THE AFRO-ARAB

SUMMIT

Chair – Marielle Velander Vice Chairs – Parker Bowling, Megan

Mattson, and Rachel Wolf

wamunc.com | march 20 – 23, 2014

 

Greetings Delegates! Welcome to the simulation of the Afro-Arab Summit taking place at the 16th annual Washington Area Model United Nations Conference! My name is Marielle Velander and I look forward to serving as the Chair of your committee, as well as meeting and interacting with all of you. I’m originally from Stockholm, Sweden, but I attended high school on the island of Malta. I am currently a senior in the Elliott School of International Affairs, double majoring in International Affairs and Anthropology, with a minor in Arabic. I have been staffing MUN conferences since my freshman year, participating in Middle East-related committees at three WAMUNC conferences and twice at GCIMUN at the UN Headquarters. Over the years I have traveled to, studied, and fallen in love with the cultures of North Africa and the Middle East. In fall 2012 I studied abroad in Jordan and researched water policy for Friends of the Earth Middle East. This past summer I was on an archaeological dig in Israel and conducted research for my thesis on environmental issues in the region. As this is my first year as Chair at WAMUNC, I am particularly excited to meet all of you and hear your innovative ideas on Afro-Arab cooperation. Your two vice-chairs join me in welcoming you. Parker Bowling is a Sophomore in the Elliott School of International Affairs, majoring in International Affairs with a minor in Arabic. Originally from Louisville, Kentucky, Parker has been staffing GW MUN conferences since his freshman year. With his keen interest in Arabic and the Middle East, he couldn't be more excited for the Afro-Arab Summit. Megan Mattson is a sophomore studying International Affairs at the Elliott School in GW concentrating in International Development with a minor in Arabic. She participated in MUN throughout high school in her hometown of Austin, TX and elsewhere. She is looking forward to helping with this committee as she is passionate about the Middle East and worked at Water to Thrive this past summer, a small nonprofit dedicated to building wells in Africa. This committee will be running with the typical parliamentary procedure used in General Assemblies. Each delegate will be representing a member country of either the League of Arab States, the African Union, or in some cases both. As Chair, I will be leading the Afro-Arab Summit Meetings and regulating debate. Try to learn as much about your country’s position on the committee topics, their history with these regional organizations and their relationship with other member countries. You will need to act in your nation’s best interests in our meetings for them to be most realistic. The level to which you prepare for the Summit and interact with other delegates during the conference affects our committee experience on the whole. With that said, I wish you all the best with your research. I hope to be greeted at the conference by a committee of well-prepared delegates eager to debate. The vice chairs and I look forward to meeting you in March. Best, Marielle Velander Chair, Afro-Arab Summit

The Afro-Arab Summit The Afro-Arab Summit is a meeting held between members of the League of Arab States (LAS) and the African Union (AU) to promote cooperation between the two regions. The main goals of the summit will be to resolve the growing problem of terrorist networks, especially with regards to Al Qaeda, and the lack of sufficient natural resources, specifically water, which affect socioeconomic and political issues across the African continent and Arabian sub-continent. The hopeful outcome of the summit will be enhanced economic and political ties between the regions to help fight these specific issues, as well as other relevant problems that the two International Organizations share. The relations between Africa and the Arab world can be traced back thousands of years. Due to the strategic and economic importance of Africa and the Arab world, both of them suffered through oppressive colonial regimes and violent post-colonial struggles. Geographical proximity, history, and strong cultural links have forged solidarity and common interests between the peoples of the two regions in response to colonial exploitation and dependence. Once the Petroleum Revolution in 1973 resulted in a flush of revenue for oil-producing countries in both Africa and the Arab states, more urgent shared interests emerged. The League of Arab States (LAS) and the African Union (AU) established official relations in March 1977 at the first Afro-Arab Summit in Cairo, in order to cooperate on political and economic issues. The first initiative was to develop a balance of interests between

