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Plastic Marine Debris Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman HafenCity Universität Hamburg Resource Efficiency in Architecture and Planning Urban Material Cycles SoSe 2015
HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman 1
Source: Plastic Disclosure Project <hLps://vimeo.com/88804648>
HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman 2
3 HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman
Source: Plastics Europe 2014
HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman 4
Source: Plastics Europe 2014
HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman 5
HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman 6
Plastic entering the ocean
Environmental damage cost
Natural capital cost of plastics used in consumer goods industry
Source: Rochman 2014
7 HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman
Largest Contributors
Source: Jambeck 2015
8 HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman
HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman 9
Gyres
Marine debris is a subject to transport by ocean currents and tends to accumulate in a limited number of subtropical convergence zones or gyres. These gyres occur in the North and South Atlantic Ocean, the North and South Pacific, and the Indian Ocean.
Source: UNEP 2014 hLp://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/04/140404-‐‑garbage-‐‑patch-‐‑indian-‐‑ocean-‐‑debris-‐‑malaysian-‐‑plane/
10 HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman
Source: UNEP 2014
Marine Threat 1: Entanglement
11 HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman
Marine Threat 2: Ingestion
Source: Oregon Beachcomber Blog 2013
Marine Threat 3: Transportation
12 HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman
Source: thankyouocean.org
13 HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel A. Titho & Heather Troutman
Source: realsavvy.com
13 HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel A. Titho & Heather Troutman
HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman 14
Degradation
Temporal Chemical Physical Energetic
Source: hLps://www.flickr.com/photos/anxiousnut/5389242951/ hLp://biathlon-‐‑ufa2009.com/how-‐‑to-‐‑remove-‐‑nail-‐‑polish.html hLps://fissionenvironmentalists.wordpress.com/2012/02/17/nuclear-‐‑waste-‐‑can-‐‑it-‐‑be-‐‑disposed-‐‑of-‐‑safely/
15 HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman
Source: UNEP 2014 Microplastics are formed when plastic items fragment and disintegrate. The rate of fragmentation is highly depended on the environmental seLing, especially temperature and the amount of UV light available. Microplastics are also manufactured for use in plastic production, for other industrial purposes such as sand blasting, or for use in consumer (eg. personal care) products. The term ‘microplastics’ is widely used to describe plastic particles with an upper size limit of 5 mm in diameter, which is the size range most readily ingested by many organism. However, microplastics in products can be as small as 0.004 µμm
Microplastics
16 HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel A. Titho & Heather Troutman
Source: knowledge.allianz.com
17 HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman
Antioxidants
Flame Retardants Blowing Agents
Stabilizers
Colorants
Antistatic Agents
Free Radical Inhibitors
Lubricants
Plasticizers Solvents
Ultraviolet Absorbers
Source: Frenikel 2011
18 HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman
Source: Plastics Europe 2014
Carcinogenic
Source: marinedebris.noaa.gov
19 HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel A. Titho & Heather Troutman
Ñ Freinkel, Susan (2011) Plastic: A Toxic Love Story. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston
Ñ Jambeck, Jenna R.; et al (2015) “Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean” Science. Vol. 347 -‐‑ Issue 6223
Ñ Oregon Beachcomber Blog (2013, Jan. 21) “Becoming BeLer Marine Stewards” (Jan. 21, 2013) <hLp://www.oregonbeachcomber.com/2013/01/aloha-‐‑today-‐‑i-‐‑have-‐‑couple-‐‑of-‐‑updates.html>
Ñ Plastics Europe (2014) “Plastics – the facts 2014/2015: An analysis of European plastics production, demand and waste data.”
Ñ Rochman, Chelsea M.; et al (2013) “Classify plastic waste as hazardous” Nature. Vol. 494 p. 169-‐‑171
Ñ UNEP -‐‑ United Nations Environmental Programme (2014) [1] “Ch.8 Plastic Debris in the Ocean.” Year Book 2014: Emerging Issues.
Ñ UNEP (2014) [2] Ñ UNEP (2014) [3] Valuing Plastic: The Business Case for Measuring, Managing, and Disclosing Plastic Use in the Consumer Goods Industry.
Ñ Withey, JR. (1977) Mutagenic, Carcinogenic, and Teratogenic Hazards Arising from Human Exposure to Plastic Additives
Resources
HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman 20