BasicBasicBotanyBotany

Master Gardener Master Gardener TrainingTraining

Week 2Week 2

Class 2 - BotanyClass 2 - BotanyPlant Classification SystemsPlant Classification Systems– How we categorize and refer to plantsHow we categorize and refer to plantsPlant Names and Classification SystemsPlant Names and Classification Systems– How we categorize and refer to plantsHow we categorize and refer to plantsPlant Parts and Their FunctionsPlant Parts and Their Functions– Roots, stems, flowers, buds and leavesRoots, stems, flowers, buds and leavesPlant Growth and DevelopmentPlant Growth and Development– Photosynthesis, Respiration, TranspirationPhotosynthesis, Respiration, Transpiration– HormonesHormones

Plant Classification Plant Classification SystemsSystems

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Simplified Plant KingdomSimplified Plant KingdomNon Vascular PlantsMosses

Liverworts

Hornworts

Vascular Plants

Spore BearingFerns

Clubmosses

Horsetails

Seed Bearing

GymnospermsConifers

Cycads

Ginkgo

Angiosperms

Monocots

Orchids

Lilies, Iris

Grasses

Sedges

Palms

Dicots

Broadleaf Plants

Most Plants

Scientific NamesScientific Names

Can you say:Can you say:Quercus virginianaQuercus virginiana

Pinus palustrisPinus palustrisIlex cornuta?Ilex cornuta?

Scientific NamesScientific Names

Quercus virginianaQuercus virginiana = = Live OakLive Oak

Pinus palustrisPinus palustris = = Long Leaf PineLong Leaf Pine

Ilex cornutaIlex cornuta = = Chinese HollyChinese Holly

Why Are They Needed?Why Are They Needed?

Common names not reliableCommon names not reliable– Some plants don’t have common namesSome plants don’t have common names– Many plants share the same common Many plants share the same common

namename– Common names vary tremendously from Common names vary tremendously from

place to placeplace to place– Common names can be misleadingCommon names can be misleading

Different languages Different languages – Systematic way to refer to plantsSystematic way to refer to plants– Latin = dead languageLatin = dead language

What plant is this?What plant is this?

What plant is this?What plant is this?

Vinca and PeriwinkleVinca and Periwinkle

Vinca minorVinca minor Cartharanthus roseusCartharanthus roseus

Evergreen groundcover Heat tolerant tender perennial

ScientificScientific NamesNamesMade up of two parts: •Genus

• the larger group•capitalized, italic, or underlined

•species (specific epithet)• specific to one plant in a genus• adjective• lower case, italic, or underlined

Specific Epithetgrandiflora - large flowersprocumbens - Prostratewilsoniana - Wilsonjaponica - Japanpraecox - very early

http://www.winternet.com/~chuckg/dictionary.html

Magnolia grandiflora

Growth HabitsGrowth HabitsPage 1-1Page 1-1

Growth CyclesGrowth Cycles– Annual Annual – live one growing season– live one growing season

Summer/Warm SeasonSummer/Warm SeasonWinter/Cool SeasonWinter/Cool Season

– Biennial Biennial - two growing seasons- two growing seasons– PerennialPerennial - 3 + growing seasons - 3 + growing seasons

herbaceousherbaceous - die back to roots each year - die back to roots each yearwoodywoody - persist above ground - persist above ground

– vinevine– shrubshrub– treetree

AnnualsAnnualsTrue Annuals True Annuals – Germinate, grow, flower, reproduce, Germinate, grow, flower, reproduce,

die in a single seasondie in a single season

– Usually grown from seedUsually grown from seedCool Season AnnualsCool Season Annuals

– Sow seed mid. August – Sept.Sow seed mid. August – Sept.– Plant out lt. Sept – OctoberPlant out lt. Sept – October

Warm Season AnnualsWarm Season Annuals– Sow seeds indoors Jan-MarchSow seeds indoors Jan-March– Plant outdoors April-MayPlant outdoors April-May– Sow direct April-MaySow direct April-May

– Eg. Marigolds, Zinnias, Pansies, Eg. Marigolds, Zinnias, Pansies, vegetables, parsley, basilvegetables, parsley, basil

BiennialsBiennialsGrow leaves (vegetative) Grow leaves (vegetative) first season, flowers first season, flowers (reproductive) second (reproductive) second seasonseasonMost produce basal foliage Most produce basal foliage first seasonfirst seasonSow in August, plant in Oct.Sow in August, plant in Oct.Often grown like cool Often grown like cool season annualsseason annualsEg.Foxgloves, Mullein, Eg.Foxgloves, Mullein, HonestyHonesty

PerennialsPerennialsHerbaceousHerbaceousWoodyWoody– TreesTrees– ShrubsShrubs– VinesVines