oil-rich Arab countries and resource and water-rich African countries so as to aid the economic development in both regions. Although a number of meetings and trade fairs took place between African and Arab states following the First Afro-Arab Summit, the Second Afro-Arab Summit in Sirte, Libya, did not take place until October 2010. The discussions at the second summit centered on the potential of partition in Sudan, the combating of terrorism, and cooperation regarding water, energy, raw materials, food production and environment. Two central documents were passed at this summit; the “Africa-Arab Partnership Strategy” and “The Afro-Arab Joint Action Plan 2011-2016”. Nine of the members of LAS also belong to AU and together they constitute one third of the population of the entire African continent. The Arab-African relationship is a model of solidarity based on strategic depth, but fraught with modern development challenges. Source: Mattes, Hanspeter. "Aftermath of the Sirte Summit: Arab-African Cooperation on the Upswing?" The GIGA Focus 6 (2010): 1-7. Web. The African Union On September 9, 1999, The Sirte Declaration was signed by the Heads of State of the member countries that were part of the Organization for African Unity (OAU) to create a new regional African intergovernmental organization, the African Union (AU). The role of the African Union is principally to accelerate integration and cooperation in the African continent,

 

enable Africa to take part in the global economy, and collectively address social, economic and political problems that are shared by the member countries of the AU. The AU is composed of eight bodies, along with a number of specialized technical committees and financial institutions. The Assembly is the authoritative organ of the AU, composed of Heads of State or member state representatives, and chaired by Hailemariam Desalegn, the Prime Minister of Ethiopia. The representative body of the Union, The Pan-African Parliament, consists of 265 members elected by the governments of AU member states and its president is Bethel Nnaemeka Amadi. The Executive Council, which is in charge of the Assembly, consists of Ministers designated by governments of member states. The Commission is central in the day-to-day management of the AU and consists of the Chairperson, the Deputy Chairperson, eight commissioners and staff members. The Economic, Social, and Cultural Council (ECOSOC) is a civil society consultative body of the Union. The Peace and Security Council (PSC) is in charge of promoting peace, security, and stability on the continent. Every country on the African continent is a member except for Morocco, whom opposed the membership of Western Sahara as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. However, Morocco is still involved in important AU functions. The working languages of the Union are Arabic, English, French, Portuguese, and African Languages if possible. Since May 2003 the AU peacekeeping forces have been deployed to oversee the

implementation of various agreements. These missions generally fall under the mandate of the PSC and have been highly involved in Darfur, Sudan, and Somalia. The African Union recognizes eight Regional Economic Unions (RECs), that function as important fora for civil society activism. Resources:

A guide to African Union Structures and Processes by Oxfam http://www.afrimap.org/english/images/report/AfriMAP-AU-Guide-EN.pdf

The official website of the African Union http://www.au.int/en/ The League of Arab States The Arab League is an organization that consists of independent Arab States on the territory of the northern and northeastern parts of Africa and southwest Asia. Representatives of the first six member states – Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Saudi Arabia – that initiated the league’s formation signed the agreement in Cairo, on March 22, 1945. At the time, the League’s agenda focused on freeing Arab countries from colonial rule and preventing the Jewish community in Palestine from creating a Jewish state. According to the Arab League’s main document, Charter of Arab League, the organization’s main goal is “strengthening of the relations between the member-states, the coordination of their policies in order to achieve co-operation between them and to safeguard their independence and sovereignty; and a general concern with the affairs and

