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Overviewof
Municipal Solid WasteCollection & Disposal
Manoj ChaurasiaAssistant Environment Engineer
U P POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
Think before you throw!
Water Pollution Air Pollution
Hazardous waste
Municipal solid waste
Noise Pollution Bio-medical waste E-Waste
ENVIRONMENT and POLLUTIONRivers, ground water Ambient air quality
Open dumps in cities
Infectious waste
D.G. sets, Crackers
Toxic chemicals, Contamination
Discarded TV, Comp. parts
Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF), Government of India Establishes environmental policies, sets goals and
facilitate the implementation of such policies.
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) To set environmental standards for all parts of the
country.
State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) and Pollution Control Committees (PCCs)
Regulatory bodies set up for the implementation of the norms to bring pollution under control in the respective states and union territories.
Governing Bodies in India
Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 ………… ........... Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 ………….. …….
Functions and responsibilities of CPCB, SPCBs & PCCs are assigned under these Acts and Rules.
Environmental Acts and Rules
Municipal solid waste includes commercial and residential wastes generated in a municipal & notified areas in either solid or semi-solid form excluding ind. Hazardous waste but including treated bio-medical wastes.
Various components of MSW are: 1) Inorganic part: Paper and card board
Glass Metals(ferrous and non-ferrous) Dust, dirt and sweepings
2) Organic part: Food waste Vegetables and fruits peelings waste
Garden waste
MSW generated in urban areas is collected at the source of generation(houses) in small bins and
segregation (separation of inorganics from organics) is done by the rag-pickers in our country
Municipal Solid Waste : Introduction
Typical Composition of Indian MSWComponents Composition (% by weight)
Metal 0.2-2.5
Glass, ceramics 0.5-3.5
Food and Kitchen waste 40-65
Paper 1-10
Textiles 1-5
Plastics/rubber 1-5
Misc. combustibles 1-8
Misc incombustibles -
Inert 20-50
(Ref: Environmental studies: A practitioner’s approach, Arceivala & Asolekar, 2012)
Rapid urbanisation, change in lifestyles and rise in population has resulted in generation of huge quantities of MSW.
The quantity of MSW generated is much higher than the quantity collected, transported and disposed, leading to pilling up of uncollected waste in streets, pub. places, drains.
THE OLD SYSTEM OF DUMPING SOLID WASTE IN LOW LYING LAND
Slow decomposition over many years of unsegregated (organics and inorganics) solid waste.
Rag pickers worked in filthy conditions. Generated gases are given off to the atmosphere without
utilizing their calorific value. Methane considered as causing global warming effect too
The insanitary methods adopted for disposal have proven serious health concern.
Need to dispose municipal solid waste in most safe & scientific manner
Need for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment
Responsibilities under MSW (M&H) Rules
S. No.
Agencies/Authorities Responsibilities
1. Municipal Authorities ---
2. Urban Development Dept.
---
3. District Magistrate/Collector
---
4. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
---
5. State Pollution Control Board (SPCB)
(i) Monitor the compliance of standards regarding ground water, ambient air, leachate quality and the compost quality including incineration stds as specified under schedule II, III and IV.
(ii) Issuance of authorization to the operator of a facility stipulating compliance criteria and stds.
(iii) Prepare and submit to the CPCB an annual report with regard to the implementation of the Rules.
Monitoring of Compliance of standards by MSW facilityGround water Hand pumps at different depthsBore wells
Ambient air
CH4NH3SPMSO2Non-edible perennial vegetative cover
Leachate quality
BOD, COD,Dissolve organicsCollected & treated before discharge nearby
Compost quality incl. incineration std.
Final compost parametersWindrow base
Authorization to MSW Processing/Disposal Facility
Reporting to MOEF & CPCB
Reporting to MOEF & CPCB
Reporting to MOEF & CPCB
MSW Treatment: Available technologies
Incineration Refused-Derived Fuel (RDF) Composting Bio-methanisation Recycling Sanitary Landfill (SLF)
Municipal Waste Treatment TechnologiesIncineration Incineration is a direct burning of waste in the presence of
excess air liberating heat energy, which can be utilized for producing power.
Indian MSW contains high percentage of inerts and having low calorific value. Therefore, incineration becomes expensive and has not preferred in India.
Refused- Derived Fuel (RDF) The process of conversion of garbage into fuel pellets
involves primarily drying, separation of non combustible fro m garbage and further size reduction and pelletazation.
Bio-Methanation Bio-methanation is to create methane gas from organic
matter present in the waste. Gas has fuel value. Bio-metahnation plants developed by BARC, Mumbai are
being successfully run in india for treating food and kitchen wastes.
Municipal Waste Treatment TechnologiesComposting Composting is a process that uses oxygen, bacteria, fungi
to breakdown organic matter for the purpose of making a material to be used for growing vegetation or as soil supplement.
Recycling Recycling consists of a series of activities that involve
collecting, sorting and processing or converting used abandoned material into useful products.
Sanitary landfill (SLF) SLF is the scientific dumping of MSW using an engineered
facility that requires detailed planning and specifications, careful construction and efficient operation.
As per Gov. of India’s MSW rule, the non-biodegradable, inert waste is required to be sanitary landfilled.
Overviewof
Municipal Solid Waste Treatment Facility (MSW
TF)
General Facilities at MSW Site
Weighing facility for MSW loaded vehicles Pre-shorting m/c Pre- composting area Semi-finished screening m/c Composting shed Finished screening m/c Final compost area Palletizer for RDF Facility for eco-brick and plastic granules Sanitary landfill with leachate treatment facility
Flow Diagram for a Typical Compost Based MSW Facility
Weighing of MSW
Pre - shorting
m/c
Pre-composting
area
Semi-finished
screening m/c
Composting shed
Finished screening
m/c
Landfill area
Refused derived fuel (RDF) through
pelletizer
Plastics for granule making
Eco-bricks
Final compost
area
Compost for packing
Effluent treatment
Pit for leachate
MSW Facility
CONSTRUCTION of SECURED LANDFILL
Landfill Excavation Starts
2mm ‘HDPE’ PIPES
LINER WELDING & TESTING
Geo Textile Layer LANDFILL READY TO RECEIVED Hz. WASTE
Landfill Excavation Starts
MU
NIC
IPA
L W
AST
E LA
ND
FILL
CR
OSS
SEC
TIO
N
(LIN
ER S
YSTE
M &
CO
VER
SYT
EM)
285 gsm GEOTEXTILE
DRAWING NOT TO SCALE
60 cm
45 cm
= 1.5mm HDPE Geo MembraneCLAY.
7-8mm Drainage Composite
Vegetation
Sub Soil
HAZARDOUS WASTE]
SOIL COVER
GAS COLLECTION MEDIA
Top Soil
Vegetative Soil
GEO NET
Gas Vent
15 cm
45 cm
= 2mm HDPE Geo MembraneCompacted Clay / Compacted Amended Soil
400 G.S.M Geo Textile
30 cm
285 gsm GEOTEXTILE 200mm Thick Filter
Media (20mm Gravels)
100mm Thick SandLeachate Collection Pipe
LANDFILL CAPPING
Status of MSW in Allahabad Region
Name of Operator
Allahabad Waste Processing Co. Ltd.- SPML, Allahabad
A2Z Waste Management Ltd. , Fatehpur
Project Cost 76.41 Crores 9.37 Crores
Site Area 67 Acres 18.58 Acres
Treatment Capacity
600 TPD 100 TPD
MSW Available for Treatment
300 TPD 25-30 TPD
Facility Composting, Landfill with leachate treatment, RDF
Composting, Landfill with leachate treatment,
RDF
Bottlenecks in MSW Treatment
Composting has gained wide acceptance as a key component of integrated solid waste management system
Debate Continues: What material should be composted ? (organic waste separated at their source Vs mixed municipal solid waste)
Quantity of material diverted from landfills, the quality of final compost, the impact on recycling and the cost
Bottlenecks in MSW Treatment
Many potential compost users are concerned about physical and chemical contaminants in compost made from mixed municipal solid waste.
Chemical contaminants which includes both toxic organic chemicals (e.g. PCBs and dioxins) and heavy metals (e.g. lead, mercury) pose a greater problem for this technology
Manual picking lines, size separation, magnetic metal recovery, air
classification and other mechanical approaches are effective but rarely
target the specific sources of contaminants
Possible Solution: Source Segregation This method generally requires households to separate their
waste into three streams i.e. source segregation method: 1) Recyclable (glass, plastic, metallic items) 2) Compostable (food, yard, non-recyclable packaging and paper waste) 3) Material for disposal (diapers, pet waste and sweepings)
A recent study (CPCB, 2006) has recommended that the compost plant
should be fed with only source segregated organic waste to ensure heavy metals in
the compost are within limits
Principal Challenge The principal challenge is to generate a market for the finished
compost Agriculture use requires transportation@ 20-100 tonne per
hectare per year. This can prove more expensive than chemical fertilizers.
Farmers are attracted by chemical fertilizers and forget the soil conditioning benefit of compost.
Finished Compost from MSW is a soil conditioner. No solid waste
disposal system makes profit for the local body. We at least get a useful product out of wastes and
save our scarce resources(Ref: Environmental studies: A practitioner’s approach, Arceivala & Asolekar, 2012)
Thank You