EvergreenEvergreen vs. vs. DeciduousDeciduousKeep some foliage Keep some foliage year aroundyear aroundBroadleaf Broadleaf (e.g. azalea)(e.g. azalea)

– Drop in springDrop in spring

Needled Needled (e.g. pines)(e.g. pines)

– Drop in FallDrop in Fall

Loose foliage in fallLoose foliage in fallGrow new leaves Grow new leaves each yeareach yearMost are broadleaf, Most are broadleaf, some needled some needled (Bald Cypress)

Plant Parts and Their Plant Parts and Their FunctionsFunctions

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ROOTSROOTSpage 1-2page 1-2

Functions:Functions:– anchorageanchorage– absorb water absorb water

and mineralsand minerals– store foodstore food– support stemsupport stem

Parts of a RootParts of a RootPage 1-2Page 1-2

Root SystemsRoot SystemsPage 1-3Page 1-3

Fibrous Roots Taproot

Tap root•Limited branching

•Difficult to transplant

•woody - undercut

•Deep soil, sandy

•Food storage

•Many trees, biennials,

long lived perennials

Tap root

Lateral roots

Fibrous root•Primary root does not elongate

•Numerous lateral roots

•Repeat branching

•Remains small in diameter

•Affects plant height

•Build soil – Prevent erosion

•Grasses

Factors Affecting Root GrowthFactors Affecting Root GrowthSoil CompactionSoil Compaction– limits oxygen, reduces water limits oxygen, reduces water

infiltrationinfiltrationLack of OxygenLack of Oxygen – retards growth and prevents root retards growth and prevents root

hairs from forminghairs from formingcompaction, clays, water loggedcompaction, clays, water logged

WaterWater– Roots grow where water is available Roots grow where water is available

but not in standing waterbut not in standing water

Soil pH and fertilitySoil pH and fertility– determine rate and depth of root determine rate and depth of root

growthgrowth

STEMSSTEMSpage 1-4page 1-4

Function:Function:– Support buds, Support buds,

leaves and leaves and flowersflowers

– transport food, transport food, water, mineralswater, minerals

STEMSSTEMSpage 1-5page 1-5

A Plant’s Plumbing– CambiumCambium

Cell division and growthCell division and growthJust beneath the barrkJust beneath the barrk

Xylem Xylem Conducts water and Conducts water and mineralsminerals (Sapwood)(Sapwood)(Heartwood) is former (Heartwood) is former sapwood now inactivesapwood now inactive

PhloemPhloemConducts food and Conducts food and hormoneshormones

STEMSSTEMSStructureStructure::

– nodesnodesWhere buds (and new Where buds (and new growth) formgrowth) formcut back to a node cut back to a node when pruning!when pruning!

– internodesinternodesInternode length Internode length influenced by light, influenced by light, fertility, geneticsfertility, geneticsLow light – stretchingLow light – stretching

Node - point where a leaf or bud occursInternode - portion of stem between buds or leaves

Internode

TYPES OF STEMSTYPES OF STEMSPage 1-5Page 1-5

HerbaceousHerbaceous– die down every yeardie down every year

CaneCane– lives 1-2 years, large pith lives 1-2 years, large pith

in centerin center– Roses, bramblesRoses, brambles

WoodyWoody– shoot, twig, branch, trunk shoot, twig, branch, trunk

Runner

Forms daughter plants at one or more nodes

Stolon - above ground stem with buds that grow to form new shoots

Rhizome

A stem thatgrows horizontallyat or just belowthe soil surface

MODIFIED STEMSMODIFIED STEMSPage 1-6Page 1-6

Types of modified Types of modified stemsstems– crown, runner, spurs, crown, runner, spurs,

tuber, bulb, cormtuber, bulb, corm– Stolons and Stolons and

RhizomesRhizomesstoloniferous and stoloniferous and rhizomotous = Beware!!rhizomotous = Beware!!

Stems have nodes, Stems have nodes, roots do notroots do not

BUDSBUDSpage 1-7page 1-7

Undeveloped ShootsUndeveloped ShootsLeaf buds (vegetative) Leaf buds (vegetative) and Flower budsand Flower budsCan usually tell the Can usually tell the differencedifference– Flower buds rounder, Flower buds rounder,

largerlarger– Leaf bud, narrower Leaf bud, narrower

and more pointedand more pointed

Flower Bud

Leaf Bud

FLOWERSFLOWERSpage 1-7, 8page 1-7, 8

Function:Function:– sexual reproduction = sexual reproduction =

seed productionseed production

FLOWERSFLOWERSpage 1-8page 1-8

Flower Parts:Flower Parts:– sepalssepals (calyx) (calyx)– petalspetals (corolla) (corolla)– pistilpistil (female) - (female) -

stigma, style, stigma, style, ovaryovary

– stamenstamen (male) - (male) - anther, filamentanther, filament

Types of FlowersTypes of Flowerspage 1-9page 1-9

CompleteComplete - has all parts - has all partsIncompleteIncomplete– PerfectPerfect - has both male and - has both male and

female partsfemale parts– Imperfect Imperfect

– MonoeciousMonoecious - One House - separate - One House - separate male and female flowers on the same male and female flowers on the same plant - eg. Corn, pecan, cucumbers, plant - eg. Corn, pecan, cucumbers, melons, squashmelons, squash