 

interests of the Arab countries.“ These affairs and interests include important economic issues, social, cultural and health affairs, communication, infrastructure, and issues of citizenship. The organization strives to resolve burning issues among the Arab countries, and to better the overall image of the Muslim nations in the world today. Until recently, the League had 22 members, including Palestine, which the League controversially regards as an independent state. Due to the Syrian government’s response to the uprisings in Syria, the League has suspended Syria’s membership, leaving the League with 21 members. The highest body of the League is the Council, composed of representatives of member states, usually foreign ministers, their representatives or permanent delegates. Each member state has one vote, irrespective of its size. The council meets twice a year, in March and September, and may convene a special session at the request of two members. Day-to-day, the league is run by the general secretariat. Headed by a secretary-general, it is the administrative body of the league and the executive body of the council and the specialized ministerial councils. Egyptian Nabil Elaraby was appointed secretary-general of the League as of 2011. The League of Arab States has been accused of lack of effectiveness, largely due to divisions among member states, often rooted in hostilities between traditional monarchies and state republics. The fact that decisions made by the Arab League are binding only on members who voted for them have in effect crippled the league in the sphere

of "high politics". Thus it failed to coordinate foreign, defense or economic policies, rendering core league documents such as the Treaty of Joint Defense and Economic Cooperation and key bodies such as the Joint Defense Council completely ineffectual. However, during the Arab Uprisings in 2011 the League started taking a more decisive role in the region by backing UN action in Libya and Syria. One of the most effective initiatives of the League was the economic boycott of Israel between 1948 and 1993, due to the shared position of the member states on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The League has also been effective in shaping education, preserving manuscripts, and developing a regional telecommunications union. Resources: BBC Profile of the Arab League http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/1550797.stm

A Collection of Documents Relevant to the Arab League http://www.al-bab.com/arab/docs/league.htm The Official Website of the Arab League http://www.lasportal.org/wps/portal/las_en/

 

Topic 1: Al Qaeda and The Growing Threat of Terrorist Networks History Terrorist networks grew out of anti-colonial movements that had used methods of terrorism to rid their nations of occupying European powers, and were later consolidated during the Cold War. The restlessness, exacerbated by political and economic instability in the African and Arab countries that were trying to yield the hard-won fruits of their independence in a Cold War climate, gave root to the terrorist organizations we see today that clamor for a reform of society and politics through shockingly violent means. (Barzegan) One of the most infamous and powerful transnational terrorist networks today is Al Qaeda, which emerged during the Soviet war in Afghanistan in 1979-1989 Soviet War in Afghanistan where Afghan Islamic extremists rallied young Muslims from around the world to fight in what they called a “holy war” (jihad). A Saudi Arabian, Osama Bin Laden, became the main source of funding for the Afghan side of this endeavor and began to expand his network of jihadist support. After the Soviet war in Afghanistan ended he decided to create a base for future jihad, thus al Qaeda was born. Bin Laden soon moved to Sudan and took the headquarters of al Qaeda with him, therefore directly including African nations in the scope of the terrorist network’s social critique and recruitment efforts. Al Qaeda focused their activities around the idea of a greater evil,

epitomized by the loosening of supposedly Islamic norms in Muslim countries, and by the lesser evil, represented by foreign intervention such as that of the United States in the region. In Sudan he issued a fatwa that against the United State’s deployment with Somalia and began to plan and aid attacks against the US. Due to international pressure, Sudan forced Bin Laden back to Afghanistan where he struggled to rebuild his network of terrorism. Bin Laden eventually issued a 1998 fatwa against the US and its citizens and al Qaeda became the general headquarters for international terrorism. Bin Laden and Al Qaeda claimed responsibility for attacking US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998, striking the U.S.S. Cole in Yemen in 2000, and on September 9, 2001, crowning their growing list of international terror acts with the hijacking of planes in order to target key American buildings on US soil. (Burke and Allen) The US invasion of Afghanistan crippled al Qaeda throughout the next decade and US forces killed Osama Bin Laden in May of 2011, depriving the organization of its principal leader. After the invasion of Afghanistan, the central al Qaeda headquarters migrated to Pakistan. The death of Bin Laden in Abbottabad in 2011 has led to the weakening of the international organization but Al Qaeda remains strong in the Arabian Peninsula, where it continues to plan and execute attacks in places like Yemen and Syria. (ABC News)

http://www.understandingwar.org/map/map-al-qaeda-and-its-associated-movements-march-2013

