Session 1 “Multicultural Society” !á!é!Ý Yogyakarta ... · Yogyakarta : Management of Multiculturalism ... Yogyakarta, or Jogja which some ... The native Javanese culture inherited

Session 1 “Multicultural Society” 1

Yogyakarta : Management of Multiculturalism Herry Zudianto

Mayor of Yogyakarta City

Yogyakarta, or Jogja which some people are more familiarized with, located on the southern part of Java Island, nevertheless, is portraying the country itself as well, Indonesia. The city, which constitutes the capital of Yogyakarta Special Region province is commonly conceived as the “miniature of Indonesia”, for the diversity of its citizens’ origins and cultures.

By means of almost similar configuration, the presence of islands far distinct from each other (Java, Sumatra, Bali, Borneo, Celebes, New Guinea, and so forth), acculturation and assimilation as a result of international trade with foreign merchants - furthermore followed by foreign clerics and troops for centuries, perpetual preservation of the local wisdoms, have been major factors on building the Indonesian society as multilinguistic, multiethnic, multireligious and multiculture. There are over 300 tribes or ethnic groups and more than 700 local languages or dialects spoken throughout the country from the largest ethnic, Javanese, to smaller clans in Papua (West New Guinea). Therefore, multiculturalism by means of favorable interrelations among different ethnics, different beliefs and different interests within the Indonesian society is undoubtly a very important feature needed to be well-managed not only by the government, but it also needs the involvement of all citizens and all communities by promoting and extending the value of tolerance.

Before the early establishment days of Yogyakarta in the year 1756, interaction among nations throughout the Southeast Asian region has signified the appearance of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islamic and Christianity influence within the society. Major cultures as well as Javanese, Austronesian, Indian sub-continent, Chinese, Arabic and eventually European civilizations came from various directions giving colorful coherence and contribution to the flourished multiculturalism evolution.

The native Javanese culture inherited from Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat (Kingdom of Ngayogyakarta) existed before the arrival of other major cultures in Java Island. Javanese civilization – which tend to be open, inclusive and tolerance – assumed the presence of other cultures, indicated by the developed communities and settlements in some areas of the city during 1800s. Far eastern settlements – mostly Chinese and Arabic traders and merchants - evolved adjacent to the Royal Palace, native villages and Dutch houses at that time. By 1920, there were 94,254 (90.08%) Javanese inhabitants compared to 5,643 (5.44%) Chinese and 3,730 (3.59%) Europeans according to local Dutch-administered statistics. The feature revealed that multiculturalism was deep-rooted within the city, particularly among different nations, different cultures and different communities – peacefully.

Yogyakarta is well-known as a “City of tolerance” in Indonesia. The local wisdom concept of teposeliro (or literally “tolerance” in Javanese) which means the spirit of mutual respect reciprocally in harmony has important role in acculturating other cultures introduced by settlers from outer islands or overseas. Tolerance encourages people to be open-minded understanding the differences and not resist against different ideas. That is, tolerant views which extend beyond individual interests, understanding that other peoples’ interests do exist and has to be equally considered. Nevertheless, there is presence of mutual interest which bounds to be mutually respected as well.

At present, Yogyakarta is also well-known as a City of education and prominent tourism destination – nearest city to Borobudur and the city of patriotism. The presence of high-ranking universities in

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Session 1 “Multicultural Society” 1

Yogyakarta, such as Gadjah Mada University and a number of 18 more universities throughout the city become magnets that attract students from all over the country and abroad. With almost 750 foreign students from 51 countries in Yogyakarta, and approximately 1.6 million tourists per year visiting Borobudur, Prambanan and the surrounding areas, Yogyakarta is an international city enriched by a multicultural atmosphere.

