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1
Ciudades y Cambios Climáticos: Que se debe proponer en la COP 20 em Lima?
2
1
Ciudades y Cambios Climáticos: 1) Adaptación y Resiliencia 2) Mitigación y Reducción de Emisiones AVOID – SHIFT – IMPROVE Tecnologías de Bajo Carbono
Environment
Infrastructure
Public space
Nodes
Information
People
housing industry offices shopping economy leisure health education culture sports administration security
STRUCTURE
INFORMATION
CIVITAS
CityProtocol.org
Background
-Urban networks:
-Telecommunications
-Water cycle: supply
-Water cycle: sewer
-Matter cycle
-Energy
-Mobility
First Projects
-TISU: Barcelona
Urban Resilience
Board
-Concept
-Project monitoring
-Projects
Where are we?
-Project update
-Exporting the model
-Resilience Department
structure and working
lines
BARCELONA
Creando Estrategias de Resiliencia
BARCELONA
Copenhagen
Londres
Oslo
Fonte: C40
Mitigación: Las ciudades
están haciendo
Las ciudades están haciendo
Bogotá
Fonte: C40 e SPTRANS
Bogota Sao Paulo
Fonte: C40
Taxis Elétricos: Bogotá Sao Paulo
Buses Elétricos: Rio de Janeiro Copenhague
Ciudades e Cambio Climático
• 42 ciudades da C40 divulgaran
resultados sobre riscos
climáticos, emisores de GEE en
plataforma consistente e
comparable.
Algunas informaciones:
• 57% das ciudades ten metas
mensuraréis de reducción de
GEE; e 62% ya aprobaran
planos de acciones para de las
cuestiones climáticas.
• Mas de 90% das ciudades da
C40 identificaran-se en riscos
con relación a calentamiento
global.
CDP Cities (2011)
• Benchmarking das acciones de
las ciudades da C40.
• Inventario dos poderes e
capacidades disponibles en las
ciudades.
• Evaluación de las oportunidades
en las ciudades
Algunas informaciones.
• 75% dos Alcades de la C40 tem
controle directo sobre o viario
urbano, que representa cerca
de 35% das emisores.
• Mas de 80% das ações das
cidades foram feitas depois da
criação da C40
Climate Action in Megacities (2011)
Estudios Pioneros y Monitoreo De las acciones de las ciudades
C40 CDP Report 2013
48 73
110
42 45 53
0
50
100
150
2011 2012 2013
Nu
mb
er
of
Cit
ies
Re
po
rtin
g
Responding Cities
C40 Cities
2013
Climate Action
in Megacities
CAM 2.0.
Como Curitiba y Bogotá, 35 ciudades (66%) da Rede C40 están hacienda BRT, siendo 57%
en el hemisferio norte.
SUL NORTE0.
2011: 6 ciudades tenían bicis públicas. In 2013: 36 ciudades seguían el ejemplo de Paris. 2013: 80% das ciudades da C40 tenían implementado ciclorutas. 2011: 20 ciudades (50%) estaban implantando LED para iluminación pública 2013, más de 90% das ciudades dijeran que estaban haciendo proyectos con LED para iluminación pública.
150% aumento en las Acciones
As ciudades lideran acciones 2011 2013
8068 climate actions
Transit
Residential waste
Landfills
Building regulation
Water supply
City planning
Outdoor lighting
City streets & parking
417
188
1343
192
388
121
194
661
1039
1668
590
1038
114
873
1024
TOTAL 4,734 8,068
C40 está IMPACTANDO
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World Bank to Help Cities Control Climate ChangeBy ALEXEI BARRIONUEVO
Published: June 1, 2011
SÃO PAULO, Brazil — The World Bank signed an agreement on
Wednesday with mayors from 40 of the world’s biggest cities to work
on technical and financial assistance for projects to minimize the
effects of climate change.
The deal, announced at the C40 large
cities climate meeting here, will ease
access to financing for climate-change-
reduction projects. It was hailed by
many of the mayors, including Michael
R. Bloomberg of New York City, and
by former President Bill Clinton, who
attended the event as part of a new partnership with Mr. Bloomberg.
