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Perspective of Water in Meacutexico
Water The Greatest Global Challenge
27th -28th November 2014
Dr Roberto Parra
Content
bull The water in the national context ndash Water supply and demand in Mexico ndash Hydric pressure and availability ndash Problems in sanitation surficial and underground
water ndash The 2030 agenda
bull The climate change in Mexico ndash Scenarios impacts ndash Commitments and actions
National Context
A total area of 1964375 km2 14ordm Place in territorial size 5ordm in American continent 1123 million inhabitants Life Expectancy 731 Men 778 Women High variation in Physiography Climatic conditions Types of soil Vegetation INEGI (2010)
Continental Territory Island Territory
Territorial Sea
Exclusive Economic Zone
Source
National Context Figure 113 Population Density in Mexico 2010
State limit
Source Made for the 5CN with data from INEGI 2011a
Water Supply
Mean Annual Precipitation 1941-2005 mm
Water Demand Volumes allocated for consumptive uses grouped by RHA 2009
Agriculture Public supply
Self-supplying industry
Electric power excluding hydro power
Note The regionalization of the volumes was made with base on the location of the exploitation inscribed in the REPDA and not in the place of the ascription of the respective titles
The volumes are up to the 31st of December of 2009
Source Conagua 2010
Stress on the Hydric Resource
Degree of pressure over the water resource by RHA 2009
Degree of pressure
Source Conagua 2010
No pressure Medium Very High
8
Water Uses 80587 hm3
bull 767 agriculture activities (61794 hm3)
bull 141 public activities (11395 hm3)
bull 92 industrial activities(73976 hm3)
Agriculture
Urban
Industrial
Water Use in Mexico
Uses per type source
Water Rights Public Register
Water Statistics in Mexico 2011
Use Origin
Surface (1198961198963)
Underground (1198961198963)
Total Volume (1198961198963)
Percentage of
Extraction
Agricultur119890119886
Public suppl119910119887
Self-supplying industr119910119888
Electric power excluding hydro power
Note 1 km3 = 1000hm3 mil million of m3 Data for volume allocated to December 31 2009 The sum may not match due to rounding figures
a Includes agriculture livestock aquaculture multiples and other items of REPDA classification Includes 130 (1198961198963 of water correspondant to irrigation districts with pending enrollment b includes urban and domestic public areas of REPDA classification
c includes industrial agribusiness services and trade of REPDA classification Source Conagua 2010
T31 Consumptive uses grouped according to the type of extraction source 2009
Water Uses in Mexico
63
37
Water Statistics in Mexico 2011
Source Conagua 2010
Evolution of the volume allocated for consumptive uses by type of source 2001-2009
Surface
Underground
Billi
ons o
f
The Contrast G16 Regional contrast between development and renewable water
Population () GDP () Renewable water ()
North
Central
South
General Balance
Atmosphere
Evapotranspiration 1 089 1198961198963year
Rain 1 489 1198961198963year
G21 Annual average values of the components of the hydrological cycle of Mexico (billions of cubic meters 119948119948120785)
Import119904119886 50 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Export119904119887 043 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Sea
Sea
Internal surface average natural runoff 329 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Source Conagua 2010
Note The average annual precipitation refers to the 1971-2000 period The remaining values are averages reported to 2009 The natural runoff of aquifers reported in the graph is over 9 1198961198963of incidental run off makes the total average runoff
Potable Water
907 of the population is supplied by piped water
631 Purifying plants (90m3s)
90 of the water is disinfected bull High incidence of
hydric-origin diarrheal diseases in Mexico
bull Specific pollutants (Fe Mn Pb As Fluor etc)
Potable Water
A 32 of the plants are not operating or they have low efficiencies
Deficiency in purifying infrastructure for water supply under regulations
Problems to comply the regulations
Water Sanitation
The sewage coverage is estimated at 869 (939 632) 371 of the municipal wastewater are treated Only a 193 of the non-municipal wastewaters are
treated There are 2029 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
(881 m3s) There are 2186 Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plants
(367 m3s)
Surface Water
National total
T215 Percentage distribution of monitoring sites in surface water by RHA According with indicator 1198631198631198745 2009
Source Conagua 2010
Excellent Good Quality Acceptable Contaminated Strongly Contaminated
Underground Water
Overexploited aquifers
Hydrologic-Administrative Regions
Source CONAGUA
104 overexploited aquifers and 69 close to become overexploited
The Schedule 2030
Clean Rivers
Watersheds in balance
Universal coverage
Safe settlements for catastrophic floods
All municipal water treated
All rivers and lakes without trash
Sources of diffuse pollution under control
All industrial waters treated
Urban suburbs connected to networks
Rural locations with drinking water
Operating bodies working efficiently
All the surface of irrigation technified
Self-managed watersheds
All treated water is reused
All the aquifers in balance
Effective land management
Warning and prevention high-tech systems
Flood areas free of human settlement
The Climate Change in Mexico
bull Mexico is part of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change since its creation
bull It has strengthen its capacity to face the climate change in both impact response and GEI emission relieve
bull To date Mexico has emitted the fifth National Communication before the CMNUCC which remarks the actions and studies on climate change
Commitments to CC
The ldquoPlan Nacional de Desarrollordquo (PND) which regards explicitly the CC The Comisioacuten Intersecretarial de CC (CICC) coordinates the actions from all
the departments The National Strategy on Climate Change was established on 2007
(Opportunities for relieve and adaptation to CC) The Special Program for Climate Change was created for 2009 to 2012 to
establish the ENACC There are some Regional Commissions The states have inter-agencies commissions for CC and they elaborate the
State Action Programs against CC There are also action plans at municipal level On 2012 the General Law for Climate change was published (at Federal
level)
Commitments to CC
Progress of the states in the development of the PEACC commissions and local laws in climate change
Concluded PEACC
PEACC in development
State Commission on Climate Change
Regional Commission of the peninsula of Yucatan
