This project is funded by the European Union. The views expressed on this document can in no way be taken

to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.

Low Emission Strategy Development for Rajkot using

GPC for GHG Emissions Baseline

Soumya ChaturvedulaProgramme Coordinator (Energy & Climate)

ICLEI South Asia16th April 2015

ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability - A global network of cities for sustainability1000+ members in mega-cities, super-cities, urban regions, large cities, medium-and small cities & towns in 88 countries, representing more than 660 million (i.e. ~ 20% of world´s urban population)

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This project is funded by the European Union. The views expressed on this document can in no way be taken

to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.

GPC Compliant Rajkot GHG Emissions Inventory

Urban LEDS: Project Background

• Project title: Promoting Urban Low Emission Development Strategies in Emerging Economy Countries (Urban LEDS)

• Start Date: 01/03/2012

• Duration: 42 months (2012 to 2015)

• Funding Agency: European Union

• Consortium: UN-HABITAT, ICLEI World Secretariat and 5 ICLEI regional offices in Europe, Brazil, Indonesia, India and South Africa.

Main objective: Enhance the transition to low-emission urban development in cities in emerging economy countries

I.Analyze

Commit & mobilize

1.1 Secure initial commitment1.2 Set up institutional structures 1.3 Identify & engage stakeholder group(s)

Assess frameworks

2.1 Review relevant contexts 2.2 Conduct community assessment2.3 Record and forecast greenhouse gas emissions

Identify priorities

3.1 Re-orient urban development priorities3.2 Draft low emission development strategic vision3.3 Consult stakeholders and inform council

Develop action plan

4.1 Identify potential solutions & assess multi-impact feasibility4.2 Discuss and define appropriate LED solutions 4.3 Set targets and key performance indicators

Prepare & approve

5.1 Detail identified LED solutions 5.2 Select financing model 5.3 Develop and approve final version of Urban-LED action plan

6.1 Develop institutional arrangements and capacity 6.2 Form alliances and partnerships6.3 Mobilize financial resources

III.Accelerate

II.Act

Monitor

7.1 Develop a process monitoring & evaluation system 7.2 Develop a project Measuring, Reporting & Verification process7.3 Implement MRV process

Evaluate& report

8.1 Evaluate progress 8.2 Remove barriers and institutionalize8.3 Report achievements regularly

Enhance

9.1 Optimize GHG inventory9.2 Identify/review LED priority areas9.3 Re-define & scale-up Urban-LED strategy

1

2 3

4

5

6

78

9Implement policies & actions

GCC Steps

HEAT+

• Harmonized Emission Analysis Tool Plus

• Developed by ICLEI

• Incorporates the latest technical findings (IPCC, 2006)

• Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Transport, Agriculture & Waste

Registered User Login

Guest User Request

HEAT+ Functionalities

• Build inventories – Inventory records are built with respect to modules,

sectors, subsectors, emission source categories and calculators.

• Forecast – Emissions are forecasted for respective sector and desired year

with estimated growth rate.

• Targets – Set according to sector and base year to desired target year and

% of reduction

• Measures – Mitigation measures built for various sectors

• Reports – multiple reports for both modules, for all sectors, measures and

for action plans.

• Create base year emissions inventory

1

• Define emissions reduction target for a specified year

2

• Forecast emissions for the target year

3• Define

measures to meet the target

4

• Generate Action plan report

5

HEAT+ Scope DefinitionsCommunity Scope DefinitionsScope 1 emissions – All direct emission sources located within the geopoliticalboundary of the local government.Scope 2 emissions – Indirect emissions that result as a consequence of activitywithin the jurisdiction’s geopolitical boundary limited to electricity, districtheating, steam and cooling consumption.Scope 3 emissions – All other indirect and embodied emissions that occur as aresult of activity within the geopolitical boundary.Government Scope DefinitionsScope 1 emissions – Direct emission sources owned or operated by the localgovernmentScope 2 emissions – Indirect emission sources limited to electricity, districtheating, steam and cooling consumptionScope 3 emissions – All other indirect and embodied emissions over which thelocal government exerts significant control or influence