“The World Bank announcement is terrifically important,” Mr. Clinton said. “It will give
credibility to these projects to get private capital.”
The agreement will make it easier for investors who have been hesitant to finance projects
to assess city action plans by providing a standard approach, said Robert B. Zoellick, the
World Bank’s president.
It will also provide a common way to measure and report on the greenhouse gas emissions
of cities, easing access to carbon financing, he said. No single standard exists for reporting
citywide carbon emissions.
Mayors said they were eager to gain access to the World Bank’s climate investment funds,
which totaled $6.4 billion last year. Mr. Zoellick said the bank hoped to use that money to
attract as much as $50 billion in private capital.
“What is holding back the sustainable clean technology revolution for a lot of mayors and
businesses and households in a lot of countries is the lack of green financing,” said Sam
Adams, the mayor of Portland, Ore. “The partnership with the World Bank begins to
address that.”
The meeting has provided a chance for mayors to exchange information on practical
solutions they have worked on to reduce pollution, improve transportation and increase
energy efficiency.
“The great focus of discussions today in whatever city, state or country, involve
environmental questions,” said Gilberto Kassab, São Paulo’s mayor.
The C40 commissioned a pair of studies that provide, for the first time, a statistical
baseline of greenhouse gas emissions produced by the 58 cities that are members of the
organization, as well as a catalog of actions they are taking to reduce them.
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World Bank to Help Cities Control Climate ChangeBy ALEXEI BARRIONUEVO
Published: June 1, 2011
SÃO PAULO, Brazil — The World Bank signed an agreement on
Wednesday with mayors from 40 of the world’s biggest cities to work
on technical and financial assistance for projects to minimize the
effects of climate change.
The deal, announced at the C40 large
cities climate meeting here, will ease
access to financing for climate-change-
reduction projects. It was hailed by
many of the mayors, including Michael
R. Bloomberg of New York City, and
by former President Bill Clinton, who
attended the event as part of a new partnership with Mr. Bloomberg.
“The World Bank announcement is terrifically important,” Mr. Clinton said. “It will give
credibility to these projects to get private capital.”
The agreement will make it easier for investors who have been hesitant to finance projects
to assess city action plans by providing a standard approach, said Robert B. Zoellick, the
World Bank’s president.
It will also provide a common way to measure and report on the greenhouse gas emissions
of cities, easing access to carbon financing, he said. No single standard exists for reporting
citywide carbon emissions.
Mayors said they were eager to gain access to the World Bank’s climate investment funds,
which totaled $6.4 billion last year. Mr. Zoellick said the bank hoped to use that money to
attract as much as $50 billion in private capital.
“What is holding back the sustainable clean technology revolution for a lot of mayors and
businesses and households in a lot of countries is the lack of green financing,” said Sam
Adams, the mayor of Portland, Ore. “The partnership with the World Bank begins to
address that.”
The meeting has provided a chance for mayors to exchange information on practical
solutions they have worked on to reduce pollution, improve transportation and increase
energy efficiency.
“The great focus of discussions today in whatever city, state or country, involve
environmental questions,” said Gilberto Kassab, São Paulo’s mayor.
The C40 commissioned a pair of studies that provide, for the first time, a statistical
baseline of greenhouse gas emissions produced by the 58 cities that are members of the
organization, as well as a catalog of actions they are taking to reduce them.
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An Unlikely Power Duo Emerges in the Global FightAgainst Climate Change
Todd Heisler/The New York Times
Bill Clinton and Michael R. Bloomberg announced a merger of initiatives in New York last month.
By JOHN M. BRODER
Published: May 28, 2011
WASHINGTON — Bill Clinton and Michael R. Bloomberg have
circled each other warily for a decade, ever since Mr. Clinton landed
in Harlem after leaving the White House and Mr. Bloomberg
ascended from a hugely successful business career to become the
mayor of New York City. They have appeared together at a few civic
functions, dined out a couple of times a year and hacked at golf balls
on the same course.
But until now they have never joined
forces on a project with global reach
that could advance both of their
legacies. They are taking on an issue —
climate change — that may well shape
the world’s economic and social future
for decades to come.