Bill on Climate Change
Climate change local law
Trends
a) Average annual temperature trend (001degCyear) and b) Annual precipitation (mmyear) in Mexico 1901- 2009 amp
001degCyear mmyear
Source CRU version 3
Stages Figure III-C52 Assembly median of six realizations of the model of regional climate of the Earth Simulator for late XXI century under the scenario A1B at 60km x 60km a) Annual average temperature (Cdeg) and b) Precipitation ()
Source Pereacutez-Pereacutez et al 2010
Stages
bull It has been suggested that temperature rising will continue with increasing of 2 to 4ordm C towards the end of the century mainly at the north of the country
bull A decrease on the raining tendency is forecast In contrasts with the XX century tendency
bull Overall dry seasons appear to be more sensitive than wet ones
Hydric Sector
bull The average water availability in Mexico calculated for 2030 is 3800 m3habyear which is less than 2010 (4200 m3habyear)
bull In a couple of decades the 55 of the country will present high levels of hydric requirements which could result on frequent drought
bull The intense rain tendency increases the risk of natural disasters such as floods and rock slides
bull A decrease of temperature and presence of extreme events are projected to decrease the water quality
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation opportunities and funding 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency
Critic Topics
Temperature Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Annual anomaly (degC)
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
Content
bull The water in the national context ndash Water supply and demand in Mexico ndash Hydric pressure and availability ndash Problems in sanitation surficial and underground
water ndash The 2030 agenda
bull The climate change in Mexico ndash Scenarios impacts ndash Commitments and actions
National Context
A total area of 1964375 km2 14ordm Place in territorial size 5ordm in American continent 1123 million inhabitants Life Expectancy 731 Men 778 Women High variation in Physiography Climatic conditions Types of soil Vegetation INEGI (2010)
Continental Territory Island Territory
Territorial Sea
Exclusive Economic Zone
Source
National Context Figure 113 Population Density in Mexico 2010
State limit
Source Made for the 5CN with data from INEGI 2011a
Water Supply
Mean Annual Precipitation 1941-2005 mm
Water Demand Volumes allocated for consumptive uses grouped by RHA 2009
Agriculture Public supply
Self-supplying industry
Electric power excluding hydro power
Note The regionalization of the volumes was made with base on the location of the exploitation inscribed in the REPDA and not in the place of the ascription of the respective titles
The volumes are up to the 31st of December of 2009
Source Conagua 2010
Stress on the Hydric Resource
Degree of pressure over the water resource by RHA 2009
Degree of pressure
Source Conagua 2010
No pressure Medium Very High
8
Water Uses 80587 hm3
bull 767 agriculture activities (61794 hm3)
bull 141 public activities (11395 hm3)
bull 92 industrial activities(73976 hm3)
Agriculture
Urban
Industrial
Water Use in Mexico
Uses per type source
Water Rights Public Register
Water Statistics in Mexico 2011
Use Origin
Surface (1198961198963)
Underground (1198961198963)
Total Volume (1198961198963)
Percentage of
Extraction
Agricultur119890119886
Public suppl119910119887
Self-supplying industr119910119888
Electric power excluding hydro power
Note 1 km3 = 1000hm3 mil million of m3 Data for volume allocated to December 31 2009 The sum may not match due to rounding figures
a Includes agriculture livestock aquaculture multiples and other items of REPDA classification Includes 130 (1198961198963 of water correspondant to irrigation districts with pending enrollment b includes urban and domestic public areas of REPDA classification
c includes industrial agribusiness services and trade of REPDA classification Source Conagua 2010
T31 Consumptive uses grouped according to the type of extraction source 2009
Water Uses in Mexico
63
37
Water Statistics in Mexico 2011
Source Conagua 2010
Evolution of the volume allocated for consumptive uses by type of source 2001-2009
Surface
Underground
Billi
ons o
f
The Contrast G16 Regional contrast between development and renewable water
Population () GDP () Renewable water ()
North
Central
South
General Balance
Atmosphere
Evapotranspiration 1 089 1198961198963year
Rain 1 489 1198961198963year
G21 Annual average values of the components of the hydrological cycle of Mexico (billions of cubic meters 119948119948120785)
Import119904119886 50 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Export119904119887 043 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Sea
Sea
Internal surface average natural runoff 329 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Source Conagua 2010
Note The average annual precipitation refers to the 1971-2000 period The remaining values are averages reported to 2009 The natural runoff of aquifers reported in the graph is over 9 1198961198963of incidental run off makes the total average runoff
Potable Water
907 of the population is supplied by piped water
631 Purifying plants (90m3s)
90 of the water is disinfected bull High incidence of
hydric-origin diarrheal diseases in Mexico
bull Specific pollutants (Fe Mn Pb As Fluor etc)
Potable Water
A 32 of the plants are not operating or they have low efficiencies
Deficiency in purifying infrastructure for water supply under regulations
Problems to comply the regulations
Water Sanitation
The sewage coverage is estimated at 869 (939 632) 371 of the municipal wastewater are treated Only a 193 of the non-municipal wastewaters are
treated There are 2029 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
(881 m3s) There are 2186 Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plants
(367 m3s)
Surface Water
National total
T215 Percentage distribution of monitoring sites in surface water by RHA According with indicator 1198631198631198745 2009
Source Conagua 2010
Excellent Good Quality Acceptable Contaminated Strongly Contaminated
Underground Water
Overexploited aquifers
Hydrologic-Administrative Regions
Source CONAGUA
104 overexploited aquifers and 69 close to become overexploited
The Schedule 2030
Clean Rivers
Watersheds in balance
Universal coverage
Safe settlements for catastrophic floods
All municipal water treated
All rivers and lakes without trash
Sources of diffuse pollution under control
All industrial waters treated
Urban suburbs connected to networks
Rural locations with drinking water
Operating bodies working efficiently
All the surface of irrigation technified
Self-managed watersheds