The Current Situation Al Qaeda’s decentralization has led to a less rigid operation and complications in tracking and tackling acts of terrorism. Additionally, the rise of technology and social media requires new ways of conceptualizing solutions and observing terrorist activity. Terrorist groups can now disseminate their messages to a greater number of people at a faster rate than before. On the other hand,

globalization, decentralization, and technological advancements contribute to the Terrorism perpetrated in European and African cities over the past decade are more appropriately attributed to off-shoots of Al Qaeda, such as the salafists in Egypt and Al Shabaab in Somalia. International organizations have been looking at economic mechanisms to stem terrorism in Africa and the Arab countries. There are clear economic

 

incentives in combating terrorism, since terrorist groups scare away potential investors that are integral to boost growth in developing economies. Since the leadership of organizations like Al Qaeda have been removed, the financial support from jihadist businessmen in Saudi Arabia and Egypt, among other

places, keep these skeletal terrorist networks alive. If the international or regional community could cut the flow of funds to terrorist operations in the region, it could offer both economic and political benefits.

Case Studies Sudan Sudan shares borders with Muslim-majority countries such as Egypt and Libya, and Ethiopia, which also has a large Muslim population. This makes it a ripe location Islamic revolution and the intervention of jihadists in domestic politics. Additionally, it is a natural link between Arab and African terrorist networks and therefore a point of interest for a joint Afro-Arab Summit. Terrorism began in Sudan when Bin Laden transferred Al Qaeda’s operations to the country in the 1990s. Since then the problem of terrorism has grown exponentially in the country, resulting in a number of groups that are increasingly difficult to control and restrict. Many terrorist groups from across the Afro-Arab region use Sudan as their training grounds, with training camps in place for Hamas, Hezbollah, and terrorist organizations from Iran, Algeria, Eritrea, Ehtiopia, Uganda, and Tunisia. Therefore a crackdown on terrorism in Sudan may stem the problem of terrorism in other African and Arab countries as well. Sudan has made some efforts to counteract terrorism domestically, through talks with the United States and several international conventions against terrorism, which has resulted in progress.

Additionally they shut down the Popular Arab and Islamic Conference that served as a place for terrorists to discuss their future plans. However, Sudan still allows terrorists to come into the country and hide from their enemies. Somalia Al Shabaab was the militant wing of the Somali Council of Islamic Courts that took over most of southern Somalia in the second half of 2006. They formally merged with Al-Qaeda in 2012. While there activities have mostly been restricted to Somalia, where they have oscillated between prominent political positions and as an opposition group to the government. The disorganized terrorist group is crippled by the diversity of clans represented in its membership, which can lead to clan politics and tribalism. Despite limited resources and contention within the group, they have begun to extend their activities outside of domestic politics, for example by attacking a popular shopping mall in Nairobi, Kenya, in October 2013. Their reason for attack was a retaliation against the presence of Kenyan troops in Somalia and Kenyan victory over Al Shabaab troops in 2011. The shopping mall incident in Nairobi was remarkable in two aspects. First of all, Al Shabaab

 

did not keep hostages in the conventional sense. People trapped in the mall were hiding rather than being held, and there was a selective process in identifying targets in the mall, loosely based on religious affiliation and nationality. Secondly Al Shabaab used twitter to issue threats to Kenyan politicians and the international community, thus expanding twitter’s role as a political tool and typifying 21st century terrorism.

Questions for Reflection Questions for Reflection

• How can regional organizations like the AU and LAS counteract the activity of terrorist groups?

• How should the international community approach terrorism, considering the effects of technology and globalization on their operations?

• History has shown that it is not possible to eradicate terrorist groups by simply removing the leadership, what other factors need to be taken and what strategic steps do they require?

Works Cited

Barzegar, Kayhan. "The Middle East and the "New Terrorism"" ISYP Journal on Science and World Affairs 1.2 (2005): 113-21. Print.

