PAYING BACK TO MY HOME VILLAGE THROUGH THE REACTIVATION OF

PARTICIPATORY VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT (GOTONG-ROYONG)

Imam B. Prasodjo

cus

ADAT

nation

ADAT

MODERN NATION

ADAT

ADAT

ADAT

ADAT

ADAT

ETHNIC RACE RELIGION

ADAT

CLASS

nationnation

STATE

INDONESIA AS A MULTICULTURALNATION STATE

More than 700 ethnic groupsand all major religions

70.611 villages with distinct customary laws

More than 50 ethno-nations

Customary Community

Identity Groups and Classes

Etho-nations

Modern Nation State

The Goals of the State of Indonesia

• Protect all the people of Indonesia and their entire native land,

• Improve the public welfare• Advance the intellectual life of the

people • Contribute to the establishment of a

world order based on freedom, abiding peace and social justice

4

Economists with Guns:Authoritarian Development and U.S.-Indonesian Relations, 1960-1968

Bradley R. Simpson

Stanford University Press 2008

TOP-DOWN DEVELOPMENT BY FORCE (GUNS)

The Increasing Inequality

Economic equality in Indonesia

Source: Euromonitor International from national statisticsNote: Data for 2020 are forecasts

■Between 2006 and 2011, Indonesia's Gini coefficient rose from 33.0% to 37.7%, reflecting greater income inequality. A zero Gini coefficient represents perfect income equality and a score of 100% indicates absolute income inequality;

■The widening wealth gap can undermine the business opportunities presented by the emerging middle class in that it can cause social and political discontent, threatening the business environment and economic growth in Indonesia.

■In 2006, the richest 10% of households (decile 10 households) possessed 24.6% of total annual disposable income. By 2011, their share had risen to 27.9%. During the same period, the poorest 100% of households (decile 1) saw their share of total annual disposable income diminishing from 2.5% to 2.1%;

increase

decline

decline

CITY LIFE

THE AGE OF EXTREMES?

Demography, November 33-Number 4, November 1996

Urbanization, rising income inequality, and increasing class segregation have produced a geographic concentration of affluence and poverty throughout the world, creating a radical change in the geographic basis of human society. As the density of poverty rises in the environment of the world’s poor, so will their exposure to crime, disease, violence, and family disruption. Meanwhile the spatial concentration of affluence will enhance the benefits and privileges of the rich. In the twenty-first century the advantages and disadvantages of one’s class position will be compounded and reinforced through ecological mechanisms made possible by the geographic concentration of affluence and poverty, creating a deeply divided and increasingly violent social world.

EXTREME INEQUALITY

SOCIAL CONFLICT

Communal Conflicts in Ambon

http://themediaproject.org/article/give-peace-ambon?page=full

http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2013/0508/Provoking-peace-in-Indonesia

Warga yang melarikan diri dari kerusuhan bergegas memanjat sebuah kapal di pelabuhan Ambon pada 28 Februari 1999, setelah ledakan bom hari sebelumnya. Konflik di Ambon dari tahun 1999-2002 menggusur sekitar 700.000 warga, menurut UNICEF. [Supri/Reuters]

http://khabarsoutheastasia.com/id/articles/apwi/articles/features/2012/07/25/feature-03

http://www.blogger-indonesia.com/2011/07/tawuran-antar-warga-manggarai-dan.html

Gang Conflicts in Manggarai and Menteng, Jakarta

http://www.museum.polri.go.id/lantai2_linyanyom_pngamann-tawuran.html

Student Brawls Becoming Increasing Violent

http://www.republika.co.id/berita/rol-to-campus/uin-sunan-gunung-djati/12/10/21/mc8sli-hanya-di-indonesia-ada-pelajaran-tawuran

Student Brawls Becoming Increasing Violent

THE RESPONSE

Development

FAILURE

INEFFECTIVE

waste of

resources

inappropriate

interventions

THE FUNCTION OF GOTONG ROYONG

INSTINCTS

INTERESTS

Hostile

Love and Affection

Incompatible

Compatible

Disharmonious

RelationsHarm

onious Relations

SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS

1

3

2

SOCI

AL O

RDER

GOTONGROYONG

THE IMPORTANCE OF GOTONG ROYONG THE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

(Building Healthy Social Relationships)

• First, gotong royong is an approach of development through working together to foster the energetic engagement with diversity. ..Mere diversity without real encounter and relationship through gotong royong will yield increasing tensions in our societies.

• Second, gotong royong will provide the active seeking of understanding across lines of difference.

• Third, gotong royong will nurture healthy dialogue…Dialogue means both speaking and listening, and that process reveals both common understandings and real differences.

—Extended from Diana L. Eckhttp://pluralism.org/pluralism/what_is_pluralism

The Response…1. ‘Development Through Gotong Royong’ (Participatory development)

– Participatory assessments and planning– Capacity building of community-based organizations– Revolving loan funds for microfinance

•

The Response…2. Targeted project interventions

– Logical Framework (Logframe)– Top Down Develepment– Measurable outputs (deliverables)– Project Cycle Management: complete activities and deliver outputs according to

pre-determined timeline and budget

Both are responses to critiques of development Both intended to increase accountability, effectiveness

BUT…Based on contradictory understandings of the nature of

social transformation

Development Through Gotong Royong

Targeted Project Interventions

World views make a difference

Sumber Gambar: http://stylepantry.com

Top-DownCentralistic Approach

• Those who are ‘developed’ have the ability (and obligation) to intervene on behalf of those perceived to be “less developed” (Cowen and Shenton 1996).

• Professional scientists know best (Bookrags 2001, Carr 2002).

• Development management should be performed solely by outside “experts” who are objective and rational (Owens 2000).

• Local knowledge is disregarded because it is considered to be irrational, unsophisticated and irrelevant (Vanclay and Lawrence 1995, Carr 2002).

• Local people mostly can take care of their own problems, facilities, and community (Weber 2003).

• Local people is considered the appropriate experts on their local environments (Chamber 1997).

• Local knowledge should be valued and appreciated.

• Provides space and flexibility to adjust to local context, adapt to change, and learn from experience.

• Encourage local people to organize themselves to work together on locally based environmental problems or issues (Agrawal and Gibson 2001, Carr 2002).

• Personal transformation is at the basis of social transformation.

Bottom-UpParticipatory Approach

Source: see Julia L. Smith 2008, Ray Jenning 2000

Approach 1: 1. Social Mapping2. Recruit local individuals and groups (or

use existing groups) to be agents of change

Approach 2: Strengthen Inter-group Relations

1. Identify how power is currently distributed in the community. Discuss and negotiate with all relevant parties involved how power will be shared and distributed in relation to decision-making, resource allocation and defining project objectives and outcomes.

2. Plan, design and deliver cross-cutting activities to develop gotong royong (participatory community development programs) involving all relevant parties. Encourage other members of their community to work on community-based interventions.

Approach 3: Participatory Evaluation for Improvement

1. Evaluation processes are needed to increase understanding of how community engagement and the different approaches used.

2. Involve members of the community in the evaluation of the programs to: Ensure all measurement indicators and methods of monitoring

the whole activity are used. Includes a range of indicators that help to evaluate not only

what works but in what context, as well as the costs and the experiences of those involved

Considers alternative frameworks required to achieve success

3. Plan to design improved programs for the future

05/01/2023 34

HYBRID MODEL

PRIVATE STATE

COOPERATIVEMANAGEMENT

CORPORATE SUPPORT

COMMUNITYSUPPORT

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

HYBRID INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT

KONDISI KELUARGA

INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT

SMPN 3 Tegalwaru

Radio Pendidikan

Kebun Organik

Perahu Ilmu

Rumah IlmuMobil IlmuTraining

GuruAmphy-Theater

SDdi Kecamatan

Tegalwaru

KONDISI KOMUNITAS

Peningkatan Gizi

Peningkatan Layanan

Kesehatan

RehabSekolah2

Training GTT/PTT

Training Guru

Air Bersih

Saung Ilmu

Perahu Ilmu

PertanianOrganik

Perbaikan Jalan

BangunLapang OR

Pemberdayaan Ekonomi

Fasilitasi Pengangkatan

Guru

05/01/2023 36

INTEGRATED PARTICIPATORY COMMUNITY

DEVELOPMENT

Pendidikan

Perpustakaan

Desa

Radio Pendidik

an Penguatan Lembaga Pendidika

SD, SMP,SMK

dan Pendiian Yayasan

Pendidikan Pena Hijau

Perumahan Guru & Rumah

Ilmu

Training Guru

Intrastruktur

Umum

Bendungan Air dan

Salluran Air Bersih

Darmaga

Lapangan Olah Raga

Pengaspalan Jalan

Desa

PusatPelatiha

n

Kebun Organik

Pelatihan Produksi Perahu Fiber

Pelatihan Pengolahan Ikan

Pelatihan Pengolahan BambuKeseh

atan

Pengadaan &

Pemberdayaan Bidan

Kebun Gizi Masyaraka

t

PenyediaanMobil

Ambulan dan Ambulan Air

Pusat Pelayanan Ibu

dan Anak

Ekowisata

Pemberdayaan Budaya

PemberdayaanEkonomi

SAVING ENVIRONMENT IN MY HOME VILLAGE

LOKASI PENGHIJAUAN:

DESA-DESA SEPANJANGSUNGAI SAPI

MERDEN

JALATUNDA

PETIR

KARANGANYAR

KALITENGAH

KALIAJIR

PUCUNGBEDUG

LOKASI AWALPUSAT PENGHIJAUANDI TANAH BENGKOK DESA DESA MERDEN

SEKILAS KONDISI LAHAN KRITIS

BUKIT SUGENG SEPANJANG SUNGAI SAPI, KECAMATAN PURWONEGORO, KABUPATEN

BANJARNEGARA

SUNGAI SAPI YANG MENDANGKAL

TANAH BENGKOK DESA PETIR 30 HA

LAHAN KRITIS DI BUKIT SUGENGSEPANJANG DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI SAPI

LAHAN KRITIS DI BUKIT SUGENGSEPANJANG DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI SAPI

PENAMBANGAN PASIR KUARSA

STRATEGI1. Penentuan Lokasi Lahan Kritis Sebagai Target Awal

Penghijauan/Penghutanan2. Identifikasi dan Pembentukan Kelompok Pemilik

& Pengelola Lahan3. Test Laboratorium Kualitas Tanah4. Perawatan Sumber-Sumber Mata Air5. Penentuan Lokasi dan Pembuatan Embung Air6. Pembuatan Lubang-Lubang Biopori

STRATEGI7. Identifikasi dan Penanaman Bibit Pohon Yang Cocok

Dengan Tanah dan Kehendak Warga8. Penentuan Wilayah Penghijauan sebagai: 1) Hutan

Lindung, 2) Hutan Produktif, 3) Kebun Palawija9. Identifikasi Sumber Produksi Pupuk dan Penyiapan

Sentra Produksi Pupuk10. Perluas Kelompok Sosial Pendukung Penghijauan11. Membangun Gubug Pusat Infomasi, Koordinasi, dan

Penjagaan (Jaga Wana)12. Pembentukan dan Pemantapan Kelompok Laskar

Penghijauan

Lanjutan …

PELATIHAN MENGGUNAKAN GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

PELATIHAN MENGGUNAKAN GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

SURVEY KE LOKASI LAHAN KRITIS

PEMETAAN LAHAN KRITIS SECARA PARTISIPATIF MENGGUNAAN GPS

HASIL PETA GPS RENCANA LAHAN PENGHIJAUAN DI TANAH BENGKOK DESA MERDEN:

Awal Lokasi Penghijauan

HASIL GPS PETA TANAH BENGKOK DESA MERDEN:Awal Lokasi Penghijauan

PEMBENTUKAN KELOMPOK PETANI PENGGARAP

PENGHIJAUAN LAHAN KRITIS DAN

SOSIALISASI

PEMBAGIAN LAHAN PENGHIJAUAN/PENGHUTANAN

• HUTAN LINDUNG (HUTAN TUTUPAN)• HUTAN PRODUKTIF• KEBUN PALAWIJA

PERPUSTAKAAN DESASEBAGAI KANTOR KOORDINASI

PENENTUAN PEMBAGIANLAHAN PENGHUTANAN

FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION

DENGANPIMPINAN KELOMPOK

TANI

HASIL TEST TANAH BENGKOK DESA MERDEN

MENCARI SUMBER MATA AIR

BERGOTONG-ROYONG MEMBUAT EMBUNG AIR

PELIBATAN SISWA BERGOTONG-ROYONG DALAM PENGHIJAUAN

EMBUNG AIR

EMBUNG AIR

EMBUNG AIR

EMBUNG AIR DI BUKIT-BUKIT

PEMBUATAN LUBANG BIOPORI

PEMBUATAN LUBANG BIOPORI

PEMBUATAN LUBANG BIOPORI

PUSAT PEMBUATAN PUPUK ORGANIK

PUSAT PEMBUATAN PUPUK ORGANIK

PUSAT PEMBUATAN PUPUK ORGANIK

PUPUK ORGANIK

PENYEDIAAN BIBIT POHON ATAS DASAR PERMINTAAN PETANI DAN SARAN AHLI

BIBIT PENDUKUNG

BIBIT POHON BUAH UTAMA

BIBIT TANAMAN

KERAS

BIBIT PALAWIJA

PISANG RAJA BULU MANGGIS JABON JAGUNG

AREN TOMOHON PALA JATI KACANG TANAHAKAR WANGI DUREN MINDI CABE RAWITKALIANDRA PETE ALBASIAH KACANG PANJANGRUMPUT GAJAH ALPOKAT JENITRI TOMAT

MERICA SAWO KECIK NYAMPLUNGJAMBU GETAS MERAH

RAMBUTANMANGGA

BIBIT YANG TERSUPLAI

GOTONG-ROYONG

MENANAM

SENTRA HIJAU(POSKO KOORDINASI DAN JAGA WANA)

SELAMATANDI SENTRA HIJAU

SOSIALISASI MENGGALANG DUKUNGAN LUAS DARI SELURUH

WARGA

KOORDINASI DENGAN SEKDA BANJARNEGARA, SYAMSUDDIN

MENGGALANG PARTISIPASI KARANG TARUNA

SOSIALISASI DENGAN SELURUH WARGA DESA

BERDISKUSI MENDALAMBERSAMA PEMIMPIN KELOMPOKTANI KOORDINATOR LAPANGANPENGHIJAUAN

BERDISKUSI MENDALAM BERSAMA PEMIMPIN KELOMPOKTANI KOORDINATOR LAPANGAN PENGHIJAUAN

HASIL PENGHIJAUAN SETELAH SATU TAHUN

PEMBIBITAN DAN PEMUPUKAN

PEMBIBITAN AREN TOMOHON

PEMBIBITAN JABON

FERMENTASI PAKAN TERNAK

SAPI SEBAGAI PELENGKAP PRODUKSI PUPUK ORGANIK

PENYEDIAAN AIR MINUM

Video Presentation:Building Responsive Community in Banjarnegara

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