All treated water is reused
All the aquifers in balance
Effective land management
Warning and prevention high-tech systems
Flood areas free of human settlement
The Climate Change in Mexico
bull Mexico is part of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change since its creation
bull It has strengthen its capacity to face the climate change in both impact response and GEI emission relieve
bull To date Mexico has emitted the fifth National Communication before the CMNUCC which remarks the actions and studies on climate change
Commitments to CC
The ldquoPlan Nacional de Desarrollordquo (PND) which regards explicitly the CC The Comisioacuten Intersecretarial de CC (CICC) coordinates the actions from all
the departments The National Strategy on Climate Change was established on 2007
(Opportunities for relieve and adaptation to CC) The Special Program for Climate Change was created for 2009 to 2012 to
establish the ENACC There are some Regional Commissions The states have inter-agencies commissions for CC and they elaborate the
State Action Programs against CC There are also action plans at municipal level On 2012 the General Law for Climate change was published (at Federal
level)
Commitments to CC
Progress of the states in the development of the PEACC commissions and local laws in climate change
Concluded PEACC
PEACC in development
State Commission on Climate Change
Regional Commission of the peninsula of Yucatan
Bill on Climate Change
Climate change local law
Trends
a) Average annual temperature trend (001degCyear) and b) Annual precipitation (mmyear) in Mexico 1901- 2009 amp
001degCyear mmyear
Source CRU version 3
Stages Figure III-C52 Assembly median of six realizations of the model of regional climate of the Earth Simulator for late XXI century under the scenario A1B at 60km x 60km a) Annual average temperature (Cdeg) and b) Precipitation ()
Source Pereacutez-Pereacutez et al 2010
Stages
bull It has been suggested that temperature rising will continue with increasing of 2 to 4ordm C towards the end of the century mainly at the north of the country
bull A decrease on the raining tendency is forecast In contrasts with the XX century tendency
bull Overall dry seasons appear to be more sensitive than wet ones
Hydric Sector
bull The average water availability in Mexico calculated for 2030 is 3800 m3habyear which is less than 2010 (4200 m3habyear)
bull In a couple of decades the 55 of the country will present high levels of hydric requirements which could result on frequent drought
bull The intense rain tendency increases the risk of natural disasters such as floods and rock slides
bull A decrease of temperature and presence of extreme events are projected to decrease the water quality
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation opportunities and funding 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency
Critic Topics
Temperature Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Annual anomaly (degC)
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
National Context
A total area of 1964375 km2 14ordm Place in territorial size 5ordm in American continent 1123 million inhabitants Life Expectancy 731 Men 778 Women High variation in Physiography Climatic conditions Types of soil Vegetation INEGI (2010)
Continental Territory Island Territory
Territorial Sea
Exclusive Economic Zone
Source
National Context Figure 113 Population Density in Mexico 2010
State limit
Source Made for the 5CN with data from INEGI 2011a
Water Supply
Mean Annual Precipitation 1941-2005 mm
Water Demand Volumes allocated for consumptive uses grouped by RHA 2009
Agriculture Public supply
Self-supplying industry
Electric power excluding hydro power
Note The regionalization of the volumes was made with base on the location of the exploitation inscribed in the REPDA and not in the place of the ascription of the respective titles
The volumes are up to the 31st of December of 2009
Source Conagua 2010
Stress on the Hydric Resource
Degree of pressure over the water resource by RHA 2009
Degree of pressure
Source Conagua 2010
No pressure Medium Very High
8
Water Uses 80587 hm3
bull 767 agriculture activities (61794 hm3)
bull 141 public activities (11395 hm3)
bull 92 industrial activities(73976 hm3)
Agriculture
Urban
Industrial
Water Use in Mexico
Uses per type source
Water Rights Public Register
Water Statistics in Mexico 2011
Use Origin
Surface (1198961198963)
Underground (1198961198963)
Total Volume (1198961198963)
Percentage of
Extraction
Agricultur119890119886
Public suppl119910119887
Self-supplying industr119910119888
Electric power excluding hydro power
Note 1 km3 = 1000hm3 mil million of m3 Data for volume allocated to December 31 2009 The sum may not match due to rounding figures
a Includes agriculture livestock aquaculture multiples and other items of REPDA classification Includes 130 (1198961198963 of water correspondant to irrigation districts with pending enrollment b includes urban and domestic public areas of REPDA classification
c includes industrial agribusiness services and trade of REPDA classification Source Conagua 2010
T31 Consumptive uses grouped according to the type of extraction source 2009
Water Uses in Mexico
63
37
Water Statistics in Mexico 2011
Source Conagua 2010
Evolution of the volume allocated for consumptive uses by type of source 2001-2009
Surface
Underground
Billi
ons o
f
The Contrast G16 Regional contrast between development and renewable water
Population () GDP () Renewable water ()
North
Central
South
General Balance
Atmosphere
Evapotranspiration 1 089 1198961198963year
Rain 1 489 1198961198963year
G21 Annual average values of the components of the hydrological cycle of Mexico (billions of cubic meters 119948119948120785)
Import119904119886 50 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Export119904119887 043 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Sea
Sea
Internal surface average natural runoff 329 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Source Conagua 2010
Note The average annual precipitation refers to the 1971-2000 period The remaining values are averages reported to 2009 The natural runoff of aquifers reported in the graph is over 9 1198961198963of incidental run off makes the total average runoff
Potable Water
907 of the population is supplied by piped water
631 Purifying plants (90m3s)
90 of the water is disinfected bull High incidence of
hydric-origin diarrheal diseases in Mexico
bull Specific pollutants (Fe Mn Pb As Fluor etc)
Potable Water
A 32 of the plants are not operating or they have low efficiencies
Deficiency in purifying infrastructure for water supply under regulations
Problems to comply the regulations
Water Sanitation
The sewage coverage is estimated at 869 (939 632) 371 of the municipal wastewater are treated Only a 193 of the non-municipal wastewaters are
treated There are 2029 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
(881 m3s) There are 2186 Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plants
(367 m3s)
Surface Water
National total
T215 Percentage distribution of monitoring sites in surface water by RHA According with indicator 1198631198631198745 2009
Source Conagua 2010
Excellent Good Quality Acceptable Contaminated Strongly Contaminated
Underground Water
Overexploited aquifers
Hydrologic-Administrative Regions
Source CONAGUA
104 overexploited aquifers and 69 close to become overexploited
The Schedule 2030
Clean Rivers
Watersheds in balance
Universal coverage
Safe settlements for catastrophic floods
All municipal water treated
All rivers and lakes without trash
Sources of diffuse pollution under control
All industrial waters treated
Urban suburbs connected to networks
Rural locations with drinking water
Operating bodies working efficiently
All the surface of irrigation technified
Self-managed watersheds
All treated water is reused
All the aquifers in balance
Effective land management
Warning and prevention high-tech systems
Flood areas free of human settlement
The Climate Change in Mexico
bull Mexico is part of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change since its creation
bull It has strengthen its capacity to face the climate change in both impact response and GEI emission relieve
bull To date Mexico has emitted the fifth National Communication before the CMNUCC which remarks the actions and studies on climate change
Commitments to CC
The ldquoPlan Nacional de Desarrollordquo (PND) which regards explicitly the CC The Comisioacuten Intersecretarial de CC (CICC) coordinates the actions from all
the departments The National Strategy on Climate Change was established on 2007
(Opportunities for relieve and adaptation to CC) The Special Program for Climate Change was created for 2009 to 2012 to
establish the ENACC There are some Regional Commissions The states have inter-agencies commissions for CC and they elaborate the
State Action Programs against CC There are also action plans at municipal level On 2012 the General Law for Climate change was published (at Federal
level)
Commitments to CC
Progress of the states in the development of the PEACC commissions and local laws in climate change
Concluded PEACC
PEACC in development
State Commission on Climate Change
Regional Commission of the peninsula of Yucatan
Bill on Climate Change
Climate change local law
Trends
a) Average annual temperature trend (001degCyear) and b) Annual precipitation (mmyear) in Mexico 1901- 2009 amp
001degCyear mmyear
Source CRU version 3
Stages Figure III-C52 Assembly median of six realizations of the model of regional climate of the Earth Simulator for late XXI century under the scenario A1B at 60km x 60km a) Annual average temperature (Cdeg) and b) Precipitation ()
Source Pereacutez-Pereacutez et al 2010
Stages
bull It has been suggested that temperature rising will continue with increasing of 2 to 4ordm C towards the end of the century mainly at the north of the country
bull A decrease on the raining tendency is forecast In contrasts with the XX century tendency
bull Overall dry seasons appear to be more sensitive than wet ones
Hydric Sector
bull The average water availability in Mexico calculated for 2030 is 3800 m3habyear which is less than 2010 (4200 m3habyear)
bull In a couple of decades the 55 of the country will present high levels of hydric requirements which could result on frequent drought
bull The intense rain tendency increases the risk of natural disasters such as floods and rock slides
bull A decrease of temperature and presence of extreme events are projected to decrease the water quality
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation opportunities and funding 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency
Critic Topics
Temperature Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Annual anomaly (degC)
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
National Context Figure 113 Population Density in Mexico 2010
State limit
Source Made for the 5CN with data from INEGI 2011a
Water Supply
Mean Annual Precipitation 1941-2005 mm
Water Demand Volumes allocated for consumptive uses grouped by RHA 2009
Agriculture Public supply
Self-supplying industry
Electric power excluding hydro power
Note The regionalization of the volumes was made with base on the location of the exploitation inscribed in the REPDA and not in the place of the ascription of the respective titles
The volumes are up to the 31st of December of 2009
Source Conagua 2010
Stress on the Hydric Resource
Degree of pressure over the water resource by RHA 2009
Degree of pressure
Source Conagua 2010
No pressure Medium Very High
8
Water Uses 80587 hm3
bull 767 agriculture activities (61794 hm3)
bull 141 public activities (11395 hm3)
bull 92 industrial activities(73976 hm3)
Agriculture
Urban
Industrial
Water Use in Mexico
Uses per type source
Water Rights Public Register
Water Statistics in Mexico 2011
Use Origin
Surface (1198961198963)
Underground (1198961198963)
Total Volume (1198961198963)
Percentage of
Extraction
Agricultur119890119886
Public suppl119910119887
Self-supplying industr119910119888
Electric power excluding hydro power
Note 1 km3 = 1000hm3 mil million of m3 Data for volume allocated to December 31 2009 The sum may not match due to rounding figures
a Includes agriculture livestock aquaculture multiples and other items of REPDA classification Includes 130 (1198961198963 of water correspondant to irrigation districts with pending enrollment b includes urban and domestic public areas of REPDA classification
c includes industrial agribusiness services and trade of REPDA classification Source Conagua 2010
T31 Consumptive uses grouped according to the type of extraction source 2009
Water Uses in Mexico
63
37
Water Statistics in Mexico 2011
Source Conagua 2010
Evolution of the volume allocated for consumptive uses by type of source 2001-2009
Surface
Underground
Billi
ons o
f
The Contrast G16 Regional contrast between development and renewable water
Population () GDP () Renewable water ()
North
Central
South
General Balance
Atmosphere
Evapotranspiration 1 089 1198961198963year
Rain 1 489 1198961198963year
G21 Annual average values of the components of the hydrological cycle of Mexico (billions of cubic meters 119948119948120785)
Import119904119886 50 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Export119904119887 043 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Sea
Sea