HEAT+ and GPCSectors Sub-Sectors Sectors Sub-Sectors

HEAT+

Residential Single Family; Multi Family; Others

GPC

Stationary Units

Residential Buildings;

Commercial/Institutional Facilities;

Energy Generation; Industrial

Energy Use + Agricultural Energy

Use; Fugitive Emissions

Commercial/

Institutional

Hotels; Educational Institutions; Terminals and Ports; Offices; Shops;

Public Buildings; Local Government Buildings; Others

Energy generation

Electricity generation for public power grid; Combined heat and power

generation for public grids; Heat generation for district heating grid; Cold

generation for district cooling grid; Power grid consumption in own

facility; Transmission and Distribution Losses

Industrial and

agricultural energy

use

Captive power plants; Captive combined heat and power generation;

Electricity consumption from the public power grid; Heat consumption

from the district grid; Cold consumption from the district grid

Transportation Road; Off-Road; Rail; Marine Mobile

On-Road Transportation; Railways;

Water-borne Navigation; Aviation;

Off-Road

WasteSolid Waste Disposal; Biological Treatment of Waste; Waste Water

Treatment and Discharge; Incineration and Open BurningWaste

Solid Waste Disposal; Biological

Treatment of Waste; Incineration

and Open Burning; Wastewater

Treatment and Discharge;

Industrial Processes

& Product Use

(IPPU)

Direct Emissions from industrial processes; F-Gases from all sources Industrial Processes &

Product Use (IPPU)

Agriculture,

Forestry, and Land

Use (AFOLU)

Agriculture; Forestry; Other land usesAgriculture, Forestry,

and Land Use (AFOLU)

Fugitive emissions Solid fuels; Oil and natural gas; Others Other Indirect

EmissionsOther Other Indirect Emissions

Buildings Residential, Non-Residential

FacilitiesWaste, Water and Sewage; Street Lights and Traffic Lights; Power

Generation; Others

carbonn climate Registry

Building GHG emission inventory

Community

• Residential Buildings

• Commercial/Institutional

• Industrial Energy Use

• Agriculture

• Transportation

• Waste

• Others

Local Government

• Buildings

• Facilities

• Waste

• Transportation (municipal vehicle fleet)

• Others

City

Particulars Concerned Department/Organization

Electricity State Electricity Board/DISCOM/Electricity Distribution utility/Agencies/Power

Departments

LPG Individual agencies [Indian Oil Corporation Limited(IOCL), Bharat Petroleum

Corporation Limited (BPCL), Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL)

Petrol (MS)/ Diesel

(HSD)

Individual agencies [Indian Oil Corporation Limited(IOCL), Bharat Petroleum

Corporation Limited (BPCL), Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL)

Kerosene City distributor/ civil supply departments, and Individual agencies [Indian Oil

Corporation Limited(IOCL), Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL),

Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL)

Coal Individual agencies/distributor

Fuel Wood Individual agencies or any other fuel distributor, secondary source: public govt.

reports, research papers

Compressed Natural

Gas(CNG)

Regional Transport Office (RTO), suppliers

Solid Waste Generation City Health Officer, Municipal Corporation and Urban Development departments

Public water Supply and

sewage/ Public lighting

Municipal corporation /Utility/ Jal Board/Public Water Works Department

Buildings and facilities Municipal Corporation/Public Works Departments

Energy Data Sources

Residential38.4%

Commercial9.4%

Industrial14.8%

Transportation, 37.4%

Sector-wise Energy Consumption, 2012-13

Electricity20.5%

Diesel20.2%

Petrol9.7%

CNG7.5%

PNG11.4%

LPG22.2%

Kerosene8.5%

Fuel-wise Consumption, 2012-13

Residential50%

Commercial16%

Industrial34%

Sector-wise Electricity Consumption, 2012-13

Rajkot City Baseline Energy Use

41%

11%20%

26%

2%

Rajkot Sectoral GHG Emission, 2012-13

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Transportation

Waste

SectorGHG Emission

(Tonnes of CO2e)

Residential 7,10,551.32

Commercial 1,85,710

Industrial 3,45,054

Transportation 4,32,030

Waste 29,565

Total 17,02,912

Particular Unit Number

Total Energy Consumption GJ 16,332,841

Per Capita Energy Consumption GJ 11.72

Total GHG EmissionMillion Tonnes of

CO2e1.7

Per Capita GHG Emission Tonnes of CO2e 1.22

Rajkot City Baseline GHG Emission

• RMC consumed a total of 52.2 million kWh in its municipal facilities and buildings in 2012-13.