Burke, Jason and Paddy Allen (September 11 attacks, 2009). "The five ages of al-Qaida". The Guardian (UK) Osama Bin Laden Killed By Navy SEALs in Firefight. Dir. Brian Ross. ABC News. ABC News Network. Web. 26 Jan. 2014.

Resources: Article on the current state of Al Qaeda http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/05/how-strong-is-al-qaeda-today-really/256609/ More information about the situation in Sudan http://defenddemocracy.org/sudans-sponsorship-of-terrorism-violence2 Profile of Al-shabab http://www.nctc.gov/site/groups/al_shabaab.html Article about the Westgate Mall attacks in Kenya http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/04/westgate-mall-attacks-kenya United States Institute of Peace Special Report on Terrorism in the Horn of Africa http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/resources/sr113.pdf

 

Topic 2: The Political Economics of Water Infrastructure History/Current Situation For many in Africa and the Middle East it is difficult to collect water each day. The average trip to get water in Africa takes around two hours to complete. While women carry on average 45 pounds, children carry around 15. The path can also be slippery and full of hills ("The Water Crisis.") In just one day, 200 million work hours are consumed by women collecting water for their families. This lost productivity is greater than the combined number of hours worked in a week by employees at Walmart, UPS, McDonald’s, IBM, Target, and Kroger ("Water Facts: Women."). A shocking proportion of people of the Middle East also lack access to fresh water. As many as 45 million people lack access to fresh water in the region of the Middle East, with countries such as Jordan and Yemen being most heavily affected. (“Green Stories”) The water scarcity impacts political conflict and requires enormous amounts of aid to offset, funds which local governments and international aid agencies hesitate to give in preference of other causes in the region. There is an estimate that it will cost $50 billion a year for the next 20 years to meet Africa’s water needs alone, not even including the Middle East. While this may sound like a lot, it is less than what the world spends on bottled water every year (Kaberuka). Over one billion people do not have access to clean water around the world ("The Water Crisis."). While this need is

widespread around the globe, there is more need in some areas than others. Only 56 percent of people in Oceania have access to water and at 63 percent the access is not much higher in Sub-Saharan Africa, while all other regions have coverage rates of 86 percent or higher ("Water, Sanitation and Hygiene."). While almost two thirds of people in Africa have gained access to water (Kaberuka), there continue to be huge disparities. 334 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa, or about 39 percent of the population, lack access to clean water (Njoku). In a report released by two UN agencies on March 21, 2011, Africa’s urban population without access to safe drinking water rose from 30 million in 1990 to more than 55 million in 2008. Every day, 6,000 children die of water-related diseases. Young children are the first to get sick and die from waterborne and sanitation-related illnesses, including diarrheal diseases and malaria (Trowbridge) The main health issue caused by dirty water is diarrhea. Unsafe water and poor sanitation has led to roughly four billion cases of diarrhea each year, which cause 2.2 million deaths mostly of children under the age of five. Globally, diarrhea is the leading cause of illness and death, and 88 percent of diarrheal deaths are due to a combination of lack of access to sanitation facilities and to safe water for hygiene and drinking (Trowbridge). Improving water, sanitation, and hygiene has the potential to prevent at least 9.1 percent of the disease burden, or 6.3 percent of all deaths around the world ("Statistics by Area / Water and Sanitation.").

 

On 28 July 2010, the UN passed a resolution recognizing the human right to water and sanitation and acknowledging that clean drinking water and sanitation are essential to the realization of all human rights. The Resolution calls upon States and international organizations to provide financial resources and support capacity building and technology transfer to developing countries, in order to provide safe, clean, accessible and affordable drinking water and sanitation for all. Several notable NGOs have involved themselves in the struggle to improve freshwater access and sanitation for the inhabitants of Africa and the Middle East. The Water Project has made an impact in Africa with their localized clean water programs utilizing in-country local teams and partners. In the Jordan River Valley, where water has been an integral part of the political tension between Syrians, Jordanians, Israelis, and Palestinians, the local NGO Friends of the Earth Middle East is making waves through their projects working towards creating peaceful collaboration between communities on either side of the Jordan River to work together to conserve their water and appeal to local authorities. The Afro-Arab Summit is convened on the ideal that regional areas should help one another. An entire intergovernmental body, the African Water Association, was created for the sole purpose of looking at this issue and working to overcome it. In its latest meeting held on May 13, 2013, the association continued its efforts to pinpoint precise problems causing the water crisis. While no such body exists in the Middle East, the Strategic