Internal surface average natural runoff 329 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Source Conagua 2010
Note The average annual precipitation refers to the 1971-2000 period The remaining values are averages reported to 2009 The natural runoff of aquifers reported in the graph is over 9 1198961198963of incidental run off makes the total average runoff
Potable Water
907 of the population is supplied by piped water
631 Purifying plants (90m3s)
90 of the water is disinfected bull High incidence of
hydric-origin diarrheal diseases in Mexico
bull Specific pollutants (Fe Mn Pb As Fluor etc)
Potable Water
A 32 of the plants are not operating or they have low efficiencies
Deficiency in purifying infrastructure for water supply under regulations
Problems to comply the regulations
Water Sanitation
The sewage coverage is estimated at 869 (939 632) 371 of the municipal wastewater are treated Only a 193 of the non-municipal wastewaters are
treated There are 2029 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
(881 m3s) There are 2186 Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plants
(367 m3s)
Surface Water
National total
T215 Percentage distribution of monitoring sites in surface water by RHA According with indicator 1198631198631198745 2009
Source Conagua 2010
Excellent Good Quality Acceptable Contaminated Strongly Contaminated
Underground Water
Overexploited aquifers
Hydrologic-Administrative Regions
Source CONAGUA
104 overexploited aquifers and 69 close to become overexploited
The Schedule 2030
Clean Rivers
Watersheds in balance
Universal coverage
Safe settlements for catastrophic floods
All municipal water treated
All rivers and lakes without trash
Sources of diffuse pollution under control
All industrial waters treated
Urban suburbs connected to networks
Rural locations with drinking water
Operating bodies working efficiently
All the surface of irrigation technified
Self-managed watersheds
All treated water is reused
All the aquifers in balance
Effective land management
Warning and prevention high-tech systems
Flood areas free of human settlement
The Climate Change in Mexico
bull Mexico is part of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change since its creation
bull It has strengthen its capacity to face the climate change in both impact response and GEI emission relieve
bull To date Mexico has emitted the fifth National Communication before the CMNUCC which remarks the actions and studies on climate change
Commitments to CC
The ldquoPlan Nacional de Desarrollordquo (PND) which regards explicitly the CC The Comisioacuten Intersecretarial de CC (CICC) coordinates the actions from all
the departments The National Strategy on Climate Change was established on 2007
(Opportunities for relieve and adaptation to CC) The Special Program for Climate Change was created for 2009 to 2012 to
establish the ENACC There are some Regional Commissions The states have inter-agencies commissions for CC and they elaborate the
State Action Programs against CC There are also action plans at municipal level On 2012 the General Law for Climate change was published (at Federal
level)
Commitments to CC
Progress of the states in the development of the PEACC commissions and local laws in climate change
Concluded PEACC
PEACC in development
State Commission on Climate Change
Regional Commission of the peninsula of Yucatan
Bill on Climate Change
Climate change local law
Trends
a) Average annual temperature trend (001degCyear) and b) Annual precipitation (mmyear) in Mexico 1901- 2009 amp
001degCyear mmyear
Source CRU version 3
Stages Figure III-C52 Assembly median of six realizations of the model of regional climate of the Earth Simulator for late XXI century under the scenario A1B at 60km x 60km a) Annual average temperature (Cdeg) and b) Precipitation ()
Source Pereacutez-Pereacutez et al 2010
Stages
bull It has been suggested that temperature rising will continue with increasing of 2 to 4ordm C towards the end of the century mainly at the north of the country
bull A decrease on the raining tendency is forecast In contrasts with the XX century tendency
bull Overall dry seasons appear to be more sensitive than wet ones
Hydric Sector
bull The average water availability in Mexico calculated for 2030 is 3800 m3habyear which is less than 2010 (4200 m3habyear)
bull In a couple of decades the 55 of the country will present high levels of hydric requirements which could result on frequent drought
bull The intense rain tendency increases the risk of natural disasters such as floods and rock slides
bull A decrease of temperature and presence of extreme events are projected to decrease the water quality
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation opportunities and funding 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency
Critic Topics
Temperature Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Annual anomaly (degC)
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
Water Supply
Mean Annual Precipitation 1941-2005 mm
Water Demand Volumes allocated for consumptive uses grouped by RHA 2009
Agriculture Public supply
Self-supplying industry
Electric power excluding hydro power
Note The regionalization of the volumes was made with base on the location of the exploitation inscribed in the REPDA and not in the place of the ascription of the respective titles
The volumes are up to the 31st of December of 2009
Source Conagua 2010
Stress on the Hydric Resource
Degree of pressure over the water resource by RHA 2009
Degree of pressure
Source Conagua 2010
No pressure Medium Very High
8
Water Uses 80587 hm3
bull 767 agriculture activities (61794 hm3)
bull 141 public activities (11395 hm3)
bull 92 industrial activities(73976 hm3)
Agriculture
Urban
Industrial
Water Use in Mexico
Uses per type source
Water Rights Public Register
Water Statistics in Mexico 2011
Use Origin
Surface (1198961198963)
Underground (1198961198963)
Total Volume (1198961198963)
Percentage of
Extraction
Agricultur119890119886
Public suppl119910119887
Self-supplying industr119910119888
Electric power excluding hydro power
Note 1 km3 = 1000hm3 mil million of m3 Data for volume allocated to December 31 2009 The sum may not match due to rounding figures
a Includes agriculture livestock aquaculture multiples and other items of REPDA classification Includes 130 (1198961198963 of water correspondant to irrigation districts with pending enrollment b includes urban and domestic public areas of REPDA classification
c includes industrial agribusiness services and trade of REPDA classification Source Conagua 2010
T31 Consumptive uses grouped according to the type of extraction source 2009
Water Uses in Mexico
63
37
Water Statistics in Mexico 2011
