Updates(on(toxicology(of(urban(stormwater(runoff(to(salmon(

South(Sound(Science(Symposium(Sep(20,(2016(

Dr.(Jenifer(McIntyre(| (School(of(the(Environment (| (WSU(Puyallup(Research(Extension(Center(

2(

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Puget(Sound(Stormwater(Science(Team(

Nat(Scholz(Julann(Spromberg(David(Baldwin(John(Incardona(James(Cameron(Jessica(Lundin(Cathy(Laetz(Jana(Labenia(Barb(French(

Jay(Davis(Ken(King(

Jen(McIntyre(John(Stark(

Emma(Mudrock(Jill(Wetzel(

3(

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Research(PARTNERS(&(SUPPORTERS(

4(

Coho(preXspawn(mortality(is(widespread((( ( ( (&(recurrent(in(urban(creeks(

Longfellow)Creek,)2003) Des)Moines)Creek,)2004)

Longfellow)Creek,)2005) Longfellow)Creek,)2012)

63%

84%

67%

72%

Three studies, Three life stages

Adult coho pre-spawn mortality study 2015

•  What(is(the(pathophysiology(of(coho(preXspawn(mortality?(•  Hematology,(blood(chemistry(

•  Are(other(salmon(spawners(as(sensi[ve(as(coho?(•  Coho(vs(chum(

Goals(of(2015(Field(Season(

7(

Fewer(thrombocytes((coagula[on(response)(

More(immature(RBCs((hypoxia)(

More(WBCs((immune(response)(

NEW(DATA:(Blood(cells(in((coho(exposed(to(runoff(

8(

iSTAT(pointXofXcare(((blood(analyzer(

9(

Arterial(blood(gas(analysis (((

Diagnosis:(Metabolic(acidosis(

Arterial(blood(

10(

Arterial(blood(((chemistry(analysis( ( ((

Increased)blood)cells)and/or)decreased)plasma)

•  Diuresis((•  Heart(failure((•  Kidney(failure(Hypoxia(Hypoxia(

Anaerobic)cellular)respiraBon)

Hyponatremia)

•  Behavioural(•  Increased(gilling(•  Surface(gaping(

•  Hematological(•  !(HCT((Higher(RBC(counts(/(cell(swelling)(•  Metabolic(acidosis((low(pH,(low(bicarb,(base(deficit)(•  Lactate(produc[on((anaerobic(cellular(respira[on)(

Evidence for Hypoxia in Adult Coho

12(

Types(of(hypoxia(

Hypoxia)Type) Caused)by)Hypoxic( Insufficient(O2(in(environment(

e.g.,(low(dissolved(oxygen(Anemic( Insufficient(RBC(or(Hb(

e.g.,(nitrate(poisoning(X(methemoglobinemia(Stagnant( Insufficient(blood(flow(

e.g.,(cardiovascular(failure,(hypotension((Histotoxic( Tissues(cannot(access/use(O2(

e.g.,(metabolic(poisons(

2016((Field(Season(

Run(Timing:(OctXDec(

Adult(Coho(Salmon(

Run([ming:(NovXJan(

Adult(Chum(Salmon(

Are other salmon as sensitive as coho?

Coho and chum exposures 2015 coho

(coho

(chum

(chum

(

coho

(coho

(chum

(chum

(

coho

(coho

(chum

(chum

(

coho

(coho

(chum

(chum

(

Each(storm:(•  4(coho(control(•  4(coho(runoff(•  4(chum(control(•  4(chum(runoff(Total(of(5(storms(

SubXlethal(endpoints:(•  Blood,([ssues((chemistry(+(qPCR)(•  Monitored(temp,(DO,(pH,(conduc[vity(every(30(min(•  Fish(behavior(assessed(every(30(min(star[ng(at(1(h(•  Euthanized(if(showing(symptoms(•  Control(sacrificed(for(every(runoff(fish(•  Max(exposure(4(h(

10.30.2015 (Coho(salmon ( (Runoff(2(h(

Are other salmon as vulnerable as coho?

10.30.2015 (Chum(salmon ( (Runoff(4(h(

Are other salmon as vulnerable as coho?

Are chum as vulnerable as coho?