Foresight Group released a report saying a comprehensive, integrated, and collaborative management of all water resources in a circle of countries in the Middle East is the way to make water use sustainable. Some states are weary of help from outside actors as “humanitarian organizations themselves are often perceived as instruments of foreign policy by donor governments” (Calhoun). There is a perception that states will not remain neutral if they are helping in a humanitarian cause. States help other states to better their global image and increase their global influence, making the country they help indebted to them. Due to this belief, there has been an “emphasis on the notion of ‘autonomy’ for the NGOs” (Calhoun). States with this viewpoint allow some NGOs and nonpolitical groups to develop infrastructure and provide aide within their countries. Some states have such deep underlying water access problems that help is needed from any actor that is willing. In addition, there has been an increasing emphasis on international cooperation in approaching development issues. For example, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) has declared 2013 to be the International Year of Water Cooperation. USAID announced on December 3, 2012 that the best outreach approach is to integrate humanitarian assistance with development aid (McConnell). In July 2012, China pledged to lend 20 billion dollars over three years to African governments for infrastructure and agriculture, including programs to improve drinking water and protect forests. (Perlez)

 

Case studies The following two case studies highlight different positions many countries in the Middle East and Africa find themselves in. While Ethiopia has less resources available than Saudi Arabia and accepts more outside aide, Saudi Arabia has more resources than Ethiopia and mainly takes a state-centered approach to resolving its water infrastructure problems. Ethiopia Ethiopia faces huge problems in meeting the needs of its rapidly growing population, and therefore accepts all foreign aid that it has access to. In Ethiopia the proportion of households with access to an improved source of drinking water has reached 54 percent. Up to 95 percent of people in urban areas have access to clean water, whereas only 42 percent do in rural areas (“Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey.”). This is a major issue as nearly 83 percent of the overall Ethiopian population lives in rural areas (“African Region: Ethiopia Statistics Summary.”). Urbanization is occurring at a slow pace leaving many with only dirty water. There are also social issues involved in the problem of water infrastructure. Women are responsible for water collection in 62 percent of households. It is as high as 70 percent of households in rural areas (“Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey.”) In 12 percent of households in Ethiopia female children under 15 are responsible for water collection, and in four percent male children under 15 are responsible for the

task (“Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey.”). Ethiopia recently made its Universal Access Plan II, which will help it meet the UN Millennium Development Goals’ targets on water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). In this plan, its new ideal spending level for its hygiene and sanitation Strategic Action Plan to cover WASH targets is close to $2.4 billion, with $1.75 billion dedicated solely to rural water supply. The country’s goal is to provide access to safe water and sanitation for its 83 million people by 2015 (United Nations. "Ethiopia…). While this is an admirable goal for overcoming its water access issues, African nations such as Ethiopia all too often find this type of goal difficult to reach. While Ethiopia has a goal of increasing spending on water infrastructure, their spending has actually decreased in the recent past. The Ethiopian government’s budgetary allocation to the water sector decreased from four percent in 2006 to 2.5 percent in 2010. This may be due to a growing cost for establishing water and sanitation services (United Nations. "Ethiopia…). Saudi Arabia As a desert country with no permanent rivers or lakes and very little rainfall, water is scarce in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. With a growing population, the demand for water is increasing. Saudi Arabia Largely focuses on meeting its own water needs – state centered approach. The Kingdom is currently focused on developing innovative ways to provide water for its people, which are largely handled by the Ministry of Water and Electricity.