• The water works facilities are the largest end user of electricity accounting for two-third of the municipal electricity consumption.

• This is followed by street lighting, sewerage treatment plants and municipal building, which consume 24%, 6% and 2% respectively.

Rajkot GHG Inventory –Electricity Consumption of Municipal Operations & Facilities

1.18

12.51

35.55

2.96

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

MunicipalBuildings

Street Lights Water Works SewerageTreatment

Plants

Electricity Consumption by End-use (Million kWh) (2012-13)

2.26

23.97

68.10

5.67

Share of Electricity Consumption (%)

MunicipalBuildings

Street Lights

Water Works

SewerageTreatment Plants

• The overall GHG emission from municipal facilities & operations in Rajkot was 42,949 t CO2e in 2012-13.

• Public water supply is the largest contributor, emitting 29,250 t CO2e.

• Street lighting and Sewerage treatment plants emit 10,293 t CO2e and 2,435 t CO2e respectively.

• Lastly the contribution of Municipal offices stands at 971 t CO2e.

Rajkot GHG Inventory –GHG Emissions from Municipal Operations & Facilities

971

10,293

29,250

2,435

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

MunicipalBuildings

Street Lights Water Works SewerageTreatment

Plants

GHG Emissions from RMC Facilities (tCO2e) (2012-13)

2.26

23.97

68.10

5.67

Share of GHG Emissions (%)

MunicipalBuildings

Street Lights

Water Works

SewerageTreatment Plants

LEDS Development ProcessBaseline Assessment•Service Provision•Resource Availability•Energy Use•GHG emission

Development Process•CDP, CMP•Solar Master Plan•SFCP•Municipal Budget

Sectoral Service Demand Forecasting•Local Government Operations•Community

Sectoral Energy Demand and GHG Forecasting

LEDS Visioning & Goal Setting

LEDS Strategy & Action Plan•Implementation Plan•Financial Plan

Integration with current planning framework in Local Authority

LEDS Development

Process

Statistical Analysis to forecast energy demand & future service level demand

Identify & predict influencing parameters (e.g.: PNG consumption: Cost of PNG, No. of Connections)

Time Series Data of Sectoral Energy Consumption, Demography, Land Use & Existing Service Levels

Energy Demand & Service Provision Forecast

1.57 Million

GJ

152.51 thousand

tonnes CO2e

3.15 Million

GJ

305 thousand

tonnes CO2e

3.05 Million tonnes CO2e

31.47 Million GJ

RAJKOT - Low Emissions Development Strategy (LEDS) Actions

• Energy efficient star rated appliance retrofits

• Solar water heating systems

• Solar PV systems

• Green building design

• Energy efficient boilers and furnaces

• DEWATS

• LED Street lighting

• NRW reduction

• Energy efficient pumping

• Bicycle Sharing System with Bicycle Tracks

• Bio-methanation of Solid Waste

LED Solutions

Solutions for Rajkot city - Residential

EquipmentElectricity

Consumption (MU)

Energy Efficiency measures - star rated appliances

Energy saving (%)Potential Energy

saving (MU)

Fans 237 33 78

Lighting 195 50 98

Refrigeration 91 50 45

Air Conditioning 49 20 9.8

TV 27 40 11

Residential sector electricity consumption (2019-2020)=699.53 Million Units

Star rated appliance retrofits in 50,000 HHs by 2020: 27.5 MU saving/yrStar rated appliance retrofits in 100,000 HHs by 2020: 55 MU saving/yr

Solutions for Rajkot city - Residential

Solar Water Heating Systems• Energy saving per rooftop solar water heating system (SWHS)= 1250-1500

kWh/year• Cost of 100 lpcd ETC type SWHS= Rs. 15,000• Rooftop area required per 100 lpcd system= 1.5 sq m