Mr. Bloomberg’s billions of dollars and Mr. Clinton’s billions of friends are a potent
combination, but can this unlikely power coupling make an impact in stemming rising
seas or cooling the planet?
“This is enough to choke a horse, one of the two or three biggest challenges in the world,”
Mr. Clinton said in an unusual joint telephone interview last week with Mr. Bloomberg.
“But if we can prove that this is good economics, good public health and fights the most
calamitous consequences of climate change, then we will have done a world of good.”
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Tackling Climate Change: New Reports Underscore Role OfLocal Leaders
First Posted: 5/31/11 09:02 PM ET Updated: 7/31/11 06:12 AM ET
React
WASHINGTON -- More than 40 of the world's largest cities have reported their greenhouse gas emissions along with acomprehensive analysis of any climate change-related reforms in studies released Tuesday night.
Gathered from areas representing 300 million people and ten percent of global CO2 emissions, the reports show the impactparticipating cities have on climate change and outline the role local leaders could play in reducing their citiesʼ carbonemissions.
“I firmly believe that if you canʼt measure it, you canʼt manage it,” said New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg in a statementon Tuesday. “That is true in business and it is true in government. Only by regularly and rigorously measuring and analysingour efforts can we learn what works, what doesnʼt and why, and take effective action."
Frustrated by partisan bickering and stalemate in Congress, local leaders at the fourth biennial Conference of Mayors, athree-day retreat held this year in Sao Paulo, Brazil, gathered to discuss how to make significant environmental reforms at thecity level.
Bloomberg, chair of the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, an organization committed to implementing sustainable climate-related actions in cities around the world, was not the only official to stress the importance of fighting climate change at thelocal level.
"The best scientific data tells us that it is long past time to address this challenge, and the best demographic data tells us thatcities must lead the way," said Rohit Aggarwala, special advisor to the C40 chair. "The CDP Cities 2011 and Climate Action inMegacities reports provide solid data that demonstrate that the C40 Cities are leading the way -- in reporting emissions,
Tackling Climate Change: New Reports Underscore Role Of Lo... http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/31/local-leaders-fightin...
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Tackling Climate Change: New Reports Underscore Role OfLocal Leaders
First Posted: 5/31/11 09:02 PM ET Updated: 7/31/11 06:12 AM ET
React
WASHINGTON -- More than 40 of the world's largest cities have reported their greenhouse gas emissions along with acomprehensive analysis of any climate change-related reforms in studies released Tuesday night.
Gathered from areas representing 300 million people and ten percent of global CO2 emissions, the reports show the impactparticipating cities have on climate change and outline the role local leaders could play in reducing their citiesʼ carbonemissions.
“I firmly believe that if you canʼt measure it, you canʼt manage it,” said New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg in a statementon Tuesday. “That is true in business and it is true in government. Only by regularly and rigorously measuring and analysingour efforts can we learn what works, what doesnʼt and why, and take effective action."
Frustrated by partisan bickering and stalemate in Congress, local leaders at the fourth biennial Conference of Mayors, athree-day retreat held this year in Sao Paulo, Brazil, gathered to discuss how to make significant environmental reforms at thecity level.
Bloomberg, chair of the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, an organization committed to implementing sustainable climate-related actions in cities around the world, was not the only official to stress the importance of fighting climate change at thelocal level.
"The best scientific data tells us that it is long past time to address this challenge, and the best demographic data tells us thatcities must lead the way," said Rohit Aggarwala, special advisor to the C40 chair. "The CDP Cities 2011 and Climate Action inMegacities reports provide solid data that demonstrate that the C40 Cities are leading the way -- in reporting emissions,
Tackling Climate Change: New Reports Underscore Role Of Lo... http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/31/local-leaders-fightin...
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London Mayor Boris Johnson
last week announced plans to
roll out 1,300 electric-vehicle
charging points across the city
by 2013. Photo: Chris
Ratcliffe/Bloomberg
0
Cities From London to Portland Slash
Emissions as UN Climate Envoys BickerQBy Alex Morales - May 31, 2011 8:31 AM ET
Cities from Johannesburg to Los Angeles are changing street lights,
insulating buildings and promoting bicycling to slash carbon
emissions as envoys at United Nations talks bicker about binding
greenhouse-gas goals.