 

However, the government needs to do a lot more to tackle the problem. In the 1970s the government mapped water aquifers underground to find their capacity, then drilled tens of thousands of wells. There are also new efforts to use recycled water. The state has delivered aims to recycle as much as 40 percent of the water used for domestic purposes in urban areas to be used for irrigation. Additionally, the country is the World’s largest producer of desalinated water. Saline Water Conversion Corporation of Saudi Arabia provides 50% of the municipal water in the Kingdom. It operates 32 plants in the Kingdom. Questions for reflection

1. What water issues does your country face?

2. What should be done to improve water infrastructure? Think from a scientific approach as well as a political approach. Put together a practical plan for improving access to water resources.

3. What resources are needed to improve water infrastructure?

4. Does your country have any issues concerning sharing water resources? How can those be overcome?

5. Which actors in the international community should be responsible for providing water infrastructure?

6. What areas should be given priority for developing water infrastructure?

7. Should the Afro-Arab Union reach out to other governments or intergovernmental associations such as the UN to work on this issue?

8. Some say the Middle East and Africa’s untapped water reserves are the key to the solution as “there are countries which are sitting on quantities of water large enough to overcome all of their developmental needs” (Kaberuka). While many potential methods could be used to access them, who should be responsible for doing so?

Works cited "African Region: Ethiopia Statistics Summary (2002 - Present)." WHO, 2013. Web. 15 Aug. 2013. "Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey." Central Statistical Agency. ICF International, Mar. 2012. Web. 15 Aug. 2013. Kaberuka, Donald. "Africa: World Water Day - Is the Glass Half Full or Half Empty?" AllAfrica.com. All Africa, 22 Mar. 2013. Web. 15 Aug. 2013. McConnell, Kathryn. "USAID Integrates Humanitarian, Development Aid for Resilience." IIP Digital. U.S. Department of State, 04 Dec. 2012. Web. 15 Aug. 2013. "Moringa Tree." News and Updates. Trees for Life International, 2011. Web. 15 Aug. 2013. Mwakyusa, Alvar. "Magembe Wants Africa to Curb Water Losses Amicably." Daily News. TSN Media, 14 May 2013. Web. 15 Aug. 2013. Njoku, Jude. "334 Million People in Sub-sahara Africa Lack Access to Clean

 

Water – WaterAid." Vanguard News, 26 Mar. 2013. Web. 15 Aug. 2013. Perlez, Jane. "With $20 Billion Loan Pledge, China Strengthens Its Ties to African Nations." The New York Times, 19 July 2012. Web. 15 Aug. 2013. "Statistics by Area / Water and Sanitation." Childinfo. UNICEF, May 2013. Web. 15 Aug. 2013. "The Water Crisis." WatertoThrive.org. Water to Thrive, 2012. Web. 15 Aug. 2013. Trowbridge, Erin. "Child Survival Fact Sheet: Water and Sanitation." UNICEF, 4 June 2004. Web. 15 Aug. 2013. United Nations. "Ethiopia: Safe Water - a Glass Half Full." AllAfrica.com. All Africa, 27 June 2012. Web. 15 Aug. 2013. "Water Facts: Women." Water.org. N.p., 2013. Web. 15 Aug. 2013. "Water, Sanitation and Hygiene." Unicef.org. UNICEF, 29 May 2013. Web. 15 Aug. 2013. Resources: Saudi Embassy Website about Water Resources in Saudi Arabia http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/agriculture_water/Water_Resources.aspx Article on Water Security in the Middle East by Strategic Foresight Group http://www.strategicforesight.com/media_inner.php?id=184#.Uj2v6RY1ZFI

Report on Water Challenges and Cooperative Response in the Middle East and North Africa http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2012/11/iwf%20papers/Water%20web.pdf The Water Project Website http://thewaterproject.org/how-we-work.php Friends of the Earth Middle East Website http://www.foeme.org/