The local government in Yogyakarta together with central government in Jakarta have significant roles in conducting measures to ensure a cohesive society between people of different ethnics, cultures and religions. After government reformation in 1998, the ruling government at that time extended the favorable policy to foster the freedom of speech, freedom of conducting religious prayer and freedom of preserving minority art and culture. The blossoming of the government’s respective open policies stimulated the development of considerable intercultural activities especially in favor of better relation and interaction between the majority and the minority segments of the population. The approval of Chinese Lunar New Year as national holiday, Confusian as the 6th prominent religion, the flourishing Chinese art and cultures traditional groups in Indonesia mark out the enhancing government accomodation to minorities.

Regarding the multicultural society in Indonesia, a number of non-governmental organizations and interest groups also have significant role to preserve favorable interaction and interrelation between different religions, cultures and ethnics, particularly between the majority and minorities. The presence of strong moderate Islamic organizations such as Muhammadiyah and NU assert the Indonesian image as moderate largest Moslem predominantly country – as a counter for raising considered right-wing hardliners due to current several terrorism issues.

The synergy between important roles of the government, non-governmental organizations and interest groups in preserving favorable relation between minority and the majority segments of the population; and the well-preserved basic values including local wisdoms, norms, religious-guided rules among the society have strong impact in maintaining cohesive society between people of different ethnics, cultures and religions.

Yogyakarta City Government has conducted several programs and acitivities in favor of strengthening the interrelation between different communities such as :

1. Procurement of Green Open-Space in some areas of the city by purchasing uncultivated-land from the citizen to provide space or building for social-gathering purpose (sport, meeting, community service, etc).

2. To organize and to support mass religious prayer and services to celebrate major religious holiday.

3. To promote major cultural events organized by the government or the society 4. To facilitate constructive interracial dialogue among different religions, different ethnics and

different communities in Yogyakarta in conjuction with community-own established inter-religion or inter-community dialogue forums.

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Hiroaki Suzuki, Lead Urban Specialist, Finance, Economic and Urban Department,The World Bank

THEWORLD BANK

Cities and Climate Change:The World Bank's Response

UCLG ASPAC World Bank Special SessionHamamatsu, October 20, 2010

Source: IPPUC

1

The World Bank Mission“Our dream a world free of poverty….”

• Largest MultinationalDevelopment Financial Institution

• Owned by 187 member countries• Provides loan/credit and technical

assistance to developing countries• 10,000 employees in more than 100

offices worldwide• US$500 billion commitment since

its establishment in 1944• US$89 billion committed from July 2008

through January 2010• Financial & knowledge bank

IBRD , IDAIFC, MIGA,ICISD

2

Outline

• The sustainable developmentchallenge

• Development and climate change

• The urbanization challenge and theWorld Bank’s response: Eco2 Citiesinitiative

3

The SustainableDevelopment Challenge

4

Source: WB SDLP Tom Gladwin

THE BIG ACCELERATION5 Source: Living Planet Report, Zoological Society London, Global Footprint Network, WWF

Humans consume more than the planetcan sustainably offer

6

CLIMATECHANGE

WATERAVAILABILITY

URBAN-IZATION

POVERTYPREVALENCE

ECOSYSTEMHEALTH

POPULATIONSIZE

DRYLANDDEVELOPINGCOUNTRYCASE

O

O

O

DIRECT EFFECTSSECONDARY ANDTERTIARY EFFECTS

O

O

O

S

S

S

OO

S

SS=SAME DIRECTIONO=OPPOSITE DIRECTION//=TIME LAG

O

SS

O

S

O

OO

//

//

O

//

//

//

//

THE BIGINTERDEPENDENC EY

7 8

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1980 ??

Sustainability Seize OpportunitiesSeize OpportunitiesAvoid RisksAvoid Risks

Inno

vatio

n

1980 ??


Inno

vatio

n

??


Inno

vatio

n

??


Inno

vatio

n

Increases in Population and Consumption


Inno

vatio

nDecline in Living Systems

2000 ??