0(

1(

2(

3(

4(

5(

Coho( Chum(

Control(

Runoff(

Chum(did(not(develop(preXspawn(mortality(behavioral(symptoms(

surfacing(

Symptom

)Severity

)(0K5))a

t)4)h)

immobile(

rolling(

normal(

mild(

medium(

lethargy(

Coho and chum in Pipers Creek (2006)

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

1 13

-Nov

15

-Nov

17

-Nov

19

-Nov

21

-Nov

23

-Nov

25

-Nov

27

-Nov

29

-Nov

1-

Dec

3-

Dec

5-

Dec

7-

Dec

9-

Dec

11

-Dec

13

-Dec

15

-Dec

17

-Dec

19

-Dec

21

-Dec

)))))Episodic)exposure)of)coho)embryos)

1 stack / treatment 3 trays / stack 9 cups / tray 100 eggs / cup

Control 50% 100% 100% Filtered

4 treatments Background: Flowing clean water Exposures: 48 h recirculated runoff

10%

Episodic exposure of coho embryos

Coho(Embryo(Sampling(Summary(

50%)Runoff)

100%)Runoff)

100%)Runoff)Filtered)

Control)

Storm(Events( 15( 15( 15( 0(

Degree(Days((C)( 511( 503( 503( 520(

DD(from(Control( X9( X17( X17( 0(

Study Duration: 64 days Sampling Events: 7 Cups sampled per event: 3 Individuals/cup sampled: 10

0"

2"

4"

6"

8"

10"

12"

11/23/15"

11/30/15"

12/7/15"

12/14/15"

12/21/15"

12/28/15"

1/4/16"

1/11/16"

1/18/16"

1/25/16"

R50"

R100"

F100"

Control"

Embryo(Exposure(Temperature(Profile(

Well(water(~10(C(

Tempe

rature((d

eg(C)(

Fer[lized(11/23/15(

Exposures(

•  Low(mortality(prior(to(hatching(

•  High(mortality(following(hatching(

•  Bioreten[on(filtra[on(prevented(mortality(

Coho(Embryo(Survival(

•  1/21(storm(runoff(uniquely(toxic?(

•  Chorion(protec[ng(embryo?(

•  Developmental([ming(e.g.,(organ/enzyme(onXline(to(metabolize(to(more(toxic(waste?(

Coho(Embryos:(Episodic(Exposure(to(Runoff(

Bioreten[on(filtra[on(prevented(mortality(

Coho(Embryo(Sublethal(Effects(of(Runoff(Filtered Runoff Unfiltered Runoff

Embryo)Metric) 12/15) 12/22) 12/29) 1/5) 1/12) 1/19) 1/26)

Length( same( same( small( small( same( small( small(

Eye(Area( same( same( small( same( same( same( small(

Survival( same( same( same( same( same( same( LOW(

Embryo episodic exposure summary

50X100%(Runoff((•  Smaller(eyes(and(developmental(delay(•  High(mortality(for(exposures(postXhatch((100%(Filtered((•  Some(indica[on(of(slight(eye(effect(•  No(mortality(vs(controls(

Embryo episodic exposure

Why(were(sublethal(effects(not(more(severe?((•  Missed(a(cri[cal(devo(window?(

•  Episodic(exposure(to(high(strength(runoff(not(as(damaging(as(chronic(exposure(to(low(strength(runoff?(

(Why(the(intense(mortality(at(hatch?(

•  Chorion(protec[ng(embryo?(

•  Developmental([ming(e.g.,(organ/enzyme(onXline(to(metabolize(to(more(toxic(waste?(

28(

O.#kisutch#

Juvenile(coho(salmon(

SensiBvity)of)juvenile)salmon?)

Did(bioreten[on(filtra[on(prevent(toxicity?(

29(Juvenile(coho(very(sensi[ve(

SensiBvity)of)juvenile)coho?)

Embryo episodic exposure summary

Stage(4:(Loss(of(equilibrium(

31(

Juvenile(coho(vs(Chinook(salmon?( ((

Coho(are(by(far(more(sensi[ve(

32(Coho(are(by(far(more(sensi[ve(to(urban(runoff(

Juvenile(chum(vs(Chinook(vs(coho(salmon? (((

Juvenile salmon physiology Pooled(venous(blood(within(replicates(

As(with(adults,(blood(was(hyponatremic(and(concentrated(

Upcoming projects runoff impacts to salmon

Rela[ve(species(sensi[vity(•  Tes[ng(addi[onal(species((O.#mykiss)(

Coho(preXspawn(mortality(•  Uncover(primary(source(of(hypoxia(•  Phenotypic(anchoring(of(physiology(to(behaviour(in(

coho(•  Valida[ng(juvenile(salmon(as(a(model(of(adult(preX

spawn(mortality(