ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE STUDIES …agid.theargeo.org/reports/0108A EnvironmentalBaselineStudiesGW1701.pdfo West Pokot (West), and Baringo (South. oAdministrative units

Sustainable Development Goals Short Course II on Exploration and Development of Geothermal Resources

Gabriel Wetang’ula

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE STUDIES FOR GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT – WITH

EXAMPLE FROM SILALI GEOTHERMAL PROSPECT

10th November 2017

SDG Short Course II on Exploration and Development of Geothermal ResourcesOrganzied by UNU-GTP, GDC and KenGen | Lake Bogoria and Lake Naivasha | Nov 9-29, 2017

Outlineo Environmental and Socioeconomic Baseline Study

►Regulatory Framework►Scoping►Methods of Baseline data collection►Impact Prediction►Methods of Impact Prediction►Presentation of Report

o A Case Study of Environmental and Socioeconomic Baseline Study (Silali Geothermal Prospect)


Introductiono Evaluation of environmental and socioeconomic impacts of any

development depends on understanding of the baseline conditions prior to development

o ESBS ►defines the focus of environmental impact analysis and resources that

require protection►Guides definition of the proposed project►Helps avoid significant impacts and development costs

o Objective: outline existing environmental and Socioeconomic conditions to understand changes that


Introduction-2Environmental Policies and Regulatory Requirements for EBS

o Most national regulations and multilateral financial institutions guidelines require understanding of existing environment that might be affected►USA – NEPA (1969) environmental review regulations & Geothermal

Resources Orders (GRO) No. 5 require baseline data collection►Kenya – EMCA (1999) & EIA/A Regulations (2003) require inclusion of

EB conditions in EIA study report►The World Bank OP 4.01- Guideline on Environmental Assessment:

Require EB information as part of EIA report for energy projects►IFC Perfomance Standards 2012


Scopingo Scoping exercise for the key environmental issueso Multi-disciplinary group of experts define

►Key environmental factors; Baseline for key factors & Project alternatives

o Inputs for consultations also incorporatedo EBS scope should cover; Climatic conditions, Drainage and water

resources; Soils; Fauna and flora; Air and noise quality issue – background levels; Land use and tenure systems & Socioeconomic aspects

o Work plan- aspects, methods, stakeholders, human & financial resources


Methods of Baseline Data Collectiono Collection and analysis of existing data

►Determine numerical and spatial data that already exist and can be used to describe the EB conditions

►Existing data source: Government databases; Historical environmental studies in area – academic & NGOs; Experience gained from similar projects; Aerial photography & satellite imagery; Traditional knowledge – local communities possess profound knowledge on socio-cultural and ecological issues

o Field studieso Fill in data gaps arising from review of existing information

o Community consultation programmes – create awareness & ensure early involvement & participation


…Impact Predictiono Impact Types

o Impact Categories – physical, chemical, biological and socio-economic impacts►Physical – soil erosion, noise, visual impairments etc►Chemical – chemical discharge from waste brine, Non-Condensable Gases►Biological – loss of sensitive habitats and interference with animal migration

routes►Socio-economic – provision of employment opportunities & constraints on

available social amenitieso Impact prediction

►Direct/primary impacts –project implementation► Indirect/secondary impact – knock-on effects same project location or adjacent areas►Cumulative impacts – accrue over time and space from various projects► Interaction of different impacts


Methods of Impact Predictiono Uncertainties of impact prediction need to be statedo Direct impacts easy to predict unlike cumulative impactso Impact prediction techniques : checklists, matrices, networks &

flowcharts, statistical models, maps & GIS and Environmental Risk Assessment

o Checklists and matrices commonly used o Impact of significance - determined by statistical weighting of :

►Impact magnitude►Sensitivity and recoverability of relevant receptors


Methods of Impact Prediction-Checklist

•Checklist can also be in form of a list of questions


Methods of Impact Prediction-Matrices•Link relates a particular environmental aspect to a specific action•Two dimensional checklists, •Used to summaries impacts in an impact statement

