Slide 1

CONTENTSINTRODUCTIONFORESTS AND WILDLIFESTAKEHOLDERSWATER FOR ALLDAMS WATER HARVESTINGCOAL AND PETROLEUM

INTRODUCTION

Forests and wildlife

Picture background with textured caption(Intermediate)

To reproduce the textured shape effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank.Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle.On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle.Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, enter 5 into the Height box and 4 into the Width box.Also on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Picture or texture fill, and then do the following:Click the button next to Textures and then click and then click Pink Tissue Paper (fourth row).In the Transparency box, enter 20%.Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, and in the Line Color pane select No line.Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, and in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Orange, Accent color 6 Dark (second row).Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Glow and Soft Edges in the left pane, and then in the Glow and Soft Edges pane, do the following:Under Glow, click the button next to Presets, and then click No Glow.Under Soft Edges, in the Size box enter 5 pt.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle.On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle.Select the second rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Gradient fill, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.In the Angle box, enter 90.Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stops or Remove gradient stops until two stops appear in the slider.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following:In the Position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row).In the Transparency box, enter 100%.Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following:In the Position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row).In the Transparency box, enter 50%.Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Glow and Soft Edges in the left pane, and then in the Glow and Soft Edges pane, under Soft Edges, in the Size box enter 5 pt.Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 5 into the Height box and 4 into the Width box.Press and hold CTRL, and then select both rectangles. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align Selected Objects.Click Align Center.Click Align Middle.

To reproduce the clip art effects on this slide, do the following:On the Insert tab, in the Images group, click Clip Art. In the Clip Art pane, do the following:In the Search for box, enter 00322861.wmf.In the Results should be list, select All media file types.Select Include Office.com content.Click Go.Double-click the thumbnail of the clip art to insert it onto the slide.Select the clip art. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, enter 0.56 into the Height box and 2 into the Width box.Also on the Format tab, in the Arrange group, click Group, and then click Ungroup to convert the clip art to a Microsoft Office drawing object.On the Home tab, in the Edit group, click Select, and then click Selection Pane. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select Autoshape and press DELETE.Select the ungrouped clip art. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Object dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane click Solid fill, and then under Fill Color, do the following:in the Color box, enter Black, Text 1.In the Transparency box, enter 80%.Position the ungrouped clip art over the bottom half of the transparent rectangle.Select the ungrouped clip art. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow to the right of Copy, and then click Duplicate.Select the second ungrouped clip art. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Rotate, and then click More Rotation Options. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, in the Rotation box enter 180.Position the second ungrouped clip art over the top half of the transparent rectangle.

To reproduce the text effects on this slide, do the following:On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Text Box.On the slide, drag to draw a text box.Enter text in the text box, and then select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, select Constantia from the Font list, select 36 pt. from the Font Size list, and then select White, Background 1 from the Font Color list.Also on the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Center.Press and hold CTRL, and then select the textured rectangle, the transparent rectangle, both ungrouped clip art, and the text box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align Selected Objects.Click Align Center.Press and hold CTRL, and then select both rectangles and the text box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then click Align Middle.

To reproduce the picture background on this slide, do the following:On the Design tab, in the Background group, click Background Styles, and then click Format Background.In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Picture or texture fill, and then under Insert from click File. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture and then click Insert.7

FORESTS AND WILDLIFEForest Are BIODIVERSTITY HOT SPOTS .One Measure Of The Biodiversity Of An Area Is The No. Of Species Found There. However, The Range Of Different Life Forms Like (Bacteria, Nematode, Fungi, Ferns, Flowering Plants Etc., Are Also Important. One Of The Main Aims Of Conservation Is To Try And Preserve Biodiversity We Have Inherited. Experiments And Field Studies Suggest That A Loss Of Diversity May Lead To A Loss Of Ecological Stability.

Forest Plays A Vital Role In Safeguarding The Environment And Contributes Much To Economic Development. Forests Are Generally Considered Environmental Capital In That It Directly Relates To The Environment. Conservation And Preservation Of Forest Is A Pre-requisite For Maintaining A Healthy Eco-system. Besides Ensuring Ecological Stability, Forest Provides Employment Opportunities To Rural And Tribal Folk And Provides Wood And Minor Forest Products Like Honey, Herbs, Fruits, Berries And Materials For Domestic Use.

If you cut down a forest, it doesn't matter how many sawmills you have if there are no more trees.