“While national governments continue their excruciatingly frustrating
dialog on climate change, we in the cities are acting,” Portland,
Oregon Mayor Sam Adams said in an interview. “It’s sheer common
sense. Becoming more efficient with your city’s energy needs means
you’re also more economically secure.”
Wracked with budget deficits and economies recovering from
recession, municipal leaders are looking for cheap ways to curb
energy consumption and help governments meet pollution targets.
General Electric Co. (GE) and Siemens AG (SIE), which make power
generation equipment, and energy management tool-makers
Johnson Controls Inc. and Honeywell International Inc. (HON) are
winning contracts from cities to work on efficiency projects.
Global annual spending of $300 billion to $1 trillion on efficiency
could slash energy use a third by 2050, according to the UN
Environment Program. Former U.S. President Bill Clinton and New
York Mayor Michael Bloomberg this week are spearheading a gathering in Sao Paulo of the
C40 group of mayors to address topics from tree-planting to hydrogen-powered buses.
‘Lowest-Hanging Fruit’
“The lowest-hanging fruit is in the area of energy efficiency and conservation,” UNEP
Executive Secretary Achim Steiner said. “If you look at much of the urban infrastructure that
has been built up over the last 100 years, and even in the last 20 to 30 years, it’s
extraordinarily inefficient.”
While cities take up just 2 percent of the Earth’s land mass, they contain more than half the
global population and generate over 70 percent of its carbon emissions. That makes them
central to achieving national targets, such as Brazil’s goal to cut greenhouse gases by more
than a third by 2020.
“The target will be met by cities, where there’s more energy consumption,” said Hamilton
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Mayors reach climate deal with World Bank(AFP) – Jun 1, 2011
SAO PAULO — Leaders of the C40 Mayors Summit on climate change said Wednesday thegroup had reached a financing agreement with the World Bank to help the world's major citiesbetter adapt to climate change
"The partnership with the World Bank creates opportunities for financial support," said New Yorkcity Mayor Michael Bloomberg.
"If we don't stop polluting our world right now, and continuing to spill greenhouse gases into theatmosphere, the consequences may be very well irreversible," Bloomberg said.
The 40 major cities whose mayors are attending the Sao Paulo conference -- including NewYork, Jakarta, Mexico City, Berlin, Barcelona, Rio de Janeiro and Paris -- are responsible for 12percent of global greenhouse emissions.
"Cities are also paying big price of climate change," said World Bank president Robert Zoellick.
Zoellick told the mayors that he would make it easier for cities to use the Bank, as part of aneffort to make available as much as $6.4 billion the Bank has earmarked for climate reliefprograms.
Private initiatives, said Zoellick, could lift that amount to as much as $50 billion.
"The memo of understanding between the World Bank and C40 is a window of access for cities,"added Zoellick, and should help them gain "more access to develop strategies, mitigation,technical assistant".
Former US President Bill Clinton, whose foundation works with the C40 group, also praised theagreement.
But he said one of the biggest problems with going green was financing.
This is the fourth C40 summit, but the first one held in the southern hemisphere.
On Thursday, the mayors meet with local authorities to discuss urban planning, public transport,capturing contaminated gas, and green industry.
Copyright © 2012 AFP. All rights reserved. More »
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Cidades estão liderando AGENDA
A importancia de las Ciudades: Ejemplo C40
8% da população
21% do PIB global $$$$$
5% da emissão global GEE
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
As ciudades controlan y deciden sobre
63%
66%
60%
57%
60%
Transporte Publico
Residuos Solidos
Aterros
Regulamientos
Agua
Planeamiento 50%
80%
87%
Iluminación
Calles & Parqueos
Integración de políticas públicas;
TOD (Desarrollos orientados al transporte)
TDM (restricciones transporte privado)
Fomento de comunidades sostenibles.