Negative Positive


Mitigation and Baseline Monitoringo Mitigation measures – avoid, minimize, remedy or compensate

for predicated impactso Examples

►Alternative production technique – ORC Vs conventional geothermal steam condensing system

►Change in construction time – avoid night to limit disturbance due to traffic and noise emission

►Change in project design – drill more wells on one pad, re-injection, NCGs dispersion through cooling towers

►Compensation for permanent losses e.g. land

o Monitoring – Vital for feedback for specific environmental aspects


Presentation of EBS Report/Findingso Report – comprehensive, precise, accurate with certainties

clearly statedo Impact prediction – both potential negative & positive

impactso Emphasize positive impacts and ways of their enhancemento Use of graphics recommendedo Selected case study: Environmental and Socioeconomic

Baseline study of Silali


oEvaluate socioeconomic & environmental viability

► Scope – Biophysical, socio-economic aspects, impacts & mitigations

o Justification – Acquire baseline data for futureEIA - subsequent geothermal energy utilization(2nd Schedule EMCA, 1999).

Why ESBS For Silali Geothermal Prospect


Project Locationo In East Pokot District & Turkana South District in

Baringo and Turkana Counties respectively, . ► Borders Laikipia West and Samburu District ( East),

Turkana South (North), Marakwet East, Keiyo and o West Pokot (West), and Baringo (South.o Administrative units►Five divisions, (Kolloa, Nginyang, Tangulubei, Churo

and Mondi), ►20 locations ►52 Sub locations.


Project Location


Biophysical EnvironmentClimatic Condition Eco-climatic Zone 5 & 6A semi arid area –Approx. 4,524.8Km2

Mean annual Max. temp varies between 30°C and 35°C with hottest months Jan-March

Example: Lokiwach Met. Parameters on 9th June 2010 Temperature: 36.0oCHumidity; 24.8 % Pressure; 920.8 Dew point; 13.8


Biophysical EnvironmentClimatic Conditiono Rainfall – 486-655 mm p.ao Rain season being March/April & September


Flora and FaunaFlora

o Dominant species: Acacia species (A. tortilis, A. mearnsii, A.seyal)o Other sp: Terminalia brownii, Croton dichogamus, Balanites sp. Boscia sp. Cordia sinensis

and Salverdora persica


Flora and Faunao Endangered species: Sandalwood

o Threatened: Acacia tortilis (Charcoal burning)o Alien species: Prosopis juliflora (Mathenge)

SandalwoodProsopis

GrasslandA. tortilis


Flora and FaunaFauna

o Species

o Fauna area include: Dik diks, Baboons, Monkeys, Hares,

o Avifauna: Herons and Ostriches

o Local community knowledge: presence of lions,

hyenas and various types of snakes.


Socioeconomic Aspects

• Socioeconomic Profile


Demographic Profileo Demographic characteristics of Silali geothermal

prospect area based on the 2009 demographic census


Agricultural Production• Majority practice Pastoralism

with a few in farming • Crop farming is done in

agropastoralists• Livelihood zones found in

Churo, Tangulubei and Koloa

• Pocket rain fed agriculture around Naudo and Riongo


Livestock Productiono The district is 100% ASAL and

placed in Ago- Ecological zones 5 and 6.

o Major economic activity Livestock marketing, Bee keeping

o Challenges of► Bee keeping include lack of

ready market, poor harvesting techniques, lack of refining process know how & lack of honey wax processing techniques.

► Effect of 2009 drought –reduction of livestock especially cattle, sheep by around 5%.


Health and Sanitation

Health Facilitieso One District Hospital at Chemolingot,

upgraded from a H/C

o There is critical shortage of technical personnel

o Referral systems poor due to lack of ambulances, distances and poor road network to Marigat/Kabarnet District Hospitals.

o Drugs and other equipment supply is erratic with PUSH system still in place


…Health and Sanitation• Other Health Facilities


…Health and Sanitation• Disease Prevalence

o Top 10 causes of high morbidity and mortalities

oOther diseases/Conditions of importance are Kala azaar(visceral Leshmaniasis), Snake bites/Scorpion stings and Injuries from sharps (thorns, stones etc).


…Health and Sanitation• Sanitation Profile of the Prospect Area


Educational Facilities Schools are few and lack basic requirements such as classrooms • as most schools especially ECD are learning under tree shades. Enrolment rate generally low: Boys > Girls. Factors for low enrolment Harsh environment Inaccessibility, Persistent droughts/famine, Insecurity (cattle rustling), Cultural practices e.g. early marriages,Pastoral lifestyle .


…Educational Facilities-Schools


Water ResourcesSources of Water Main water sources in use are pans, dams,

traditional hand dug wells, • boreholes, roof catchments and springs. Temporary rivers and lagas also serve as

water sources during rainy • seasons. Average distance to nearest water point is

15 kms. 20 water samples have been collected for

Physical/chemical analysis


…Water ResourcesSources of Water in the prospect area


Occupational Hazards Main water sources in use are pans, traditional hand dug wells, boreholes,

roof catchments and springs that are contaminated hence pose health risks

Temporary rivers and laggas flood during rainy seasons and pose dangers especially when vehicles slide and get stuck


Occupational Hazards in the Project

Sand flies –in ant hills transmit Leshmaniasis (Kala azaar) hence need for PPEs.

Snake/Scorpion bites are common and there is need for anti snake boots.

Sharps e.g stones and thorns pose health and safety risks hence the need for PPEs.

Mosquitoes bites pose health risks such as malaria and filariasis (elephantiasis) hence the need for PPEs.

Wasps and bees pose risks of stings hence need for an ideal first aid kit.


Employment Profile

No industries in the prospect areas People engaged mainly in informal (Jua Kali)

enterprises Other sources of casual employment incl. Irrigation

Schemes e.g. PIRTable: Projected Labour force


Transport and Communication Transport network: consists of roads of Class B-E & Unclassified. Others are tracks not motorable during rainy season

Electric power

Communication

Dilapidated Tarmac road

Murram roads in the prospect area


…Transport and Communication


Potential Env and Socioeconomic ImpactsImpacts vary depending on the earmarked use

Direct useIndirect use

•Significant negative impacts are: ►Gas (H2S and CO2 ) emissions; ►Vegetation clearing at project sites;►Loss of cultural sites and grazing grounds;►Dust emissions;►Health impacts such as HIV/AIDS


Potential Env and Socioeconomic Impacts

Positive impacts are:• Improved infrastructure• Education and awareness creation amongst the

community.• Employment opportunities to the local

community• Improved business opportunities and improved

income


ESIA - Cumulative Impacts & Risk Ranking


Conclusions• Based on the study we conclude that the proposed

project is desirable for the local community and for the country:

• It will improve the economy through business with immigrants

• Direct employment and• Infrastructure such as water electricity and improved

education. • Improve the country’s energy needs and demands

towards attainment of Vision 2030


ESIA for Silali Geothermal Prospect & ESMP

• Arus-Korosi-Chepchuk license acquired on 25th November 2012

• Paka-Silali acquired on 25th October 2012 • STATUS: Valid licenses in place

Drilling ESIA Licenses

• EIA license for L. Baringo water abstraction acquired on 4th November 2014

• Authorization to construct acquired on 19th December 2014

• STATUS: Authorization to draw water from the Lake & EIA License in place

Lake Baringo Water abstraction Permit

ESMP• Environmental & Social Monitoring and

Management Plan in place• Waste management programme and plan

in place


Conclusions


Next Phase

Documents

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE STUDIES …agid.theargeo.org/reports/0108A EnvironmentalBaselineStudiesGW1701.pdfo West Pokot (West), and Baringo (South. oAdministrative units