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Botany Handbook for Florida
Master Gardener TrainingInstructor: Ann McMullianIndian River State College
Plant Names
Nomenclature
Plant nomenclature (use of scientific names)
Common name vs. Scientific name (botanical name)
Common names are more widely used because they are easier to pronounce
and remember.
Common names only have value if both persons know exactly which plant is being discussed. This only happens when people are from the same area
or community.
Hortus third list 27 plants named “Jasmine”
To prevent confusion it is recommended to use both the scientific and common name.
Each plant has a scientific name.
Example: Magnolia grandiflora
The two-word (binomial) scientific name is made up off:
Genus + specific epithet = Species
Magnolia grandiflora↑
The specific epithet describes a characteristic of the plant.
The scientific name is italicized or underlined.
The Genus is capitalized. The specific epithet is not capitalized.
Examples of species: Citrus sinensis
Examples of species: Magnolia grandiflora
Examples of species: Tulbagia violacia
The Plant World(Plant Classification)
Classification
• Plant Kingdom– Lichens and mosses (no leaves, roots, etc)– Ferns (no flower with seeds, spores instead)– Seed producing plants
• Gymnospermae (Gymnosperm)• Angiospermae (Angiosperm)
Plant Kingdom
• Non-vascular (Bryophytes)• Vascular
– Spore bearing (Pteridophyta)– Seed bearing (Spermatophyta or Spermopsida)
• Gymnosperm (Cone bearing, naked seed) Examples: pines, podocarpus, ginkgo, cycads
• Angiosperm (Non-cone bearing, covered seed)– Monocotyledon (grasses, grains, palms, lilies, onions)– Dicotyledon
Gymnosperm
Slash Pine
GymnospermKing Sago
Gymnosperm Juniper
Gymnosperm- Podocarpus
Gymnosperm( Zamia family)
Angiosperm
• Flowering Plants• Seed protected by Fruit• Two main groups (divisions):
– Monocotyledoneae (Monocots)– Dicotyledoneae (Dicots)
Monocots vs Dicots
ROOTS SYSTEMS
Root Functions:
• anchor plant• support the stem• absorb and conduct water and minerals• store food
Two types of roots:
• - fibrous roots, highly branched, slender• - tap roots, main enlarged root.
Water and Nutrient Uptake
Water and nutrient uptake is done by millions of thin walled root hairs.
Nutrient uptakeSecondary roots Primary root
Nutrient and water up take: Root hairs –> secondary root –> primary root –> stems and leaves.
Some different type or roots:
• Adventitious roots• Fleshy roots• Aerial roots• Knees ( pneumatophores)
Adventitious Roots:Roots that do no originate off the primary
root
Prop roots
Fleshy roots – food reserve
Turnip CarrotBeets
Aerial Roots
Banyan Tree
Aerial rootsSome aerial roots are fleshy and store water
Philodendron
Aerial roots on orchids
Knees or Pneumatophores
Knees or pneumatophores enable plants to obtain air in swampy conditions
Bald Cypress
Mangrove
Stems Functions and Modifications
Stems have nodes and buds
Stem Types
• Crowns – short inconspicuous• Simple – without branches• Branched• Climbing• Creeping• Rhizomes• Stolons
CrownsShort inconspicuous stem
Gerbera daisy
Dandelion
Simple StemStem without branches
Food Storage in stems
Asparagus Celery
Many herbaceous perennials have some type of modified stems.
• Examples of modified stems:– Rhizomes– Stolons– Tubers – Corms– Bulbs
Rhizomes – the main stem of a plant, horizontal, underground.
Ginger
Tubers are modified stems that
develop on under ground stems
Corms are short, thickened, underground stems.
Gladiola Corms
Bulbs are short, thickened, underground stem with thick storage leaves making up the bulk.
Stolons or runners
Leaf and Stem Arrangement
A stem has nodes and
internodes.
Nodes are where leaves or buds are attached.
Leaf arrangement:
• alternate• opposite• whorled
What leaf arrangement is pictured here?
