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Who maintains fruit tree diversity on farm?Hugo Lamers, Francesco Caracciolo, TM Gajanana et. al.21 August 2014, International Horticulture Conference, Brisbane, Australia
Mango growers in Malihabad, UP, India
Outline:
• Introduction and purpose
• Research question
• Methodology
• Data and results
• Conclusions and recommendations
Introduction
• Increasing interest for on-farm
conservation programs next to ex-
situ conservation
• Often assumed that crop diversity
is maintained by the poor
• Which social and economic factors
or farm practices of households
can explain or are highly
associated with a high level of on-
farm diversity
On-farm and in-situ conservation through
Community Biodiversity Management
How to intervene?
CBM
• 4 countries
• 22 sites
• 36 communities
• 15,000 Households
Three types of benefits from TFT diversity
• Fundamental source for new seedling material through open pollination and human & natural selection
• Eco-system services (pollination, lower pest & disease pressure)
• Risk management (economic, agronomic, climate)
• Source of food items (nutritional diversity)
• Source of non-food items
• Source of income
Why on-farm and in-situ conservation of PGR?
• Sustains the evolutionary process to create new diversity
• Sustains eco-system services and beneficial interactions with other species
• Sustains the cultural and traditional knowledge that is associated with the species or varieties
• Recognizes farmers’ rights - farmers as breeders
• Fruit tree species are recalcitrant
• Field genebanks are expensive and lack space
Methodology
1. Household questionnaire
• Random sampling of approx. 10% of the fruit farmers in each
community
• Total of 944 respondents
• Intra-specific diversity of mango, family characteristics, assets,
farm practices, income, market distance and use of services
(micro-finance, technical assistance)
2. Semi-structured interviews with ‘custodian farmers’
• Households who maintain most diversity and knowledge
• Identified by researchers, development workers or fellow
villagers
Sites
• 5 sites
• 18 communities
• 7,000 Households
Selection indicators
• Range of agro-ecosystems
• Traditional farming area with
low incomes
• Fruit trees important for
livelihoods
• Availability of local institutions
Results 1-.
4-.
20
.2.4
Wea
lth
Ind
ex
Amravati Chittoor Malihabat Pusa Sirsi
01
23
45
Ric
hn
ess
intr
asp
ecif
ic m
ang
ifer
a
Amravati Chittoor Malihabat Pusa Sirsi
05
10
15
20
-2 0 2 4 6Wealth index
Ric
hnes
s in
tra-
speci
fic_m
angif
era
Results 2
• The wealth index affects positively both the diversity indexes
• Intraspecific diversity affects positively the wealth index; however
there is no evidence of the effect of Simpson index on the wealth
index
• Weighted orchard age affects positively the intraspecific diversity of
mango, there is no effect on Simpson index
• Factors affecting intraspecific diversity of mango are: household
location, received technical assistance (+).
• Factors affecting the Simpson index are: household location,
received technical assistance (+) irrigation (+) number of female
household members (+) weeding (-) and market distance (-)
Results 3
36%
52%
62%
74%
85%
86%
91%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
cultural…
hobby
income
adaptation
forefathers
loss of diversity
home use
Why do you maintain a wide range of different fruit tree species and varieties at your farm?
35%
53%
12%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
No
Yes
Don’t …
I earn more income if I replace and grow commercial types
Conclusions
• Mango diversity maintained most likely by wealthier households
in traditional agricultural regions
• Motivations of custodian households are not only private and
economic but also common and social – secure crop diversity,
heritage from forefathers
• Different profiles for ‘users’ and ‘custodians’ of fruit tree diversity
So what?
• Policy makers, donors and
practitioners often link crop
diversity directly to poverty
• To improve impact and
effectiveness of interventions
Recommendations
• Need for tailored interventions to
custodians and users
• How to facilitate beneficial
linkages between both groups