Planeamento Urbano
16
Images are indicative artists impression only. Current as at August 2007
Victoria Harbour
DENSIDADES
Match density and transit capacity
USO MIX
Guangzhou, China
19
Oportunidade de desarrolho urbano
20
CONNECTAR
Create dense networks of streets and paths
Malmo, Sweden
New York, USA
ANDAR
Develop neighborhoods that promote walking
PEDALAR
Prioritize cycle networks Hangzhou, China: 43% of trips by bike
TRANSPORT PUBLICO
Support high quality transit Ahmadabad, India
Paisagismo e Arquitetura Bonita no corredor
Guayaquil,
Bogota
Vantagens: Permite pre-pagamento – Velocidad. “desembarcado” Aumenta significativamente la capacidade del sistema; Protege los clientes del clima
Estaciones cerradas
Estaciones con portas automáticas
Embarque rápido
Quito, Ecuador Curitiba, Brasil
Embarque mesmo nivel, rampa mecânica (flip-down)
Cidade do México
Bogotá
Goiania
Embarque mismo nivel, mismo sin rampa
Sao Paulo
Los Angeles
“degraus”
Estación de trolebús Quito Harmonía del Centro
Las estaciones tubo de Curitiba
Fonte: URBS
IMAGEM SISTEMA
35
Estaciones con imágenes fuertes; Identidad del sistema.
Fácil Visualización;
Informaciones Quito
Melbourne
Las Vegas
Instalaciones de conforto Usuarios clientes
Custo-Beneficio Ventiladores
Cores na pista
Separação física
Fiscalização
Pontos de Ônibus
elegantes, bonitos
Granada - Espanha
Rouen, França
Visibilidade
Mapa acessível e de fácil
compreensão
Horários e conhecimento das linhas
Tecnologias web – Internet ou celular
Informação de Qualidade ao Cliente
Bogotá
21 km/h 17 km/h 21 km/h 17 km/h
SANTO AMARO-NOVE DE JULHO-CENTRO (14.8 km)
0h06 0h09 22 16
de AV. JORN. ROBERTO MARINHO até AV. HELIO PELLEGRINO (2.6 km)
AV. STO. AMARO
0h47 0h45 18 19
17.2
8.9
8.2
13.6
6.2
7.5
3.9
30.5
15.2
14.8
0h48
0h28
0h12
0h36
0h15
0h24
0h11
01h10
0h49
0h47
01h04
0h32
0h12
0h39
0h23
0h37
0h10
01h19
01h04
0h45
CAMPO LIMPO-REBOUÇAS-CENTRO
VER. JOSÉ DINIZ-IBIRAPUERA-SANTA CRUZ
EXPRESSO TIRADENTES (EIXO SUDESTE)
INAJAR-RIO BRANCO-CENTRO
ITAPECERICA-JOÃO DIAS-SANTO AMARO
JD. ÂNGELA-GUARAPIRANGA-SANTO AMARO
PAES DE BARROS
PARELHEIROS-RIO BONITO-SANTO AMARO
PIRITUBA-LAPA-CENTRO
SANTO AMARO-NOVE DE JULHO-CENTRO
21 km
18 km
39 km
22 km
24 km
18 km
19 km
26 km
18 km
18 km
15 km
16 km
40 km
19 km
16 km
12 km
22 km
22 km
14 km
19 km
Sao Paulo
Hasta 2013, solo uno BRT y 113kms de BRT abiertos
2013: 88% viajes contra 22% metro y 11% surface rail.
41
Expresso Tiradentes, Sao Paulo 23 de Maio, Sao Paulo
42
Sept/ 2013 Mas de 200kms de
carriles exclusivos.
Total: 100+220 km
Total: 400km (2014)
43
2014/ 2015 Mas de 150kms de
nuevos BRTs.
• Nueva concesión;
• Buses Nocturnos;
• Tickets mensuales;
• 70% de la compañía de
ingeniaría de trafego
trabajando para mejorar
la operación de los buses
en horario pico
Reconversión del centro y
centros comerciales
Bogota
Ônibus modernos (Novas
tecnologias)
Diesel limpo
Trolebus elétrico
Híbrido-elétrico
Célula a combustível - Hidrogênio Etanol
1. Costos de Inversión
(previsión de los costos reales).