Alternate
Leaf Anatomy
• Leaf is composed of:– leaf blade– petiole– stipules (in some
cases)
Stipules
Stipules
Name the parts
1 Blade
2 Vein
↑ 3
Stipules
↓4Petiole
Leaf Veins
Veins are extensions of the vascular system.• Venation types:
– parallel (mostly found in monocots)– pinnate– palmate
Leaf types:
• Simple
• compound– palmate– odd pinnate– even pinnate
Simple Leaf
Compound Leaves
Pinnately Compound Leaves
Plant identification requires the use of specialized term to describe the leaf tip, base, margin, shape,
and surface.
Leaf Tips
Leaf Bases
Leaf Shapes
Leaf Surfaces
Modified/Specialized Leaves
Bracts are modified leaves that may function as part of the flower.
Modified/Specialized Leaves
TendrilSpines
Parts of a typical flower:
• sepals that form the calyx• petals that form the corolla• stamens, male organ, with anther and
filament• pistil, female organ, with stigma, style and
ovary• receptacle• peduncle (pedicels)
Pollination and Fertilization
• To produce seed pollination followed by fertilization must take place.
• Self pollinating flowers are self-fertile
• Cross-pollinating flowers need pollen from other plants.
↓● ● ●
●Pollination
Pollination in action.
Flowers with no pistil are male flowers. (staminate flowers)
Flowers with no stamens are female flowers. (pistilate flowers)
Terms based on flowering characteristics:
• Monoecious• Dioecious• Polygamous
Dioecious plants: plants with only male or female flowers.These plants need two plants for fertilization.
Dioecious plants
Date Palm
Left: Female bearing fruit
Top: Male staminate flowers producing pollen
Monoecious plants: plants
with both male and female
flowers on one plant. Only one
plant needed for fertilization.
Monoecious plant – Pine Tree
Monoecious Plant
Pine Tree
Polygamous – plants that bear
staminate, pistillate, and
bisexual flowers. Example: Acer
rubrum
Inflorescences
Single (Solitaire) Inflorescence
Racemose Inflorencense
• Raceme• Panicle• Spike• Spathe & Spadix• Catkin• Corymb• Umbel• Head
See diagram
Umbel
Panicle
Spike
Cymose Inflorescence• Cyme• Fascicle
Cyme – apple blossom
Flower Forms and Parts
• What is a Complete Flower?
• What is a Perfect Flower?
• What is an Apetalous flower?
• What is an Asepalous flower?
Complete Flowers have 4 major parts.↓Pistil
← Stamen
← Petals
← Sepals
Let’s Review: Name the 4 major parts.
3 Petals
4 Sepals
2 Stamens
↓ 1 Pistil
What is a Perfect Flower?
A flower with at least the male (stamen) and female (pistil)
structures.
Perfect flower
Stamen
Pistil
Is this a perfect flower? Is it complete?
Apetalous flower – no petals
Asepalous flower – without sepals
Flower forms
• Gamopetalous – united petals– Funnel form– Rotate– Urn-shaped– Salver-form
• Gamosepalous – united sepals• Polypetalous – separate petals• Polysepalous – separate sepals
Gamopetalous
Gamosepalous
United sepals
Fruit and Seeds
Fruit and Seeds
Helpful tool in identification of plants.
Fruit is the mature ovary of a flower, contains the seed/or seeds
Fruit types:
• Fleshy• Dry Fruits• Dehiscent• Indehiscent
Examples for Fleshy fruits:
• Drupe• Berry• Pome• Aggregate Fruit
Drupe
PeachCoconut
Examples of Dry Fruits.
• Acheme• Samara• Nut• Capsule• Legume• Follicle
Leaves manufacture food for the plant.
Photosynthesis is the food manufacturing process.
Photosynthesis:Carbon dioxide + water + light energy sucrose + Oxygen CO2 + H2O + light C H2O + O2
Carbon dioxide + water + light energy sucrose + O2
6CO2 + 6H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6O2
Sucrose is the energy source used by most plants.
Chloroplasts collect the light needed for photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll.(See next slide)
Respiration is the burning of food (sugar) to release energy.(opposite of photosynthesis)
Respiration:sucrose + O2 Carbon dioxide + water + light energyhttp://wps.prenhall.com/esm_freeman_biosci_1/0,6452,498648-,00.html
Transpiration – loss of water though stomata in the leaf.
Stomata open and close by guard cells.
See next slide.
Transpiration
Environmental factors that affect Plant Growth
• Light• Temperature• Water.
The End