SustainabilitySeize OpportunitiesSeize Opportunities

Avoid RisksAvoid Risks

Inno

vatio

n

THE BIG SQUEEZE

Source: WB SDLP Tom Gladwin 9

Development andClimate Change

10

CO2 is off the charts

Source: Lüthi and others 2008 11

Temperature Anomalies (relative to 1960 1990)

Mediterranean Regions (10W 40E, 30N 50N)

Observations

2003

Source: WB SDLP Will Day

12

13

What is Happening?Projected impacts of climate change

Source: Stern Review

15 Slide 16

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Slide 17 Source: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs & CARE, “Humanitarian Implications of Climate Change:Mapping Emerging Trends and Risk Hotspots” (August 2008).

18

More than a billion people depend on water fromdiminishing Himalayan glaciers

19Source: World Development Report 2010.

Rich countries are also affected by anomalous climate:The 2003 heat wave killed more than 70,000 people in Europe

Source: World Development Report 2010. 20

Japan recorded its hottestsummer ever

21 22

Where is energy being consumed?

Unequal footprints: Emissions per capita in low , middle , andhigh income countries, 2005


Individuals’ emissions in high income countries overwhelm those indeveloping countries


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Where the world needs to go: Energy related CO2emissions per capita


What should we do?The emissions gap between where the world is headed and where it needs to go is huge, but a

portfolio of clean energy technologies can help the world stay at 450 ppm CO2e (2 C)


5 10 15 20 25 30 35150

100

50

50

100

Technology options: Abatement beyond business as usual(GTCO2e per year in 2030)

Cost

ofab

atem

ent€

pertCO

2e

18 3326

550ppm

450ppm

400ppm

~€25 ~€50~€40

Building insulationFuel efficiency in commercial vehicles

Lighting/Air conditioning

Water heating

Fuel efficiency in vehicles

Sugar cane biofuel

Standby lossesIndustrial non CO2

Marginal cost € per ton CO2e

NuclearCCS & enhanced oil recovery

Wind: low penetration

Co firing biomassCCS on new coal

Avoided deforestationCCS retrofit Biodiesel

Industrial CCS

AfterMcKinsey

Source: McKinsey 2007

27

The goal is to push low carbon technologies from unprovenconcept to widespread deployment and to higher emission

reductions


It’s not just about energy: At high carbon prices the combined mitigationpotential of agriculture and forestry is greater than that of other individual

sectors of the economy


Global green stimulus spending is increasing


Green Growth

31

The gap is large: Estimated annual climate funding required fora 2 C trajectory compared with current resources


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Annual spending for energy and climate changeR&D pales against subsidies


Government budgets for energy RD&D are at their lowest,and nuclear dominates


a

35

Climate impacts are long lived:Rising temperatures and sealevels associated with higher

concentrations of CO2

ACT NOW


Despite low energy consumption and emissions per capita,developing countries will dominate much of the future growth in

total energy consumption and CO2 emissions

ACT TOGETHER


Rebalancing act: Switching from SUVs to fuel efficient passenger cars in theU.S. alone would nearly offset the emissions generated in providing

electricity to 1.6 billion more people


Africa has enormous untapped hydropower potential, compared to lower potentialbut more exploitation of hydro resources in the United States

ACTDIFFERENTLY


Turning back the desert with indigenousknowledge, farmer action, and social learning


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Did I convince you that globalwarming is happening?

Otherwise…….

41 Slide 42

The World Bank’s response tothe urbanization challenge: Eco2

Cities Initiative

43

The world urbanizes

44

1950 2000 2050World Population (bil.) 2.54 6.12 9.19World Urban Population (bil.) 0.74 2.85 6.4Share of Asia (%) 32.1 48.1 54.5

Density why it pays to be close to Tokyo

Tokyo•Quarter ofJapan’sPopulation (35Million)•4% of Its Land•18 % of ItsGDP

45Source: World Development Report 2010. 46

Urbanization is a good proxyfor income level

Source: Acemoglu, D., Presentation at the World Bank on Jan.19, 2006GDP for China is taken from the same presentation, and urbanization in China is taken from UN data

China

Urbanization Generate Both Economic Growth & Environmental Challenges

Increasing Solid Waste

Shopping MallNew Urban Landscape

Source: International Energy Agency, 2005; World Bank Staff Estimates

Air Pollution & GHG

47

Natural Disaster

Investment

48

Unsustainable Growth– Projected new urban built up area in developing countriesalone is 400,000 km² (2000 – 2030)

– This equals the total urban built up area of the ‘entireworld’ as of the year 2001 –we are building a ‘whole newworld!’