– DioeciousDioecious - separate male and female - separate male and female plants - eg. Hollies, wax myrtle, some plants - eg. Hollies, wax myrtle, some grape varieties, kiwifruitgrape varieties, kiwifruit

need both male and female plants need both male and female plants to get fruit!to get fruit!

Dioecious - male and female flowers on separate plants

Female juniper

Female holly

Monoecious - male and female flowers on same plant

Male Female

+

=

MonoeciousMonoecious

Self FruitfulSelf Fruitful– Can pollinate own flowersCan pollinate own flowers

Self SterileSelf Sterile– Must be pollinated by another plant of same Must be pollinated by another plant of same

speciesspeciesPears, apples, pecans – need pollinatorPears, apples, pecans – need pollinator

– For cultivars, may need more than one for For cultivars, may need more than one for good berry set. Eg. Viburnumsgood berry set. Eg. Viburnums

– Ensures genetic diveristyEnsures genetic diveristy

PollinationPollinationTransfer of pollen from stamen to pistilTransfer of pollen from stamen to pistilNecessary for fruit set/seed developmentNecessary for fruit set/seed developmentOnly seed are product of pollinationOnly seed are product of pollination – – fruit is fruit is product of mother plantproduct of mother plantWindWind– Many large treesMany large trees– Flowers have no petalsFlowers have no petals– Hay feverHay feverInsectInsect– Colorful flowersColorful flowers– FragranceFragrance– Flowers evolve with their pollinatorsFlowers evolve with their pollinators

Flower ArrangementFlower Arrangementpage 1-9page 1-9

Day Length and FloweringDay Length and FloweringPhotoperiod Photoperiod - length of - length of uninterrupted darknessuninterrupted darkness– Short Day Plants = bloom Short Day Plants = bloom

in spring and fallin spring and fall– Long Day = blooms in Long Day = blooms in

summersummer– Day Neutral = doesn’t care Day Neutral = doesn’t care Don’t prune short day Don’t prune short day plants after mid-summerplants after mid-summerMost houseplants are day Most houseplants are day neutralneutral

LEAVESLEAVESFunction:Function:– absorb sunlight and absorb sunlight and

produce sugars produce sugars through through photosynthesisphotosynthesis

– Contain chlorophyll Contain chlorophyll inside the leaf, in inside the leaf, in structures called structures called chloroplastschloroplasts

Internal Parts of a LeafInternal Parts of a Leaf

Parts of a leaf

Blade

Tip

Base

Margin

Midrib

Blade - the flat, expanded portion of the leaf

Midrib - the main or central vein of a leaf

Petiole - the stalk of a leaf

Insert

petiole

Sessile leaf =no petiole

Leaf CharacteristicsLeaf Characteristicspage 1-11page 1-11

Shape of Blade:Shape of Blade:– simplesimple– compoundcompound

PinnatePinnate– Pecan, Hickory, LocustPecan, Hickory, Locust

BipinnateBipinnate– NandinaNandina

Palmately pinnatePalmately pinnate– Virginia Creeper, Virginia Creeper,

ScheffleraSchefflera

If unsure, look for bud If unsure, look for bud

Simple

Compound

Leaf Characteristics - for IDLeaf Characteristics - for ID

In botany, flowers are used to designate In botany, flowers are used to designate plant families, genus and species, plant families, genus and species, however some identification can be made however some identification can be made from leaf characteristicsfrom leaf characteristicsLeaf margins, apexes and bases, venationLeaf margins, apexes and bases, venationLeaf Arrangement on StemLeaf Arrangement on Stem– alternatealternate– oppositeopposite– WhorledWhorled

Leaf ShapeLeaf Shape

Apex and BaseApex and Base

Leaf tips (apices)