The Forest(Intermediate)To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:

On the Design tab, in the bottom right corner of the Background group, click the arrow to launch the Format Background dialog box. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, under Fill in the right pane select Picture or Texture Fill. Then under Insert From click File.In the left pane of the Insert Picture dialog box, click the drive or library that contains the picture. In the right pane of the dialog box, click the picture (Forest Path) that you want and then click Insert.Close the Format Background dialog box.To reproduce the video effects on this slide, do the following:

On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. On the Insert tab, in the Media group, click Video, and then click Video from File. In the left pane of the Insert Video dialog box, click the drive or library that contains the video. In the right pane of the dialog box, click the first video that you want and then click Insert.Under Video Tools, on the Format tab in the Size group, click the arrow at the bottom right corner to launch the Format Video dialog box.Select Size in the left pane. Under Scale in the right pane, clear the Lock aspect ratio box, then under Size and Rotate in the right pane, set Height to 1.77 and Width to 2.36.Also in the Format Video dialog box, select Position in the left pane. Under Position in the right pane, do the following:In the Horizontal box, enter 0.3 From Top Left Corner.In the Vertical box, enter 0.75 From Top Left Corner.Also in the Format Video dialog box, select Border Color in the left pane, and then in the Border Color pane select Solid Line. Click the arrow to the right of Color and under Theme Colors select White, Background 1 (first row, first option).Also in the Format Video dialog box, select Border Style in the left pane, under Border Style in the right pane, in the Width box, enter 0.75.Also in the Format Video dialog box, select Shadow in the left pane, under Shadow in the right pane do the following:Click the arrow to the right of Color, and under Theme Colors select Black, Text 1 (first row, second option).In the Transparency box, enter 0%.In the Size box, enter 100%.In the Blur box, enter 16 pt.In the Angle box, enter 45 degrees.In the Distance box, enter 6 pt.Close the Format Video dialog box.On the Insert tab, in the Media group, click Video, and then click Video from File. In the left pane of the Insert Video dialog box, click the drive or library that contains the video. In the right pane of the dialog box, click the second video that you want and then click Insert.Under Video Tools, on the Format tab in the Size group, click the arrow at the bottom right corner to launch the Format Video dialog box.Select Size in the left pane. Under Scale in the right pane, clear the Lock aspect ratio box, then under Size and Rotate in the right pane, set Height to 1.77 and Width to 2.36.Also in the Format Video dialog box, select Position in the left pane, and then in the Position pane, do the following:In the Horizontal box, enter 0.3 From Top Left Corner.In the Vertical box, enter 2.87 From Top Left Corner.Also in the Format Video dialog box, select Border Color in the left pane, and then in the Border Color pane select Solid Line. Click the arrow to the right of Color and under Theme Colors select White, Background 1 (first row, first option).Also in the Format Video dialog box, select Border Style in the left pane. Under Border Style in the right pane, set Width to 0.75.Also in the Format Video dialog box, select Shadow in the left pane. In the right pane, under Shadow, do the following:Click the arrow to the right of Color and under Theme Colors select Black, Text 1 (first row, second option).In the Transparency box, enter 0%.In the Size box, enter 100%.In the Blur box, enter 16 pt.In the Angle box, enter 45 degrees.In the Distance box, enter 6 pt.Close the Format Video dialog box.On the Insert tab, in the Media group, click Video, and then click Video from File. In the left pane of the Insert Video dialog box, click the drive or library that contains the video. In the right pane of the dialog box, click the third video that you want and then click Insert.Under Video Tools, on the Format tab in the Size group, click the arrow at the bottom right corner to launch the Format Video dialog box.Select Size in the left pane. Under Scale in the right pane, clear the Lock aspect ratio box, then under Size and Rotate in the right pane, set Height to 1.77 and Width to 2.36.Also in the Format Video dialog box, select Position in the left pane. Under Position in the right pane, do the following:In the Horizontal box, enter 0.3 From Top Left Corner.In the Vertical box, enter 4.99 From Top Left Corner.Also in the Format Video dialog box, select Border Color in the left pane, and then in the Border Color pane, select Solid Line. Click the arrow to the right of Color and under Theme Colors select White, Background 1 (first row, first option).Also in the Format Video dialog box, select Border Style in the left pane. In the right pane, under Border Style, set Width to 0.75.Also in the Format Video dialog box, select Shadow in the left pane. Under Shadow the right pane, do the following:Click the arrow to the right of Color, and under Theme Colors select Black, Text 1 (first row, second option).In the Transparency box, enter 0%.In the Size box, enter 100%.In the Blur box, enter 16 pt.In the Angle box, enter 45 degrees.In the Distance box, enter 6 pt.Close the Format Video dialog box.Press and hold CTRL and select all three videos. On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, click the arrow to the right of Start and select With Previous.To reproduce the text on this slide, do the following:

On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click the arrow under Shapes, and then under Rectangles, select Rectangle (first row, first option). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle.Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the arrow at the bottom right corner to launch the Format Shape dialog box.Select Size in the left pane. In the right pane, under Size, do the following:In the Height box, enter 6.96.In the Width box, enter 6.72.Also in the Format Shape dialog box, select Position in the left pane, under Position in the right pane do the following:In the Horizontal box, enter 3 From Top Left Corner.In the Vertical box, enter 0.27 From Top Left Corner.Also in the Format Shape dialog box, select Fill in the left pane, under Fill in the right pane, select Solid fill and then do the following:Click the arrow to the right of Color. Under Theme Colors, select White, Background 1 (first row, first option).In the Transparency box, enter 20%.Also in the Format Shape dialog box, select Line Color in the left pane. Under Line Color in the right pane, select Solid line and then do the following:Click the arrow to the right of Color. Under Theme Colors, select White, Background 1 (first row, first option).Also in the Format Shape dialog box, select Line Style in the left pane. Under Line Style in the right pane, set Width to 1.5 pt.Close Format Shape dialog box.On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Text Box, and then on the slide drag to draw your text box. Type text in the text box, and then select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, select Brush Script Std from the Font list, and then select 54 pt from the Font Size list.With the text box selected, under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the arrow at the bottom right corner to launch the Format Shape dialog box.Select Size in the left pane, under Size and Rotate in the right pane, set Height to 5.55 and Width to 6.04.Select Position in the left pane, and under Position on the right pane, set Horizontal to 3.46 and Vertical to 0.97.On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Text Box, and then on the slide drag to draw your text box. Type ~ Susan George in the text box.On the Home tab, in the Font group, select Calibri from the Font list, and then select 18 pt from the Font Size list.In the Format Shape dialog box select Size in the left pane. Under Size and Rotate in the right pane, set Height to 0.4 and Width to 2.5.Select Position in the left pane, and under Position on the right pane, set Horizontal to 6.86 and Vertical to 6.42.Close the Format Shape dialog box.10

STAKEHOLDERSWhen We Consider The Conservation Of Forest, We Need To Look At The Stakeholders Who Are-The People Who Live In Or Around Forest Are Dependent On Forest Produce For Various Aspects Of Their Life.The Forest Department Of The Government Which Owns The Land And Controls The Resources From Forests.The Industrialists-from Those Who Use Tendu Leaves To Make Bidis To The Ones With Paper Mills-who Use Various Forest Produce, But Are Not Dependent On The Forest In Any One Area.

The wild life and nature enthusiasts who want to conserve nature in its pristine form.But each of these groups needs out of the forests.The local people need large quantities of firewood, small timber and thatch,Bamboo is Used to make slates for huts,baskets for collecting and storing food materials.Implements for agriculture ,fishing and hunting are largely made up of wood,also forest are sites for fishing and hunting.In addition to people gathering fruits,nuts and medicines from the forests,their cattle also graze in forest areas or feed on other fodder which is collected from forests.

WATER FOR ALLWater Is One Of Nature's Most Important Gifts To Mankind.Water Is Essential To Life. Its A Basic Neccessity For All Forms Of Life.Rainfall In IndiaThe Studies Of Rainfall Patterns Have Revealed That Rains In India Are Largely Dependent On The Monsoons.This Means Rain Falls In Only A Few Months Of The Year Because Of Which Water Availability Doesnt Increase Much.

Reasons Of Failure To Sustain Water Availability Underground:Loss Of Vegetation CoverGrowth Of Crops Demanding More WaterPollution Of Water Due To Industrial And Urban Wastes.Changes Due To British ArrivalIn Ancient Times, Irrigation Methods Like Dams, Tanks And Canals Were Used.These Were Controlled By Local People.British System Focused More On Large Scale Projects- Large Dams And Canals.

Mega-projects and their affectsThese Mega-projects Led To Neglect Of Local Irrigation Methods (Dams, Canals, Tanks) And The Government Also Increasingly Took Over Administration.Thus It Lead To Loss Of Control Over Local Water Resources By The Local People.

KULHS IN HIMACHAL PRADESHOver 400 Years Ago, Himachal Pradesh Had Started A Local System Of Canal Irrigation Called Kulhs.Water In Streams Was Diverted To Channels By Which Villages Received Water.All The Villages Managed These Kulhs By Common Agreement.These Kulhs Were Managed By 2-3 People Who Were Paid By Villagers.After The Kulhs Were Taken Over By Irrigation Department, Most Of Them Became Defunct And There Was No Longer Friendly Sharing Of Water As Before.

