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• Foundedin1984byabipartisanCongressionalcaucusasanindependentnon‐profitorganization(butreceivesnoCongressionalfunding)
• Sourceofnon‐partisaninformationonenergyandenvironmentpolicydevelopmentforCongressandotherpolicymakers
• Climatechange isoneofthemostseriousproblemsfacingcivilizationtoday―impactinginfrastructure,watersupply,agriculture,publichealthandnaturalecosystems
Outline:
• Dowestillneedbiofuels?
• Whatisanadvancedbiofuel?
• GHGprofileofbiofuelsvs.oil
• Otherbenefitsofbiofuels
U.S. Department of Energy. Transportation Energy Data Book 2014, U.S. DOE
Total U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Economic Sector in 2013, U.S. EPA
GHGEmissionsfromTransportation
BiofuelsNeedtobeDoneSustainably
B. Dale et al., Take a Closer Look: Biofuels Can Support Environmental, Economic & Social Goals, Enviro. Sci & Tech., 2014.
Fuel GHG thresholdreduction (%)
RFS 2022Volumes
Conventional biofuel 20 15 bgalAdvanced biofuels 50
21 bgalBiomass based‐diesel 50 Cellulosic biofuel 60
RenewableFuelStandard:EPAFuelCategories
AdvancedBiofuels:Ethanol,Biodiesel,Jet&Marine
Wikipedia via a Creative Commons license
Texas A&M via a Creative Commons license
“Wastes”:• CropResidue• Organicwastes• Forestrywaste
Purposegrown:• Perennialgrasses• Fastgrowingwoodycrops• Grasses• Legumes• Algae,cyanobacteria
Idaho National Lab via a Creative Commons license
WelltoWheelsGHGAccounting
• Directinputs:• Fertilizer• Energy
• Outputs:• Main:fuel• Co‐products:electricity,
highproteinanimalfeed,oils.
• Indirectinputs:• Landusechange
WelltoWheelsGHGAccountingforFuelFeedstocks – gCO2/mj
M. Wang et. al., “Well-to-Wheels Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Ethanol from Corn, Sugarcane, and Cellulosic Biomass for US Use.” Enviro. Research Letters, 2012.
Company/Fuel Feedstock RFS GHG ReductionMandate (%)
EPA Pathwayactual (%)
Poet Laddonia: Ethanol
Corn starch
20 28.2%
High Plains Bioenergy: Biodiesel
Waste fats & oils
50 78%
ENVIA:Biogas
Landfillgas
60 77%
Algenol:Ethanol
Algae 60 69%
GHGWell toWheels:Mandatedvs.Actual
U.S. EPA, Approved Pathways
BioJet feedstock GHG reductionpotential relative to
jet fuel (%)Cellulosic (algae, crop wastes etc.)
41 – 63%
Oil seed crops 68 ‐76%corn stover (100%) 89%
GHGWelltoWheels:BioJet Fuel
J. Han et. al., “Life-cycle analysis of bio-based aviation fuels.” BioresourceTech., 2013.
• Conventionalcrude:– Easytoextract&refine– Naturallyoccurringinliquidform
• Unconventionalcrude:– Energyintensivetoextract&refine– Examples:fracking,tarsands,offshoredrilling– Canadiantarsands:18– 21%higheremissionsthanconventionalcrudeoil.
GHGWelltoWheels:Oil
• Understanding Unconventional Oil, Carnegie Endowment for Peace, 2012
• C. Hai et. al, Well-to-Wheels Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Canadian Oil Sands Products: Implications for U.S. Petroleum Fuels, Enviro Sci. & Tech., 2015
FuelChoiceEffectsBeyondGHGs
45millionAmericanslive,gotoschoolorworkwithin300feetofamajorroadway,airportorrailway.‐‐ U.S.EPA
• Gasolinecontains~25%byvolumegasolinearomatics
• Gasolinearomatics benzene,toluene,ethylbenzene&xylene
• Increasingthevolumeofethanolingasolinelowerstoxicgasolineadditives
• Biofuelsareanecessarypieceinde‐carbonizingthetransportationsector
• SustainabilityisKEY– andgoesbeyondGHGs
• Progressonsustainabilityisbeingmade,andneedstocontinue
• Renewablefuelsaremorethanjustcornethanol
Takeaways:
• ArgonneNationalLaboratory
• OakRidgeNationalLaboratory
• NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory
• USDOEBioenergyTechnologiesOffice
• Dr.BruceDale,MichiganStateUniversity
• SteveVanderGriend,UrbanAirInitiative
Acknowledgements: