Municipal Solid waste Management in INDIA

PLANNING COLLOQUIUM

SUBMITTED TO :

Mrs.Indu PriyaSUBMITTED BY :

G.Gowtham Raj 11011BA003

P.Joseph 11011BA006

B.Laxmi Sarojini Harsha 11011BA007

K.Ravi Varma 11011BA019

Y.Sarath Chandra 11011BA027

V.Srinivas

11011BA032DEPARTMENT OF URBAN & REGIONAL PLANNING

School of Planning & Architecture

JNAFAU

ISSUES IN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Introduction -MSW

G.Gowtham Raj , P.Joseph , B.L.S.Harsha , K.Ravi Varma , Y.Sarath Chandra , V.SrinivasPLANNING VII Sem

Definition:

Municipal Solid Waste includes commercial and residential wastes generated in a municipal or notified

areas in either solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated bio-

medical wastes

- Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules,

2000.

Waste minimization:

Prevention of waste being created is known as waste

reduction which is an important method of waste

management.

The modern concepts based on the three ‘R’s are:

Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.

Methods of avoidance include reuse of second hand

products, designing products to be refillable or

reusable, repairing broken items instead of buying new

etc


Solid Waste Management in India

India is the second largest nation in the world, with a population of 1.21 billion, accounting for nearly

18% of world’s human population.

The proportion of population residing in urban areas has increased from 27.8 % in 2001 to 31.80 %

in 2011 and likely to reach 50% by 2030.

India is facing a sharp contrast between its increasing urban population and available services and

resources. Solid waste management (SWM) is one such service where India has an enormous gap to

fill.

Waste Generation:

It is estimated that Urban India generates about 1.5 Lakhs Tonnes per day.

The per capita waste generation rate in India has increased from 0.44 kg/day in 2001 to 0.5 kg/day in

2011.

Waste generation rate in Indian cities ranges between 200 - 870 grams/day, depending upon the

region’s lifestyle and the size of the city. The per capita waste generation is increasing by about 1.3%

per year in India



MSWM - Important Policy landmarks and funding initiatives of GoI

Source: IMaCS analysis



Roles & responsibilities of Institutions in SWM

Source: IMaCS analysis

Responsible institutions Roles and responsibilities in SWM

Government of India and State Governments Make Central/ State-level laws and rules; frame policies;

prepare guidelines, manuals, and technical assistance;

provide financial support

Municipal authorities and state government Plan for MSWM treatment facilities

Municipal authorities Collect, transport, treat and dispose of waste

Municipal authorities with state government

approval

Frame bylaws; levy and collect fees

Municipal authorities, State and central

governments

Capital investment in SWM systems

National Legal & Regulatory Framework

74th Amendment Act for empowered municipalities to implement SWM

schemes

Municipal Solid Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 by

MoEF

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981


Metro Cities

CITYAHMEDABA

D

BANGLOR

ECHENNAI DELHI

HYDERAB

AD

KOLKAT

AMUMBAI

Population(2011) 6,352,254 8,499,399 8,696,010

16,314,838/

21,753,486(m

)

7,749,334/

9,900,000(m

)

14,112,53

6

18,414,288/2

0,748,395(m

)

Area(sq.kms) 7,700 741 1,189 46,208 7,100 1,886.67 4,355

Density 720 11,000 20,000 11,297.01 18,480 24,000 21,000

Total Waste

Generated(tonnes/day

)2010-11

2300 3700 4500 6800 4200 3670 6500

5114.76 7000

By EEC/WTERT 2636 3501 6404 11558 5154 12060 11645

Per Capita Waste

Generation0.42 0.45 0.71 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.51

Total Waste collected 700Source:

Status report on municipal solid waste management by

CPCB

Earth Engineering Centre (EEC)

Waste to Energy Research & Technology

Council(WTERT)


Service Level Benchmarks

Metro Cities

1HH

Coverag

e

Collection

Efficiency

Segregation

of MSW

MSW

Recovery

Scientific

Disposal

Cost

Recovery

Collection

Efficiency

Complaints

Redressal

Benchmark 100% 100% 100% 80% 100% 80% 100% 90%

National

Average39 80 0 0 0 0 0 70

AHMEDABA

D96 95 15 15 100 20 20 90

BANGLORE 70 60 2 33 54 1 16

DELHI(2008) 4.2 80.8 31.6 31.6 1.2 90

HYDERABA

D72 80 0 12 0 75 13 65

MUMBAI 100 100 15 2 0 100 100 100Source: SLB Data book , 2008

, 2010

1148

67 18

Total projects No.of sanctioned No.of completed

UNDER JnNURM (UIDSSMT)

599

4613

Total projects No.of sanctioned No.of completed

UNDER JnNURM (UIG)

SWM Projects under JnNURM

SectorNo. of projects

approved

No. of projects

completed

Drinage/ strome water 76 29

Roads/ flyovers 104 60

water supply 186 71

urban renewal 10 4

sewerage 122 35

other urban transport 17 12

mass rapid transport 22 7

solid waste management 46 13

parking lots 5 0

development of heritage 7 2

preservation of water

bodies4 0

Total 599 233

sectorNo. of projects

approved

No. of projects

completed

Strom water /drainage 78 33

Road 221 83

Parking 1 1

Sewerage 156 18

Soil Erosion 4 1

Solid wastemanagement 67 18

Urban renewal 10 7

water Body 13 7

Water supply 597 285

Heritage 1

Total 1148 453

Source: JnNURM



LANDFILL

A landfill site (also known as dump, rubbish dump or dumping ground) is a site for the disposal of

waste materials by burial and is the oldest form of waste treatment.

The design, construction, management of the Landfill should be in accordance with the MSW Act

2000.

ISSUES:

A large number of impacts may occur from landfill operations. These impacts can include:

i. Injuries to wildlife

ii. Infrastructure damage

iii. Pollution of the local environment

iv. Harboring of disease vectors (such as rats/flies)

v. Methane is generated (by decaying organic wastes)

vi. Fatal accidents (such as scavengers buried under waste piles)

Landfill Issues

Name of city No. of landfills Area landfill (ha)

Chennai 2 465.5

Coimbatore 2 292

Surat 1 200

Greater Mumbai* 3 140

Greater Hyderabad* 1 121.5

Ahmadabad* 1 84

Delhi* 3 66.4

Jabalpur 1 60.7

Indore 1 59.5

Madurai 1 48.6

Greater Bangalore 2 40.7

Greater Visakhapatnam 1 40.5

Ludhiana 1 40.4

Nasik 1 34.4

Jaipure 3 31.4


Name of city No. of landfills Area of landfill (ha)

Srinagar 1 30.4

Kanpur 1 27

Kolkata * 1 24.7

Chandigarh 1 18

Ranchi 1 15

Raipur 1 14.6

Meerut 2 14.2

Guwahati 1 13.2

thiruvananthapuram 1 12.5

Note: * having both sanitary landfill and landfill sites

Sanitary Landfill sites in India:

Delhi

Mumbai

Ahmadabad

Pondicherry

Hyderabad

Pune

Agra

Lucknow

Kolkata



Landfills in metro cities

CITY No of Landfills

Delhi 3-Ghaziapur,Bhalaswa,Okhla

Kolkata 2-Dhapa,Naopada,Garden Reach

Greater Hyderabad 1-Jawahar Nagar

Bangalore 7-Mandur North,Mandur South, Mavallipura,

Anjanapur, Cheemsandra, Kannahalli, S.Bingipura

Chennai 2-Kodungaiyur, Perungudi

Ahmedabad 1-Pirana

Mumbai 2-Deonar,Ghorai


Landfill Issues

TYPE OF IMPACT EXAMPLE

Environment

Surface water

contamination

oTakes place when the wastes reach

water bodies

oPollution of rivers, lakes and ground

water

Ground water

contamination

Takes place when residues from

waste, leach into the ground water

▪A specific environmental hazard

caused by waste is Leachate which is

the liquid that forms as water trickles

through contaminated areas leaching

out the chemicals

▪Movement of Leachate from

landfills, effluent treating plants and

waste disposal sites may result in

hazardous substances entering surface

water, ground water or soil

Mavallipura

landfill site in

Bangalore


Landfill Issues

TYPE OF IMPACT EXAMPLE

Environment

Soil contamination

•Caused by dumping of waste

▪Waste can harm plants and

can indirectly adversely impact

the health of humans and

animals

Jawahar nagar

landfill,Hyderaba

d

Air contamination

waste burning

Green house gases: from

landfills

Mavallipura

landfill site in

Bangalore

Health

Dengue,malaria,intestin

al problems,vision

problems,etc.

Landfills are living sites for

number of disease carrying

medians such as flies,rats,etc.

Economic

issues

Decrease of land rents

and land values

Burning of waste,emission of

bad odour and contamination

of natural habitat

Agriculture lands are vacated

due to water contamination

and ash emission from burning

of waste materials.

Mavallipura

Case study BANGALORE

1/19/2015 Issues in Solid Waste

Management

15


CASE OF MAVALLIPURA LANDFILLS The Mavallipura landfills are merely 2.5 kms. away from the

the flow of River Arkavathi and comprehensively violate anan order of the Karnataka Department of Forest, Ecology andEcology and Environment that protects the 1453 sq kmswatershed of Tippagondanahalli Reservoir across ArkavathiArkavathi - a major drinking water source for Bangalore -- from polluting facilities.

landfills is that they are located merely 5.6 kms from thecritical defense facility Yelahanka Air Force Base.

Pond near landfill site, Mavallipuram

Unsegregated waste in Mavallipuram

G.Gowtham Raj , P.Joseph , B.L.S.Harsha , K.Ravi Varma , Y.Sarath Chandra , V.Srinivas PLANNING VII Sem

ISSUES IN MAVALLIPURA LANDFILL SITE:

With water contamination widespread, diarrhea is very common. This has resulted in people

becoming increasingly vulnerable to a variety of infections and children appear generally

malnourished.

The most alarming indicator of the high rate of human toxicity is that the village has discovered a

sudden spike in the rate of cancers, kidney failures and heart diseases.

The results showed that the highest metal concentration that exists in the Leachate was Iron which

is about of 12 ppm.

Contamination of the soil and water resulting in failed crops, such that many of the farmers in the

village are turning to alternate means of livelihood like brick making.

NO FENCING: Landfill site shall be fenced or hedged and provided with proper gate to monitor

incoming vehicles or other modes of transportation

NO PROPER TREATMENT: leachates collection and treatment shall be made.

RUN-OFF FROM SITE: Prevention of run-off from landfill area entering any stream, river, lake

or pond.


A trench was dug from landfill to a

near-by water body to drain the toxic

Leachate

Unsegregated waste in Mavallipura

Leachate run off heads straight towards

the Mavallipura village during MonsoonWaste covered with tarpaulin sheets

ISSUES IN MAVALLIPURA


HYDERABAD


Introduction

Hyderabad is the capital city of Andhra Pradesh & Telangana

and is the sixth largest city in India.

The city has been divided into five zones namely North, South,

East, West and Central zones with 18 circles and around 150

municipal wards.

The population growth experienced (5.7 to 6.8 million) during

the decade 2001-2011 is further expected to continue to increase

by 13.64 million 2021.Zone Population

East zone 7899.86

South zone 32777.42

Central 27257.28

West 6684.3

North 16590.98


Waste Generation

Sl.no Type of waste Waste generated (MT/day) % waste composition

1 Domestic household 1870 37.18

2 Commercial establishments 350 6.95

3 Hotels & restaurants 666 13.24

4 Institutions 125 2.48

5 Parks & gardens 69 1.38

6 Street sweeping 325 6.47

7 Waste from drains 175 3.47

8 Markets 479 9.52

9 Temples 35 0.70

10 Chicken, mutton, beef, fish

stalls

164 3.26

11 Cinema halls 15 0.30

12 Function halls 88 1.74

13 Hospitals 35 0.69

14 Construction and demolition 635 12.62

Total 5030 100.00


Transfer Stations & Dumping sites

Upliftment & Transfer stations:

Imlibun Transfer station

Tank bund Transfer station

Yousuf Guda Transfer station

Disposal Sites:

BHEL

Fathullaguda

Shamshiguda

Jawahar Nagar*

New Transfer stations:

Kapra

Uppal

Kukatpally

Sherilingampally

Rajendra nagarOrganization Structure


GARBAGE COLLECTION

• Outsourced the door-to-door collection upto 80% of the area and collection

is through tricycles

• GHMC provided tricycles to the rag pickers at free of cost

• Each tricycle crew would cover 200 – 250 houses/establishments

• They are Implementing voluntary garbage disposal in association with

RWAs

• Separate collection of waste from bulk waste generators by GHMC

through compactors

• Introduced the unit system involving the SHGs 10

GARBAGE STORAGE

• Primary storage at the generation sources.

• Secondary storage at community level dumper bins.GARBAGE TRANSPORTATION

• Primary transportation would be carried out through tricycle

• Secondary transportation through dumper bins and dumper placers with rear

end loader compactors

• Tertiary transfer-station from transfer-stations to the disposal site through

long haul vehicles


TRANSFER-STATIONS KEY INFRASTRUCTURE

PREVIOUS DISPOSAL SITES

JAWAHAR NAGAR Dumping Yard


INTRODUCTION

Location: Jawahar Nagar is located in Shamirpet mandal , Rangareddy District , which is 30kms

from the GHMC.

Area: 339 acres.

Year of Establishment : 2002

Estimated Life Span remaining : 15 years

Mode of operation : Public Private Partnership (GHMC & REEL)

Amount of waste Disposed daily: 3450 tonnes/day

Area occupied by waste at present : 182acres

No. of intermediate transfer stations: 3 – Imlibun , Yousufguda , Tank bund

Disposal Method: Scientific disposal – processing & disposal

Total workers: 490 ; medical precautions : Masks , Shoes , spectacles , safety jackets.

Treatment : Aerobic Decomposition of waste

Frequency : Daily


Jawahar Nagar

Leachate collection: Leachate collection

ponds

Rag Pickers ; 40

Open Burning at site : because of old dump

Surface water near the site; Malkaram pond

Ground water table : 120 ft below ground

level

Following SWM rules and regulations

Chemical properties Range

pH 6.24-7.15

Moisture content 31.73-

59.24

Carbon content 7.60-15.6

Nitrogen mg/kg 4500-7200

Zinc mg/kg 132-272

Lead mg/kg 10-25

Nickel mg/kg 1-6

Calorific value k.

cal/kg

1250-2550

Timeline

2005 2008

2013

Gradual change in the green cover surrounding the

dumping yard

Lakes were present in the surrounding

landuse before but now they were not present

ISSUES

LOCATION

Dumping yard is at higher elevation from residential area

WIND DIRECTION & PUBLIC HEALTH

Direction of wind from land fill site is towards south west direction which is on the side of residential

area which is negative impact on public health, this direction of wind helps harmful air pollutants

released from site to easily move to wards settlement's which creates major effects on public health .

Direction of wind in site area acts as driver which eases flow of pollutants towards residential area.

• The smoke and the dusty fog blows in the direction of the RGK .

• The soil pollution is making the area in to barren lands.

• The lakes surrounding the study area are highly polluted due to dump yard.

BAD ODOUR

Bad Smell from the dumping yard comes to around 2 Kms radius.

GROUND WATER AND SURFACE WATER CONTAMINATION


In rainy season water & waste from dump yard flow towards settlements and ground water gets

contaminated in surrounding area due to Leachate in dump yard

FIRES AND EXPLOSIONS –AIR POLLUTION

Fires and explosions occur at waste treatment facilities because of improper storage or handling of

materials. Large amount of heat is generated in wasted dumped which results in sudden explosion

and also leading to air pollution in that area.

ISSUES