Large Dams Can Ensure The Storage Of Adequate Water Not Just For Irrigation , But Also For Generating Electricity. Canal Systems Leading From These Dams Can Transfer Large Amounts Of Water Great Distances. For Example, The Indira Gandhi Canal Has Brought Greenery To Considerable Areas Of Rajasthan.

Criticisms About Large Dams Address Three Problems In Particular :- 1.) Social Problems Because They Displace Large Number Of Peasants And Tribal's Without Adequate Compensation Or Rehabilitation.2.) Economic Problems Because They Swallow Up Huge Amounts Of Public Money Without The Generation Of Proportionate Benefits.3.) Environmental Problems Because They Contribute Enormously To Deforestation And The Loss Of Biological Diversity.

THE PEOPLE WHO HAVE BEEN DISPLACED BY VARIOUS DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ARE LARGELY POOR TRIBALS WHO DO NOT GET ANY BENEFITS FOR THESE PROJECTS AND ARE ALIENTED FROM THEIR LANDS AND FORESTS WITHOUT ADEQUATE COMPENSATION. THE OUSTEES OF THE TAWA DAM BUILT IN THE 1970S ARE STILL FIGHTING FOR THE BENEFITS THEY ARE PROMISED.

WATER HARVESTINGRainwater Harvesting Is The Accumulating And Storing Of Rainwater For Reuse Before It Reaches The Aquifer. It Has Been Used To Provide Drinking Water, Water For Livestock, Water For Irrigation, As Well As Other Typical Uses. Rainwater Collected From The Roofs Of Houses And Local Institutions Can Make An Important Contribution To The Availability Of Drinking Water.As Rainwater May Be Contaminated Due To Pollutants Like Microscopic Germs Etc., It Is Often Not Considered Suitable For Drinking Without Treatment. However, There Are Many Examples Of Rainwater Being Used For All Purposes Including Drinking Following Suitable Treatment.

Coal :Coal (from the Old English term col, which has meant "mineral of fossilized carbon" since the 13th century) is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. Coal is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide, as well as one of the largest worldwide anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide releases. Gross carbon dioxide emissions from coal usage are slightly more than those from petroleum and about double the amount from natural gas Coal is extracted from the ground by mining, either underground by shaft mining through the seams or in open pits.

FORMATION OF COAL !! About 300 Million Years Ago, The Earth Had Dense Forests In Low-lying Wetland Areas. Due To Natural Processes Such As Flooding, These Forests Were Buried Under The Soil. As More And More Soil Deposited Over Them, They Were Compressed. The Temperature Also Rose As They Sank Deeper And Deeper. For The Process To Continue, The Plant Matter Was Protected From Biodegradation And Oxidization, Usually By Mud Or Acidic Water. Under High Pressure And High Temperature Dead Vegetation Were Slowly Converted To Coal. As Coal Contains Mainly Carbon, The Conversion Of Dead Vegetation Into Coal Is Called Carbonization.

USES :COAL AS FUELGASIFICATION LIQUEFACTION REFINED COALINDUSTRIAL PROCESSES COoKING COAL AND USE OF COKE

PETROLEUM Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring flammable liquid. Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling. This comes after the studies of structural geology ,sedimentary basin analysis, reservoir characterization (mainly in terms of porosity and permeable structures). It is refined and separated, most easily by boiling point, into a large number of consumer products, from petrol (or gasoline) and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics and pharmaceuticals. Petroleum is used in manufacturing a wide variety of materials, and it is estimated that the world consumes about 88 million barrels each day.

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS:Oil spillsTarballsExtraction Global warming

http://www.onlinetest.radicesolutions.com/Solved_Problems/Biology/ManaNatural/ManaNatural1.html

Why are forest called biodiversity hot spot? Coal and petroleum are converted forms of solar energy". is this statement correct?Write at least two ways by which people of ancient India managed water resources?What will happen if loss of biodiversity occurs?what you can do as an individual to reduce consumption of various nature resources and help in environment conservation?What will be the effect of increase in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere on the average temperature of the earth.What are the two major benefits of dams?What are kulhs?What are fossil fuels. Give two examples of fossil fuels.What is the importance of water harvestingWhat is meant by sustainable management?What is a dam? Write two main advantages and two ill effects of constructing a big dam