Source Conagua 2010
Evolution of the volume allocated for consumptive uses by type of source 2001-2009
Surface
Underground
Billi
ons o
f
The Contrast G16 Regional contrast between development and renewable water
Population () GDP () Renewable water ()
North
Central
South
General Balance
Atmosphere
Evapotranspiration 1 089 1198961198963year
Rain 1 489 1198961198963year
G21 Annual average values of the components of the hydrological cycle of Mexico (billions of cubic meters 119948119948120785)
Import119904119886 50 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Export119904119887 043 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Sea
Sea
Internal surface average natural runoff 329 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Source Conagua 2010
Note The average annual precipitation refers to the 1971-2000 period The remaining values are averages reported to 2009 The natural runoff of aquifers reported in the graph is over 9 1198961198963of incidental run off makes the total average runoff
Potable Water
907 of the population is supplied by piped water
631 Purifying plants (90m3s)
90 of the water is disinfected bull High incidence of
hydric-origin diarrheal diseases in Mexico
bull Specific pollutants (Fe Mn Pb As Fluor etc)
Potable Water
A 32 of the plants are not operating or they have low efficiencies
Deficiency in purifying infrastructure for water supply under regulations
Problems to comply the regulations
Water Sanitation
The sewage coverage is estimated at 869 (939 632) 371 of the municipal wastewater are treated Only a 193 of the non-municipal wastewaters are
treated There are 2029 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
(881 m3s) There are 2186 Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plants
(367 m3s)
Surface Water
National total
T215 Percentage distribution of monitoring sites in surface water by RHA According with indicator 1198631198631198745 2009
Source Conagua 2010
Excellent Good Quality Acceptable Contaminated Strongly Contaminated
Underground Water
Overexploited aquifers
Hydrologic-Administrative Regions
Source CONAGUA
104 overexploited aquifers and 69 close to become overexploited
The Schedule 2030
Clean Rivers
Watersheds in balance
Universal coverage
Safe settlements for catastrophic floods
All municipal water treated
All rivers and lakes without trash
Sources of diffuse pollution under control
All industrial waters treated
Urban suburbs connected to networks
Rural locations with drinking water
Operating bodies working efficiently
All the surface of irrigation technified
Self-managed watersheds
All treated water is reused
All the aquifers in balance
Effective land management
Warning and prevention high-tech systems
Flood areas free of human settlement
The Climate Change in Mexico
bull Mexico is part of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change since its creation
bull It has strengthen its capacity to face the climate change in both impact response and GEI emission relieve
bull To date Mexico has emitted the fifth National Communication before the CMNUCC which remarks the actions and studies on climate change
Commitments to CC
The ldquoPlan Nacional de Desarrollordquo (PND) which regards explicitly the CC The Comisioacuten Intersecretarial de CC (CICC) coordinates the actions from all
the departments The National Strategy on Climate Change was established on 2007
(Opportunities for relieve and adaptation to CC) The Special Program for Climate Change was created for 2009 to 2012 to
establish the ENACC There are some Regional Commissions The states have inter-agencies commissions for CC and they elaborate the
State Action Programs against CC There are also action plans at municipal level On 2012 the General Law for Climate change was published (at Federal
level)
Commitments to CC
Progress of the states in the development of the PEACC commissions and local laws in climate change
Concluded PEACC
PEACC in development
State Commission on Climate Change
Regional Commission of the peninsula of Yucatan
Bill on Climate Change
Climate change local law
Trends
a) Average annual temperature trend (001degCyear) and b) Annual precipitation (mmyear) in Mexico 1901- 2009 amp
001degCyear mmyear
Source CRU version 3
Stages Figure III-C52 Assembly median of six realizations of the model of regional climate of the Earth Simulator for late XXI century under the scenario A1B at 60km x 60km a) Annual average temperature (Cdeg) and b) Precipitation ()
Source Pereacutez-Pereacutez et al 2010
Stages
bull It has been suggested that temperature rising will continue with increasing of 2 to 4ordm C towards the end of the century mainly at the north of the country
bull A decrease on the raining tendency is forecast In contrasts with the XX century tendency
bull Overall dry seasons appear to be more sensitive than wet ones
Hydric Sector
bull The average water availability in Mexico calculated for 2030 is 3800 m3habyear which is less than 2010 (4200 m3habyear)
bull In a couple of decades the 55 of the country will present high levels of hydric requirements which could result on frequent drought
bull The intense rain tendency increases the risk of natural disasters such as floods and rock slides
bull A decrease of temperature and presence of extreme events are projected to decrease the water quality
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation opportunities and funding 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency
Critic Topics
Temperature Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Annual anomaly (degC)
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
Water Demand Volumes allocated for consumptive uses grouped by RHA 2009
Agriculture Public supply
Self-supplying industry
Electric power excluding hydro power
Note The regionalization of the volumes was made with base on the location of the exploitation inscribed in the REPDA and not in the place of the ascription of the respective titles
The volumes are up to the 31st of December of 2009
Source Conagua 2010
Stress on the Hydric Resource
Degree of pressure over the water resource by RHA 2009
Degree of pressure
Source Conagua 2010
No pressure Medium Very High
8
Water Uses 80587 hm3
bull 767 agriculture activities (61794 hm3)
bull 141 public activities (11395 hm3)
bull 92 industrial activities(73976 hm3)
Agriculture
Urban
Industrial
Water Use in Mexico
Uses per type source
Water Rights Public Register
Water Statistics in Mexico 2011
Use Origin
Surface (1198961198963)
Underground (1198961198963)
Total Volume (1198961198963)
Percentage of
Extraction
Agricultur119890119886
Public suppl119910119887
Self-supplying industr119910119888
Electric power excluding hydro power