SWHS in 50,000 HHs by 2020: 75 MU saving/yrSWHS in 100,000 HHs by 2020: 150 MU saving/yr

Solar PV systems• Energy generation per kWp of SPV = 1400-1600 kWh/year• Cost of 10 kWp system= Rs. 10,00,000

1000 kWp of rooftop & centralised SPV systems by 2020: 1.5 MU/yr @ cost of Rs. 10 Crore 2000 kWp of rooftop & centralised SPV systems by 2020: 3 MU/yr @ cost of Rs. 20 Crore

Solutions for Rajkot city – Commercial/Institutional

Equipment Consumption (MU)

EE measures - star rated appliances

Energy saving (%)Potential Energy saving

(MU)

HVAC 63 33 20

Lighting 118 50 59

Commercial/Institutional sector electricity consumption (2019-2020)=197 Million Units

Establishment type Nos.Hot water

requirement

Total Hot water requirement

(liters)

Rooftop Solar water heater area

(sq. m)

Potential energy saving

(MU)

Hospitals 134 100 liters per bed 7,10,000 14,200 9.2

Hotels and hostels 70100 liters per

room 2,10,000 4,200 2.7

Star rated appliance retrofits in 10% commercial floor space by 2020: 8 MU/yrStar rated appliance retrofits in 20% commercial floor space by 2020: 16 MU/yr

Solar Water Heating Systems

Furnace

Operation

Specific fuel consumption per

tonne of product

Energy use (GJ) Avg.

Energy

saving (%)Forging Heat treatment Forging Heat treatment

Oil furnace 100-150 liters 50-80 liters 4.82 2.51 -

Gas furnace 100-150 scm 50-80 scm 4.2 2.18 13%

Electrical

Induction

furnace

450-500 kWh N.A. 1.71 N.A. 55%

Solutions for Rajkot city - IndustrialRajkot has 400 forging and foundry units

Potential saving from Energy Efficiency Measures• Replacing conventional oil fired furnace with efficient electrical induction furnace: 30-70%• Replacing conventional oil fired furnace with gas fired furnace: 10-20%• Using controls for oil/gas fired furnaces (burners, blowers, temperature controllers): 5-10%• Use of energy efficient motors and pumps: 5-15%• Use of energy efficient lighting like CFL, T5, LED: 5-10%

Forging Industry

Solutions for Rajkot city - IndustrialFoundry Industry

• Fuel used: Coal, Coke, Electricity

• Energy consumption of 1000-1200 kWh/tonne of casting

• Replacing conventional cupola furnace with efficient divided blast cupola furnace: 20-30% saving in coke/coal consumption

• This technology successfully adopted in 40 foundries in Rajkot

Case Study21-inch divided blast cupola furnace at Steelcon Metal Cast in Rajkot was designed, fabricated and commissioned by a local fabricator, MrChandubhai Mistry• Cost of DBC furnace: Rs 6.6 lakh• Cost of cupola furnace: Rs. 4 lakh• Savings achieved due to reduced fuel coke@ 35% : Rs. 850/tonne• Payback period: 6 months

Per Capita Supply (lpcd) Coverage (%) Supply (MLD) NRW (%)

110.5 94 230* 35.60

Water SupplyBaseline Situation (2013-14)

* Total water supply figure is of 2014-15 Records

Water SupplyScenarios

BAU (2019-2020)

Scenario 1 (2019-2020)

Scenario 2 (2019-2020)

Scenario 3 (2019-2020)

Parameters100% coverage with 110 lpcdand 35% NRW

100% coverage with 135 lpcd and 35%

NRW

100% coverage with 110 lpcd and 20%

NRW

100% coverage with 135 lpcd and 20%

NRW

Coverage 100% 100% 100% 100%

LPCD 110 135 110 135

Consumption (MLD) 202 248 202 248

Total Supply (MLD) 273 335 243 298

NRW 35% 35% 20% 20%Electricity

consumption (MU) 43 53 38 47 Monetary

Expenditure on electricity (Lakh Rs.) 2,069 2,539 1,839 2,257

GHG Emissions (tCO2) 35,942 44,110 31,948 39,209

Name/LocationDischarge (lps)