– 4 Earths (Ecological Footprint) required if developingcountry cities urbanize following the models of developedcountry cities

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• Helping cities achieve ecological andeconomic sustainability in synergy.

• Integrated cross sector approach energyefficient and low carbon development.

• Optimal urban plan & land use compactcities.

• Combining multiple financial instruments(IBRD,IDA, GEF, CF,CTF, IFC,PPP etc.)

www.worldbank/org/eco2

49

Example of Simultaneous Economic andEnvironmental Improvement

Since 1990 Swedish CO2 emissions have reduced by 9% while itseconomy has grown at a stable speed.

50Source: Symbiocity

By looking at global good practice cities:– Stockholm, Sweden

– Curitiba, Brazil

– Yokohama, Japan

– Singapore

– Vancouver, Canada

– Auckland, New Zealand

– Brisbane, Australia

51

How did we arrive at our Eco2 solutions? 1. Stockholm, Sweden

Integrated utility management & resource management was used in

the redevelopment of the southern district in Stockholm, Sweden

Energy

Water and sewage

Waste

Source: Stockholm City Planning Administration52

Integrated land use and transport• Innovative land use management

– Linear urban growth along five strategic axes with highlydense commercial/ residential development to absorbrapid population growth

– Institute for Research and Urban Planning of Curitiba(IPPUC) for integrated planning

• Affordable and integrated bus system– Bus Rapid Transit lane along the five strategic axes

– Investment cost – about US$ 3 mil/km(about 3 6% of underground metro)

– 45% Bus ridership

– Less traffic congestion

2. Curitiba, Brazil

53

SOUTH STRUCTURAL AXIS

Nova Curitiba

Av. Paraná

Represa Do Passaúna

DOWNTOWNMal. Floriano

Parque IguaçúGreen Line

Porto Alegre

Ponta Grossa

INDUSTRIAL DISTRICT

Parque Barigui

São Paulo

Curitiba’s Transit Oriented Development

54

55

• Flood control with enhanced green space– Eco system preserved in the city

– Expenditure for drainage construction saved

– Green and amenity space enhanced

– Flood prone slum areas turn into valued land of tax revenue source

• Social considerations– Inclusive neighborhoods

– Waste management programs

– Citizen ownership and eco consciousness

2. Curitiba, Brazil

• Solid Waste Reduction– Implementation of 3R (Reduce,

Reuse, Recycle) with citizencollaboration

– Achieved 38.7% reduction in sixyears (2001 2007)

Source: City of Yokohama

3. City of Yokohama, Japan

Waste Reduction in Yokohama

56

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Integrated water resource

management

• Closed water loop• Entire water cycle managed by

one organization• Water security

• Water catchment

• Wastewater reclamation• Desalination

• Demand management– Tariff: Financial incentive to

reduce water consumption

Demand Control and Water ConsumptionYear 2000 2004

Population (‘000) 4,028 4,167

GDP (US$ mil.) 92,720 109,157

National Water Consumption (mil. m3) 454 440

Average Monthly Household Water Consumption (m3) 20.5 19.3

Average Monthly Household Water Bill (Singapore$) 31.0 29.4

Source: PUB website, Singapore

4. SingaporeClosed Water Loop

57

Congestion pricing for urban transport management– London– Singapore– Stockholm– Milan (linked with GHG emission)

London:– £137m was raised in the financial year 2007/08 to invest back into improving

public transport in London.– Traffic was 21% lower than pre charge levels within the charging zone

70,000 fewer cars/day– Increased usage of buses and bicycles

Source: Transport for London website

5. London, Stockholm, Milan, Singapore

5858

Urban form impacts on cities’ transport efficiencyDecisions today are limited by decisions in the past

Source: Bertaud, A., and T. Pode, Jr., Density in Atlanta: Implications for Traffic and Transit (Los Angeles: Reason Foundation, 2007).

