved government

transparency & accountability

urban political environment has been

affected by the implementation of new democratic and

decentralization policies"

informal leadersThree different generations

of informal leadersat the neighborhood level

in Bandung."

headed football and

wrestling clubs, had strong

connections with the army

leaders in their own

right, based their prominence on

past

leaders gained

recognition from organizing informal

sector workers, such as street

traders

different kind of leader has

emerged—still informal, but less tough,

more entrepreneurial,

and more political

role of the mayor and informal leaders at the city level during a government-organized street vendor relocation project that

took place in late 2007, which moved three groups of traders in Yogyakarta City from downtown streets to an enclosed marketplace."

focus

informal leaders

individuals who are not elected to office or working as civil

servants, yet who hold significant authority in the city."

informal leaders are not

entirely separate from the state.

state has been active in

shaping the forms of informal authority

that exist in the city

informal leaders, who were not street vendors themselves,appeared to help facilitate the relocation (or its opposition)."

reality

experience organizing

protests

contacting political parties

gain authority by

navigate social-politic channels

in city

informal leaders involved

professional human-rights

advocate

tough guy

individual

influence change in the city through formal and legal channels while using the

discourses of human rights and democracy

large number of followers, his spiritual qualities, and his ability to control populations through both the use and inhibition of

violence

operates through any channel necessary—whether formal,

legal in order to succeed (professional/educated

individuals)

BPHK, the NGO Network, and

PPIP

Ahmad - Ethnic

Organization Leader

Djoko - Human Rights

Lawyer

formal leaders

listen to and “dialogue” with the traders

forging ahead with the relocation project—without considering the possibility of re-ordering the street as the Pethikbumi traders had

requested.

to compete with the informal leaders for the support of

traders

Informal Leaders in Context: Suspicion and Rumors

informal leaders

democratization and

decentralization"

transfer of administrative and political authority to the lower levels

of government

municipalities are responsible for a wide range of new administrative

tasks

Reformasi has given rise to human rights organizations in

Yogyakarta City

mayor has found himself having to

compete for the loyalty of traders with the informal leaders who

oppose his plans

what really happened?

individuals continued to be suspicious of various actors

there remains an off-stage realm of politics.

while the mayor appeared to be

engaging in democratic debate and diplomacy

created a horizontal conflict among the traders in order to

weaken the power of their group.

plans to kidnap the street vendor

preman (thugs) were

being used to intimidate

government threat to label

person as provokator and

blacklist him

hyper - hermeneuticspeople’s inclination to distrust appearances and search for

hidden meanings and messages"

operating “behind the screen

paid agents of unnamed interests

unnamed interests

Patron–Client Relations and the City

social and political life

networks of informal mass organizations were related to political parties"

through these informal relations that people could gain access to permits, loans, or other necessities"

Herry wants to build a specialized market for antiques and second-hand goods because the prospects would be good.

during New Order

street vendors paid off municipal officials, the military, or thugs in return for protection"

“connections are always above the law”"

Yogyakarta City primarily depended on

thugs, official and ethnic networks "

protect them in exchange for the payment of informal

taxes

patron-client relationship

citizens seeking favors

individual officials was based on an exchange of

money, food, or goods.

exchange of political support and an adherence to Pancasila

based on two different exchanges:

increase the roles of various groups (street gangs)

state has been less able to monopolize

transition to democracy

although violent, contribute to the well-being of the poor

clients to choose a patron willing to offer the highest reward

allows for multiple patrons to compete with each other for clients

decentralized clientelism

YK

mobilize several

thousand parking

agents for a local election

hundreds of traders on Malioboro

Street during the previous

election

Relocation for Remuneration: A Divided Group

public considered the growing number of traders in downtown streets to be “dirty” and the cause of chaos and traffic jams.

marketplace had recently been made available after the livestock traders that had occupied it were moved outside the city limits

why relocation?

shop owners, many of whom lived above their shops, complained about the difficulty of leaving or entering their homes and/or businesses due to the concentration of informal-

sector vendors.

government’s desire to secure revenue from the

traders

collecting more from

individuals in the informal economy

Trader Identity Card

a divided group

INDEPENDENT (traders sold secondhand merchandise, including

antiques)

support the relocation

opposed the relocation

PETHIKBUMI(traders sold clothing, shoes, and hardware) )

selling in a marketplace as opposed to on the street

would increase their prestige, and give them a

valuable asset for the future

moving to an enclosed marketplace would lead to

financial ruin

(required more capital and involved more competition

among the traders)"

Unnamed Interests: The Professional Leaders

supporting groups of traders who were facing eviction.

BPHK

helped the street vendors sketch legal letters who opposed the relocation.

NGO Networks"

- give knowledge and skills to be independent

‘revolution is practice’

the Indonesian Movement for Change

PPIP

Totok defended street vendor along Selokan Mataram & Malioboro

Formed in 2000 in Salatiga,

Central JavaEducate Create democracy

not paid

PPIP - Totok

Staff are volunteers

Not a mass organisation paid NGO

PPIPProfessional human right organization

BPHK vs PPIP

BPHKVendors are not

ready to fight

PPIPVendors should not fight

Receives kiosk after relocation

The Traditional Tough Guy

Believe that posing a serious threat against the government is the most effective

Supporter of anti relocation traders

Ahmad

Sate seller in Surabaya

Leader of an ethnic organization

Believe to contribute to society: helping thieves

Uses violence to maintain own power

Hindered the relocation project in Mangkubumi

Ahmad

dilemma as to whether the government should continue their quest

may lead to violence

The Hybrid Leader

Draw vendors in relation with an expensive political network to aid them in supporting political network

Mayor who supports relocation plan

Djoko

Provide the vendors with legal services

Memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the government

Decided to be a government official & continue to defend the poor

Djoko

Rough Past Used

to fight against the government

‘such resistance

achieved little’

the breakdown of alliance:blaming each other

November, 10th 2007

forced relocation

strike occurred in front of Tugu and governor

office

November, 11th 2007

Tension

BPHK PETHIKBUMI

YOGYA MAJOR

Mayor Henry transformed bureaucratic culture of Yogyakarta more democratic &transparent.

Set up social media

The Major of ‘Dialoguing’with the people

Gain more supporters

Question

in your opinions, what gives rise to informal sectors in Indonesia?

Unaware  of  the  need  to  pay  tax

Original  loca5on  is  more  strategic  

Moving  cost  money  

Is informal economy unique to developing countries?

It’s  common    made  up  60%  of  labour  force  

Can  be  small,  such  as  street  vendors  or  big  such  as  black  market  

Proper  job  with  proper  wage  or  salary  are  unavailable  

Educa5on  level  

In what way can informal sector describe the relation between the state and the people?

Government  trying  to  eradicate  these  ac5vity  &register  them  in  a  way  to  collect  tax  from  them  

The  people  in  informal  sectors  feels  that  their  right  isbeing  taken  away  

Conclusion

Informal  Sector  is  not  taxed  

New  Era  -­‐  Decentralize  

Informal  Leader,  Professional,  Tough  Guy,  Hybrid  

Irony  of  Informal  Leader  

fin.