Socioeconomic baseline and areas for measuring REDD+ impacts

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Isilda Nhantumbo17/6/2014

Terceiro Encontro Anual

Socioeconomic Baseline and Areas for Measuring

REDD+ Impacts

By Arnela Maússe

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Terceiro Encontro Anual03-12-2015

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MethodologyCriteria used for site selection included: - Existence of conservation area;- Size of population or density of households;- Existing land use and management regimes;- Frequency of burning; and- Existence or not of DUATS.

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Methodology – 16 districts selected

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Methodology• The methodology adopted combined both

quantitative and qualitative methods.• A sample of 1,196 households (Manica – 399, Sofala

– 398 and Zambezia-400) was defined for data collection through a Household questionnaire survey.

• Qualitative data collection was done through:- Semi-structured interviews with key informants

(government, community leaders, private sector, NGOs) totalling 30 in Manica, 26 in Zambezia and 15 in Sofala; and

- 36 Focal Group discussions involving 388 respondents from the three provinces.

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Methodology – Data Analysis Quantitative data analysis was performed using the SPSS statistical package and qualitative data based on the triangulation method.

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Study Results

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Household structure • The studied households have a mean of 7 people

(Manica -6, Sofala -7, Zambezia -7);• The households are predominantly headed by men at

81.6% and only 18.4% represent those headed by women;

• 48.4% of household heads can read and write and the majority (52%) didn’t complete primary school level (70.3% - men and 29.7% women);

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Main Economic Activities

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Main Economic Activities with effects on deforestation - Agriculture (shifting cultivation by smallholders,

cash crop cultivation by smallholder);- Charcoal production;- Timber harvesting;- Beekeeping; and - Mining.

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Agriculture (Shifting cultivation)

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Agriculture (Shifting cultivation)

Number of Years using the same farm Reasons for shifting cultivation

<5 years

5-10 Years

10-15 Years

15-20 Years

>20 Years

Use the same

0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 35.0% 40.0% 45.0%

Zambébia Sofala Manica

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Involvement of households on cash crops cultivation

Expansion of farms extension for cash crop cultivation

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Fuelwood (firewood and charcoal)

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Fuelwood (firewood and charcoal)

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Fuelwood (charcoal and firewood)

None efficient traditional kilns Unsustainable practices (cutting trees and burning)

Firewood is mostly used in rural areas. Production of charcoal is currently an important economic activity; huge quantities are being produced to suppy urban areas, which are the main charcoal consumers.

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Timber harvesting

• Simple licence regime;• Forest concession regime;

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Timber harvesting

Each simple exploration licence covers up to 10.000 hectares while concession licences cover up to 100.000 hectares

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 20130

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

12 12 14 12 16 18 23 21 19

40

69

121

53 5870 75

61

8 10 14 14 1933

50 4941

159

144

10491

99 9885

131

147

0 0 3 4 4 4 8 10 9

2938

47 46 44 45

74

10295

Number of Forest Exploretion over Time (2005-2013)

Sofala (Forest Con-cession)

Sofala (Simple Licence)

Zambezia (Forest Concession)

Zambezia (Simple Licence)

Manica (Forest Con-cession)

Manica (Simple Licence)

Years

Num

ber o

f For

est E

xplo

retio

n

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Timber harvesting

The potential within each exploration area varies according to several factors: area acessibility; use of forestry management plan; pressure from other land uses such as commercial agriculture; and presence of communities within the forestry exploration area.

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Mining • Mining activities involve about 9% of the population in

the study area;• Although mining has been understood to be a male-

dominated activity due to nomadism associated with it; few women are involved mainly in Sofala Province where lime is extracted and used to paint walls of houses (Table 1: Women involvement in mining)

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Mining

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Community perceptions about their role in deforestation

• The struggle for survival and sustenance in a context that there is low access to sustainable production technologies, is the main reason for practices that lead to D&D.

• Therefore, there are many activities that are being implemented to minimize deforestation and forestry degradation, but the way that these are being promoted are not strong enough to motivate people to abandon the traditional/unsustainable practices.

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Community perceptions about what needs to be done to

minimize D&D

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Potential areas and models for REDD+ investments

• Shifting cultivation, unsustainable timber harvesting, unsustainable charcoal production, unsustainable exploration of NTFPs and mining are the important drivers of D&D that need to be looked at;

• Technological solutions and institutional arrangements to promote the sustainability of these economic activities, enough to ensure sustainable livelihoods as well as the conservation of biodiversity (Is important to look to value and marketing chain);

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Potential areas and models for REDD+ investments

• Due to the multiple causes of D&D, it is fundamental to have models that accommodate all technological solutions for each deforestation driver, it means integrated solutions; and

• The temporal and spatial scale of implementation of the technological solutions for emissions reductions should be robust enough to reduce leakages, facilitate measurement of impacts in different agro ecological zones and promote adoption of both adaptation and mitigation technologies.

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Indicators for measuring impacts of REDD+

• Frequency of fires and area burnt reduces;• Land is cultivated for longer;• Yields rise as a result of conservation agriculture and agroforestry;• Soil fertility improves; and • CA and Agroforestry systems are storing more

carbon (in the soil and above ground biomass) than shifting cultivation areas;

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Indicators for measuring impacts of REDD+

• Wood is converted to charcoal more efficiently, resulting in more carbon being kept in standing trees;The number of short term logging operators who transform to taking on long term forest concessions rises;• Employment rises and tax revenues (from exported timber, from VAT on domestic consumed products, and from income) increase.

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Muito obrigada

Government & Nonprofit

Socioeconomic baseline and areas for measuring REDD+ impacts