59 60

Cars – a waste of space!

Four Principles of Eco2

61

A City Based ApproachEnables local governments to proactively lead and inspireAdapted to the specific circumstances and local ecology

An Expanded Platform for Collaborative Design and Decision MakingSustained synergy through coordination and alignment of stakeholderactions and incentives

A One System ApproachRealize benefits of integrationOptimize the city system as a whole

An Investment Framework that Values Sustainability and ResiliencyLifecycle analysisAsses value and benchmark all capital assets (manufactured, natural, socialand human)Broader risk assessments and adaptive strategies for resilience

RegionalSystems

MunicipalServices

LandUse

RoadsSewerage

Waste

Housing

Office Buildings

Environmental Mgt.

Fleet Mgt.

Procurement

ParksLighting

TransitWater

City HallOperationslow highLevel of control

BuildingStocks

BuildingStocks

ElectricityElectricity

EcosystemsEcosystems

TransportationTransportation

NaturalGas

NaturalGas

SocialServicesSocialServices

InformationCommunicationsInformation

CommunicationsIndustryIndustry

AgricultureAgricultureRural

CommunitiesRural

Communities

Eco2: Stakeholder Involvement

1. Expanded beyondadministrativeboundaries toeconomic andecological boundaries.

2. Collaboration with allstakeholders

3. A shared planningframework

4. Integrated designprocess

5. Policy/investmentcoordination

Private Sector Citizens

National Policy & FrameworkNational Policy & Framework

62

high Level of control low

Eco2: An Integrated One System Approach

63

PromoteSocialEquity

Water Mgt

Land Management Transport Planning

Regulation, IncentivesTechnology, AwarenessRegulation, IncentivesTechnology, Awareness

WasteManagement

WasteManagement

WaterManagement

WaterManagement

Adapt tonaturalrisks

Adapt tonaturalrisks

64

Layering

Cascading(Use same resources)

Examples of the One System Approach

Looping(Reuse resources)

Integrating

Use the same facility for differentpurposes: day (school)/night(vocational center)/weekend

(culture center)

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An Investment Framework that Values Sustainabilityand Resiliency

65

Lifecycle cost benefit analysis: investment decisions

Capital O & M Costs Disposal Costs

Financial Accounting

Environmental Load ProfileConstructionMaterials (Steel.Concrete.etc

Energy, Water Waste/Recycle

Sankey diagrams toAnalyze Material Flows

How do we Prepare an Eco2 City Program?

Design Charrettes toforecast and plan

GIS to analyze urbanform

Lifecycle cost benefitanalysis to comparealternatives for investmentdecisions

Phase 1: Various financial instruments

Alignment of World Bank financing instruments:

67

Climate Investment Funds

Global Environment Facility

Sector Investment Loan/Credit

Carbon Finance

Development Policy Loan

IFC (private sector)IFC (private sector)

Infrastructure InvestmentInfrastructure Investment

Adoption of Policy/Regulation

MIGA (insurance)MIGA (insurance)

Phase 2: Possible scaling up of support inpartnership with national governments

68

Book available

at WB Infoshop, Amazon …..

For order information, please visit

www.worldbank.org/eco2

Eco2 Book

Contact Person:Hiroaki Suzuki: [email protected]

Eco2 Pilot Operations

70

See You at Eco2 2010 Yokohama!Pacifico Oct 21 and 22, 2010

•First international conference on Eco2 cities•Global good practice cities•East Asia pilot Eco2 cities•Japanese cities and private businesses•Eco2 Operation Guide

http://go.worldbank.org/KRP47JLUZ0 71

Registration is Open to the Public and Free

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Documents

Session 1 “Multicultural Society” !á!é!Ý Yogyakarta ... · Yogyakarta : Management of Multiculturalism ... Yogyakarta, or Jogja which some ... The native Javanese culture inherited