Electricity Consumption (kWh) (2012-13)

SEC (thousands kWh / Discharge)

Nyari-1 190 49,25,436 25.92Mavdi 218 11,14,632 5.11

150ft Ring Road 117 3,66,000 3.13

Bajarangvadi 190 2,27,568 1.20Sojitranagar 139 2,23,080 1.61

Ghanteshwar (Nyari-2) 190 1,11,888 0.59

Chandreshnagar 103 4,19,616 4.07Rangpara NA 1,44,780Aji 208 14,52,254 6.98Dudhsagar 125 3,03,950 2.43

Marketing Yard 18 1,296 0.07

Kothariya (hudco) 100 1,34,364 1.34Vinodnagar 262 3,27,642 1.25Greenland 155 5,55,881 3.59Randarda 94 3,840 0.04Lalpari 94 2,364 0.03Gurukul 138.8 13,14,048 9.47Jubilee 138.8 13,33,620 9.61Railnagar 135 1,37,664 1.02Lalbahadur 250 2,37,792 0.95Bhadar 147 70,48,800 47.95Gondal 161 78,56,280 48.80Bhichrinaka 60 96,144 1.60Sinduriya 2,292

•Among 28 water pumping stations, top three pumping stations with highest specific energy consumption are:

⁻ Gondal⁻ Bhadar⁻ Nyari - 1

Energy auditsEfficient pump replacement can reduce 30-50% energy use

Sewerage

• Proposed Treatment Plant Capacity: 170.5 MLD

Madhapar STP – 44.5 MLD (ASP technology)

Gauridad STP – 70 MLD (SBR technology)

Raiyadhar STP – 56 MLD (SBR technology)

Baseline Situation (2013-14)

Sewage Generation

(MLD)Coverage

(%) Total no. of HHs HHs served

180 59.3 3,22,407 185,852

SewerageScenarios BAU (2019-2020) Scenario 1 (2019-2020)

Situations 100% coverage with 110

lpcd100% coverage with

135 lpcd

Total Water Supply (MLD) 273 335

Sewage Generation (MLD)*

232 285

Treatment capacity needed (MLD)

278 342

Electricity consumption (MU)

8.6 10.6

Monetary Expenditure (Lakh Rs.)

414 508

GHG Emissions (tCO2) 7,198 8,833

*not adjusted for NRW

Sewerage

Ward No. Area (Sq.Km) Total Slums Total Slum PopulationSewage

Generation (MLD)

1 10.76 5 11629 0.8

2 4.83 4 2924 0.2

3 8.13 10 6947 0.5

4 2.55 2 5730 0.4

5 11.45 14 22031 1.5

6 5.75 10 15402 1.1

16 3.69 20 30796 2.1

17 5.81 19 34294 2.4

Total 52.97 84 129753 9

Cost to install 9 MLD DEWATs: Rs 35.70 Crore

Potential for DEWATS: Slums areas with low network connectivity

Solid Waste Baseline Situation (2013-14)400 TPD – 146000 TPA

Solid Waste Generation in 2012-13 (TPA)

Biodegradable

Sand StonesPaper &

cardboardPlastics Rags

Rubber and

LeatherGlass Metals

45% 20% 10% 5% 5% 5% 4% 4% 2%

32403 14401 7201 3600 3600 3600 2880 2880 1440

Bio-methanation PotentialAmount of Food Waste 10 TPD*

Water Added 13000 Litres/Day

Area Required 1200 Sqm

Biogas Generated 800 Cum/Day

Equivalent to 760 Cylinders/month

Methane gas produced 520 Cum/Day

Equivalent electricity 832 kWh

*Vegetables, fruit, flower market and slaughter house wasteSegregated food waste from government canteens, hotels, institutions

Public Transport

• The public transport mainly through the provision of buses by RMC and GSTC

• Use of auto rickshaws and taxis prominent

S.N. Vehicle Types Fuel Type Number

1 Auto Rickshaws Petrol and Diesel 22771

2 Taxis Petrol and Diesel 2127

3 Buses (RMC and GSTC) Diesel 3133

Total 28031

Baseline Situation

Cycle Sharing andprovision of tracks

Approx.Area/

population

No. ofcycle

stations.