2. Costos de operación (subvenciones)
3. Capacidad e material rodante
4. Tiempo de construcción
5. Creación de una red integrada
Quais critérios para escolha da tecnologia
Custo de investimento e material rodante
Tecnologia
Capacidade
(milhões)
Custo Investimento
(milhões por km)
Custo
operacional Material
rodante
TEMPO
CONSTRUCAO
METRO enterrados ou
elevados
70 mil US$ 100 a 400
milhões/ km ALTO
Custo veiculo:
US$ 5 milhões
500 pessoas
8 a 14 anos
BRT Sistemas de
buses rápidos
50 mil US$ 2 a 10 milhões/km
BAIXO US$ 400 mil
180 lugares 2 a 3 anos
BRT
40 mil US$ 4 a 12 milhões/km
BAIXO
U$$ 600 mil
180 lugares 2 a 3 anos
Monoriel VLT
20 mil US$ 100 a 150 milhões/ km
MUITO
ALTO
Custo veiculo:
US$ 5 milhões
270 lugares
6 a 8 anos
PROGRAMA DE TESTES COM ONIBUS
ELÉTRICOS E HIBRÍDOS NA AMÉRICA LATINA
Bogotá, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago e São Paulo
• Emisión de contaminantes locales (HC, CO, NOx, PM);
• Eficiencia Energética das diferentes tecnologías
(motores combustión y eléctricos – batería e trolebús)
• Medición de ruidos e polución interna ómnibus.
• Viabilidades económica de las tecnologías e ciclo de
vida total en cada ciudades.
PROGRAMA DE TESTES:
Como são feitos os testes? Exemplo de medição das emissões segundo a segundo em ônibus
rodando por linha comercial com carga máxima.
51
Tecnologías testadas? Total de 16 buses (diesel, híbridos, trolebús e eléctrico con baterías)
Sao Paulo: Buses testados
Trolebuses y híbridos serie (Eletra)
Híbrido paralelo Volvo Diesel (Mercedez)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
DB1 DB2 HB1 HB2 TB1-1 TB1-2
AverageFE[km/lt]
Diesel (DB1 e DB2) Hibrido Paralelo (HB1) e Hibrido serie (HB2)
Trólebus (TB1-1-Energia; TB2-Custos),
2,81
1,57 1,37
3,47
2,35
1,98
Eficiencia energética en São Paulo Dúas campanas con híbrido y trolebús.
Consumo de combustível padronizado dos Híbridos e
Trólebus em relação ao ônibus diesel base
-70%
-60%
-50%
-40%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%HB1 HB2 TB1-1 TB1-2
FuelConsump
on
ReferenceDB1=0%
FC FC/pax Energia
Custo:
Bogotá: Tecnologías testadas?
YoungMan
Volvo
Bus Eléctrico
BYD
Diesel Transmilenio
1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00
0,05
0,65
0,53
0,95
0,32
0,07
0,47
0,16
0,89
0,38
0,00
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
1,20
THC CO NOx CO2 PM2.5
No
rma
lize
d E
mis
sio
ns
DB1 HB2 HB1
Bogotá: emisiones normalizadas
Bogotá: Consumo
-34%
-72%
-81%
-31%
-57%
-71%
-90%
-80%
-70%
-60%
-50%
-40%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%HB1 EB1-1 EB1-2
FuelCon
sump
on
Referen
ceDB1
=0%
FC FC/pax
Custo Energia
Eléctricos a batería
Bogotá: Eficiência & Consumo
Ônibus Eficiência (km/gl)
Eficiência % Consumo.
(gl/ 100km) Consumo. %
Diesel 7,80 0% 13,3 0%
Híbrido 11,58 49% /die.
8,9 -34% vs eléc.
Elétrico 27,63
254% / die.
3,8
-72% vs Diesel
139% / hb 1
- 57% vs hb 1
Bogotá: ruídos de cabine em rota(dB)
50.00
55.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
80.00
85.00
1 11 21 31 41 51 61
Noise[dB]
Time[sec]
DB1
EB1
HB1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
DB1 EB1 HB1
Cab
inPM[mg/m3]
Aerosol em cabine PM1.5
61
26%
62%
72% 73%
80%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
CO2 NOx PM1.5 THC CO
EmissionRed
uconparallel-hybridversusdiesel
RiodeJaneiro
SaoPaulo
Average
Bogota
San ago
Reducción de las emisiones de los contaminantes
Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Bogotá e Santiago.
Conclusão geral sobre consumo energético
Elétrico
Bateria Ferro
Redução de 81%
Elétrico
Bateria Lítio
Redução 73%
Trólebus
Redução
de 56%
Híbridos: Redução média de 31%.
• Ciudad do México;
• Gotemburgo;
• Estocolmo;
• Londres
• Xangai;
• Shenzhen,
• Changsa;
• Hong Kong
Nov/Dez 2012: Visita técnica
HYBRID ELECTRIC BUS TEST
PROGRAM IN LATIN AMERICA:
Economic Analysis of the Program
Prepared by:
Lower energy and maintenance costs reduce lifecycle costs
for hybrid and electric buses compared to diesel buses
Notes: Bus costs/initial taxes are as follows: Diesel ($180K/$29K), Hybrid ($290K/$5K), Electric ($450K/$23K). Battery total
value for hybrids are $100K. Battery total value for electrics is $203K. Salvage value represents % of total value discounted to year
zero.
Capital investment includes deduction for salvage value; Taxes include initial taxes and annual taxes related to bus ownership
30
192
313
71
200
Hybrid High Case
170 93
213
313
256
Diesel Hybrid Low Case
43
200
30
171
98
62
Electric
40
406
81
321
Maintenance
Taxes
Fuel/Energy
Financing
Capital investment
and salvage value
10% interest
10 year term
6% interest
10 year term
6% interest
10 year term
6% interest
10 year term
(baseline) +20% higher
than diesel
-10% lower
than diesel
-20% lower
than diesel
Zero 10% of
battery value
30% of
battery value
30% of
battery value
Lifecycle Costs (‘000 USD, 10-Year Net Present Value)
Financing
Maintenance
costs
Salvage Value
10-year
total
872 880 806 744
• Hybrid and electric buses
have lower lifecycle costs
as scale and learning
effects drive down
maintenance costs
• Preferential financing can
speed adoption, scale,
and learning
Bogota
Lifecycle costs of hybrid and electric buses are lower than
costs for diesel buses due to preferential financing options
Assumes electric buses are partially produced/assembled locally. 10-year diesel costs includes purchase/resale of new
bus after 5 years of operation. Capital investment includes deduction for salvage value; Taxes include annual taxes related to bus ownership.
Bus costs/initial taxes are as follows: Diesel (BRL 296K/ BRL 123K), Hybrid (BRL 493K/BRL 146K), Electric (BRL 735K/BRL 175K).
Battery total value for hybrids are BRL 163K; For electrics value is BRL 340K. Salvage value represents % of total value discounted to year zero.
Electric
48
717
85 108 61
43
503
Hybrid Low Case
29 195
472
57
503
472
260
29
Diese
l
Hybrid High Case
158
280
613
217
100
Fuel/Energy
Maintenance
Taxes
Financing
Capital investment
and salvage value
10% interest
5 year term
5% interest
10 year term
5% interest
10 year term
5% interest
10 year term
(baseline) +20% higher
than diesel
-10% lower
than diesel
-50% lower
than diesel
20% of bus value
(BRL 98,600)
10% of
battery value
30% of
battery value
30% of
battery value
Financing
Maintenance
costs
Salvage Value
1,367 1,321 1,242 1,018
• Electric buses achieve
~30% lower lifecycle
costs than diesel
• Even with 20% higher
maintenance costs,
hybrids are more
attractive than diesel
Lifecycle Costs (‘000 BRL, 10-Year Net Present Value)
10-year
total
São Paulo
Beneficios uso de los buses híbridos y eléctricos
• Reducción de contaminantes locales (HC, CO, NOx, PM);
• Seguridad energética (reducción de importaciones de diesel).
• Estabilidad del precio (electricidad sube menos que el diesel).
• Mejora de ruidos e polución interna buses.
• Menor costo operacional si considerados todo el ciclo de vida de los vehículos.
• Relatoríos: http://www.c40.org/c40_research
C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group
?Alcaldes de América Latina?
CIUDADES SON EL FUTURO
Obrigado Adalberto Maluf