Leaf base

AcuminateHastate

Oblique

Crenate

Crisped

Serrulate

Double serrate

Undulated

Leaf MarginsPage 1-13

Leaf Leaf MarginsMargins

Simple leafPage 1-14

Palmate compound

Compound Leaf

leaflet

Bipinnate compound leaf

leaflet

Leaf VenationLeaf Venationpage 1- 15page 1- 15

Leaf ArrangementLeaf Arrangementpage 1-16page 1-16

AlternateAlternate Opposite Opposite Whorled Whorled -most -most commoncommon

Opposite leaves

Alternate leaves

Whorl

- three or more leaves at a node

- may also have opposite leaves

Growth and Development Growth and Development ProcessesProcesses

page 1-16page 1-16

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesisRespirationRespiration

TranspirationTranspiration

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesispage 1-17page 1-17

Produces FoodProduces FoodStores EnergyStores EnergyOccurs in cells Occurs in cells containing chlorophyllcontaining chlorophyllReleases oxygenReleases oxygenUses waterUses waterUses carbon dioxideUses carbon dioxideOccurs in lightOccurs in light

Factors That Influence Factors That Influence Photosynthesis:Photosynthesis:

Light!!!Light!!! – Plants do not – Plants do not photosynthesize in the dark!photosynthesize in the dark!GeneticsGenetics - efficiency of plant - efficiency of plantTemperature Temperature - optimum 65-85- optimum 65-85NutrientsNutrientsWaterWaterWind, drought stress, nutrient Wind, drought stress, nutrient deficiencies and low humidity deficiencies and low humidity reduce ratesreduce rates

Pender County – Zone 8, >90 to 120

Coastal - Zone 7 - >60 to 90

AHS Heat Zone Map – Measures days above 86 degrees

Leaf pigments

Chlorophyll - green

Carotene - yellow

Xanthophylls - yellow to clear

Anthocyanin - purple-red

Variegatedplants

Have less chlorophyll than non variegated plants- Usually less vigorous-Commonly revert

Respiration

Releases energy for growth

Carbohydrate break down to Carbohydrate break down to release energyrelease energy needed for life processes needed for life processes occurs in all cellsoccurs in all cellsuses oxygenuses oxygenoccurs in light and darkoccurs in light and darkTotal photosynthesis must exceed total Total photosynthesis must exceed total respiration for growth to occur!!respiration for growth to occur!!

Warm Nights respiration canapproach rate ofphotosynthesis

Want night temperature10 to 15 degrees coolerthan day temperature

StomataStomata

Tiny openings in the leaf Tiny openings in the leaf surfacesurfaceMostly found on the Mostly found on the underside of leavesunderside of leavesNot visible without Not visible without magnificationmagnificationAllow water, oxygen, and Allow water, oxygen, and CO2 to pass into and out of CO2 to pass into and out of the leafthe leaf

Transpiration

Plants “sweat” through stomata

TranspirationPull

Water

90% of water absorbed by the rootsis lost by transpiration

- water attempts to equalize its concentration on bothsides of a cell membrane

- water molecules move in a unbroken chain from roots to stems and leaves

Water

Transpiration• increases with sunlight• increase with light breeze• decrease with strong wind• influenced by temperature• influenced by humidity• decreases with dormancy• increases as plant growth increases• decreases with low soil moisture

When plants loose more water than they can take up wilting occurs = photosynthesis impaired

A 48 foot silver maple can transpire 58 gallons of water per hour

Environmental Factors and Environmental Factors and Plant GrowthPlant Growth

Light

Duration

Quantity - intensity

Quality - color or

wavelength

Light Quality - wavelengthgreen - reflectedblue - vegetative growthred + blue light - flowering

Incandescent - high in red, but produces heatFluorescent - high in blue •Warm bulb + Cool bulb = equal to grow lights•Need to be 2”-6” from plant

WaterWaterDissolves minerals (nutrients) Dissolves minerals (nutrients) and transports them to leavesand transports them to leavesUsed to manufacture Used to manufacture carbohydrates (photosynthesis)carbohydrates (photosynthesis)TranspirationTranspiration = loss of water = loss of water– effected by light, effected by light,

temperature, humidity, and temperature, humidity, and air movementair movement

When plants wilt, When plants wilt, photosynthesis slows down = photosynthesis slows down = growth is limitedgrowth is limited

TemperatureTemperature

Can effect flower and fruit set, flavorCan effect flower and fruit set, flavor– bolting of cool season crops, flower bolting of cool season crops, flower

drop on warm season crops (tomato)drop on warm season crops (tomato)– Sugars develop better in cooler tempsSugars develop better in cooler temps

Photosynthesis and RespirationPhotosynthesis and Respiration– High temps increaseHigh temps increase– Low temps decreaseLow temps decrease– Affects food storageAffects food storage

Extreme cold can damage or even Extreme cold can damage or even kill plantskill plants

Dormancya state of reduced cellular activity

triggered by:• moisture• day length• temperature

Chilling Hours

•Optimum = temperatures below 45F and above 32F•Our area receives 600 to 800 hours

Hardy vs. TenderHardy vs. Tender

Depends on climate!Depends on climate!Winter hardiness – Winter hardiness – USDA Plant Hardiness Zone MapUSDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map

6a 6b 7a 7b 8a