No. ofcycles

Cost Timeframe

Phase 1 West Zone 528251 132 1760Approx

19.81 Cr1 Year

Phase 2Central

Zone316819 79 1055

Approx 11.88 Cr

1 Year

Phase 3 East Zone 396403 99 1320Approx

14.86 Cr1 Year

Cost and Timeline for implementation of Cycle Sharing System in Rajkot

Affordable/Slum Housing• Under different schemes, 11200 dwelling units are proposed by

2015-16 • For a slum free city, 61000 dwelling units proposed by 2031• Additional dwelling units to be built by 2020: 17,000

• Low carbon solutions to be integrated in the proposed projects:⁻ Decentralized waste water treatment plants (DEWATS)⁻ Solar Water Heaters⁻ Rain Water Harvesting⁻ Solar Street lighting⁻ Energy efficient appliances⁻ Low Carbon/Green Building material⁻ Green building design principles

Street lighting

Type of LightWattage

(W)

Total (no. of lights)

Annual Hours

kW Annual kWh

Tube lights 40 35907 4,015 1436.28 5766664

High Pressure Sodium Vapour (HPSV)

70 3100 4,015 217 871255

150 6797 4,015 1019.55 4093493

250 1159 4,015 289.75 1163346

Mercury Vapour 200 480 4,015 96 385440

LED 60 298 4,015 17.88 71788

CFL 22 113 4,015 2.486 9981

Metal Halide 150 67 4,015 10.05 40359

High Mast 250 5 4,015 1.25 5019

Flood Lights 150 134 4,015 20.1 8070248060 12488039

Existing Baseline Situation

Street lighting

Scenario 1 Type of Light Tube lights

Initial Wattage (W) 40

Total (no. of lights) 35907

Annual Hours 4015kW 1436.28

Annual kWh 5766664

Replacement Replacement LED

Wattage (W) 14

Total (no. of lights) 35907

Annual Hours 4015

kW503

(-60%)

Annual kWh2018332

(-35%)Savings kW Saved 933.582

Annual kWh saved 3748332

Emissions reduced (tCO2e) 3118.61

Energy Efficient Street Lighting

Street lighting

Scenario 2 Type of Light High Pressure Sodium Vapour (HPSV) Total

Initial Wattage (W) 70 150 250

Total (no. of lights) 3100 6797 1159 11056

Annual Hours 4015 4015 4015kW 217 1019.55 289.75 1526.3

Annual kWh 871255 4093493 1163346 6128095

Replacement Replacement LED LED LEDWattage (W) 60 90 130

Total (no. of lights) 3100 6797 1159 11056

Annual Hours 4380 4380 4380kW 186 611.73 150.67 948.4

Annual kWh 814680 2679377 659934.6 4153992Savings kW Saved 31 407.82 139.08 577.9

Annual kWh saved 56575 1414116 503411.7 1974103Emissions reduced (tCO2e) 47.0704 1176.544 418.8385 1642.453

Energy Efficient Street Lighting

Street lighting

Scenario 3 Type of LightTube lights with Electronic Ballast

Initial Wattage (W) 40

Total (no. of lights) 35907

Annual Hours 4015kW 1436.28

Annual kWh 5766664

Replacement ReplacementTube light with Electronic Ballast

Wattage (W) 28

Total (no. of lights) 35907

Annual Hours 4015kW 1005

Annual kWh 4036665Savings kW Saved 430.884

Annual kWh saved 1729999.26Emissions reduced (tCO2e) 1439.36

Energy Efficient Street Lighting

Pilot Projects:

1. Revival of Renewable Energy Park

2. SPV installation at Sarojini Naidu School

3. Replacement of HPSV to LEDa. At Raiya road, near Brahmsamaj Chowk (1Km)b. Jamnagar road, from madhapar chowk till sandhiya pul (2Km)c. Jamnagar road, from Sandhiya pul till Kesripul (2.5Km)

4. DeWAT system installation at Jilla Garden

• ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability at: www.iclei.org

• ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability, South Asia at:

www.iclei.org/sa

• Email: soumya.chaturvedula@iclei.org

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