Note 1 km3 = 1000hm3 mil million of m3 Data for volume allocated to December 31 2009 The sum may not match due to rounding figures
a Includes agriculture livestock aquaculture multiples and other items of REPDA classification Includes 130 (1198961198963 of water correspondant to irrigation districts with pending enrollment b includes urban and domestic public areas of REPDA classification
c includes industrial agribusiness services and trade of REPDA classification Source Conagua 2010
T31 Consumptive uses grouped according to the type of extraction source 2009
Water Uses in Mexico
63
37
Water Statistics in Mexico 2011
Source Conagua 2010
Evolution of the volume allocated for consumptive uses by type of source 2001-2009
Surface
Underground
Billi
ons o
f
The Contrast G16 Regional contrast between development and renewable water
Population () GDP () Renewable water ()
North
Central
South
General Balance
Atmosphere
Evapotranspiration 1 089 1198961198963year
Rain 1 489 1198961198963year
G21 Annual average values of the components of the hydrological cycle of Mexico (billions of cubic meters 119948119948120785)
Import119904119886 50 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Export119904119887 043 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Sea
Sea
Internal surface average natural runoff 329 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Source Conagua 2010
Note The average annual precipitation refers to the 1971-2000 period The remaining values are averages reported to 2009 The natural runoff of aquifers reported in the graph is over 9 1198961198963of incidental run off makes the total average runoff
Potable Water
907 of the population is supplied by piped water
631 Purifying plants (90m3s)
90 of the water is disinfected bull High incidence of
hydric-origin diarrheal diseases in Mexico
bull Specific pollutants (Fe Mn Pb As Fluor etc)
Potable Water
A 32 of the plants are not operating or they have low efficiencies
Deficiency in purifying infrastructure for water supply under regulations
Problems to comply the regulations
Water Sanitation
The sewage coverage is estimated at 869 (939 632) 371 of the municipal wastewater are treated Only a 193 of the non-municipal wastewaters are
treated There are 2029 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
(881 m3s) There are 2186 Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plants
(367 m3s)
Surface Water
National total
T215 Percentage distribution of monitoring sites in surface water by RHA According with indicator 1198631198631198745 2009
Source Conagua 2010
Excellent Good Quality Acceptable Contaminated Strongly Contaminated
Underground Water
Overexploited aquifers
Hydrologic-Administrative Regions
Source CONAGUA
104 overexploited aquifers and 69 close to become overexploited
The Schedule 2030
Clean Rivers
Watersheds in balance
Universal coverage
Safe settlements for catastrophic floods
All municipal water treated
All rivers and lakes without trash
Sources of diffuse pollution under control
All industrial waters treated
Urban suburbs connected to networks
Rural locations with drinking water
Operating bodies working efficiently
All the surface of irrigation technified
Self-managed watersheds
All treated water is reused
All the aquifers in balance
Effective land management
Warning and prevention high-tech systems
Flood areas free of human settlement
The Climate Change in Mexico
bull Mexico is part of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change since its creation
bull It has strengthen its capacity to face the climate change in both impact response and GEI emission relieve
bull To date Mexico has emitted the fifth National Communication before the CMNUCC which remarks the actions and studies on climate change
Commitments to CC
The ldquoPlan Nacional de Desarrollordquo (PND) which regards explicitly the CC The Comisioacuten Intersecretarial de CC (CICC) coordinates the actions from all
the departments The National Strategy on Climate Change was established on 2007
(Opportunities for relieve and adaptation to CC) The Special Program for Climate Change was created for 2009 to 2012 to
establish the ENACC There are some Regional Commissions The states have inter-agencies commissions for CC and they elaborate the
State Action Programs against CC There are also action plans at municipal level On 2012 the General Law for Climate change was published (at Federal
level)
Commitments to CC
Progress of the states in the development of the PEACC commissions and local laws in climate change
Concluded PEACC
PEACC in development
State Commission on Climate Change
Regional Commission of the peninsula of Yucatan
Bill on Climate Change
Climate change local law
Trends
a) Average annual temperature trend (001degCyear) and b) Annual precipitation (mmyear) in Mexico 1901- 2009 amp
001degCyear mmyear
Source CRU version 3
Stages Figure III-C52 Assembly median of six realizations of the model of regional climate of the Earth Simulator for late XXI century under the scenario A1B at 60km x 60km a) Annual average temperature (Cdeg) and b) Precipitation ()
Source Pereacutez-Pereacutez et al 2010
Stages
bull It has been suggested that temperature rising will continue with increasing of 2 to 4ordm C towards the end of the century mainly at the north of the country
bull A decrease on the raining tendency is forecast In contrasts with the XX century tendency
bull Overall dry seasons appear to be more sensitive than wet ones
Hydric Sector
bull The average water availability in Mexico calculated for 2030 is 3800 m3habyear which is less than 2010 (4200 m3habyear)
bull In a couple of decades the 55 of the country will present high levels of hydric requirements which could result on frequent drought
bull The intense rain tendency increases the risk of natural disasters such as floods and rock slides
bull A decrease of temperature and presence of extreme events are projected to decrease the water quality
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation opportunities and funding 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency
Critic Topics
Temperature Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Annual anomaly (degC)
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
Stress on the Hydric Resource
Degree of pressure over the water resource by RHA 2009
Degree of pressure
Source Conagua 2010
No pressure Medium Very High
8
Water Uses 80587 hm3
bull 767 agriculture activities (61794 hm3)
bull 141 public activities (11395 hm3)
bull 92 industrial activities(73976 hm3)
Agriculture
Urban
Industrial
Water Use in Mexico
Uses per type source
Water Rights Public Register
Water Statistics in Mexico 2011
Use Origin
Surface (1198961198963)
Underground (1198961198963)
Total Volume (1198961198963)
Percentage of
Extraction
Agricultur119890119886
Public suppl119910119887
Self-supplying industr119910119888
Electric power excluding hydro power
Note 1 km3 = 1000hm3 mil million of m3 Data for volume allocated to December 31 2009 The sum may not match due to rounding figures
a Includes agriculture livestock aquaculture multiples and other items of REPDA classification Includes 130 (1198961198963 of water correspondant to irrigation districts with pending enrollment b includes urban and domestic public areas of REPDA classification
c includes industrial agribusiness services and trade of REPDA classification Source Conagua 2010
T31 Consumptive uses grouped according to the type of extraction source 2009
Water Uses in Mexico
63
37
Water Statistics in Mexico 2011
Source Conagua 2010
Evolution of the volume allocated for consumptive uses by type of source 2001-2009
Surface
Underground
Billi
ons o
f
The Contrast G16 Regional contrast between development and renewable water
Population () GDP () Renewable water ()
North
Central
South
General Balance
Atmosphere
Evapotranspiration 1 089 1198961198963year
Rain 1 489 1198961198963year
G21 Annual average values of the components of the hydrological cycle of Mexico (billions of cubic meters 119948119948120785)
Import119904119886 50 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Export119904119887 043 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Sea
Sea
Internal surface average natural runoff 329 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Source Conagua 2010
Note The average annual precipitation refers to the 1971-2000 period The remaining values are averages reported to 2009 The natural runoff of aquifers reported in the graph is over 9 1198961198963of incidental run off makes the total average runoff
Potable Water
907 of the population is supplied by piped water
631 Purifying plants (90m3s)
90 of the water is disinfected bull High incidence of
hydric-origin diarrheal diseases in Mexico
bull Specific pollutants (Fe Mn Pb As Fluor etc)
Potable Water
A 32 of the plants are not operating or they have low efficiencies
Deficiency in purifying infrastructure for water supply under regulations
Problems to comply the regulations
Water Sanitation
The sewage coverage is estimated at 869 (939 632) 371 of the municipal wastewater are treated Only a 193 of the non-municipal wastewaters are
treated There are 2029 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
(881 m3s) There are 2186 Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plants
(367 m3s)
Surface Water
National total
T215 Percentage distribution of monitoring sites in surface water by RHA According with indicator 1198631198631198745 2009
Source Conagua 2010
Excellent Good Quality Acceptable Contaminated Strongly Contaminated
Underground Water
Overexploited aquifers
Hydrologic-Administrative Regions
Source CONAGUA
104 overexploited aquifers and 69 close to become overexploited
The Schedule 2030
Clean Rivers
Watersheds in balance
Universal coverage
Safe settlements for catastrophic floods
All municipal water treated
All rivers and lakes without trash
Sources of diffuse pollution under control
All industrial waters treated
Urban suburbs connected to networks
Rural locations with drinking water
Operating bodies working efficiently
All the surface of irrigation technified
Self-managed watersheds
All treated water is reused
All the aquifers in balance
Effective land management
Warning and prevention high-tech systems
Flood areas free of human settlement
The Climate Change in Mexico
bull Mexico is part of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change since its creation
bull It has strengthen its capacity to face the climate change in both impact response and GEI emission relieve
bull To date Mexico has emitted the fifth National Communication before the CMNUCC which remarks the actions and studies on climate change
Commitments to CC
The ldquoPlan Nacional de Desarrollordquo (PND) which regards explicitly the CC The Comisioacuten Intersecretarial de CC (CICC) coordinates the actions from all
the departments The National Strategy on Climate Change was established on 2007
(Opportunities for relieve and adaptation to CC) The Special Program for Climate Change was created for 2009 to 2012 to
establish the ENACC There are some Regional Commissions The states have inter-agencies commissions for CC and they elaborate the
State Action Programs against CC There are also action plans at municipal level On 2012 the General Law for Climate change was published (at Federal
level)
Commitments to CC
Progress of the states in the development of the PEACC commissions and local laws in climate change
Concluded PEACC
PEACC in development
State Commission on Climate Change
Regional Commission of the peninsula of Yucatan
Bill on Climate Change
Climate change local law
Trends
a) Average annual temperature trend (001degCyear) and b) Annual precipitation (mmyear) in Mexico 1901- 2009 amp
001degCyear mmyear
Source CRU version 3
Stages Figure III-C52 Assembly median of six realizations of the model of regional climate of the Earth Simulator for late XXI century under the scenario A1B at 60km x 60km a) Annual average temperature (Cdeg) and b) Precipitation ()
Source Pereacutez-Pereacutez et al 2010
Stages
bull It has been suggested that temperature rising will continue with increasing of 2 to 4ordm C towards the end of the century mainly at the north of the country
bull A decrease on the raining tendency is forecast In contrasts with the XX century tendency
bull Overall dry seasons appear to be more sensitive than wet ones
Hydric Sector
bull The average water availability in Mexico calculated for 2030 is 3800 m3habyear which is less than 2010 (4200 m3habyear)
bull In a couple of decades the 55 of the country will present high levels of hydric requirements which could result on frequent drought
bull The intense rain tendency increases the risk of natural disasters such as floods and rock slides
bull A decrease of temperature and presence of extreme events are projected to decrease the water quality
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation opportunities and funding 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency
Critic Topics
Temperature Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Annual anomaly (degC)
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
8
Water Uses 80587 hm3
bull 767 agriculture activities (61794 hm3)
bull 141 public activities (11395 hm3)
bull 92 industrial activities(73976 hm3)
Agriculture
Urban
Industrial
Water Use in Mexico
Uses per type source
Water Rights Public Register
Water Statistics in Mexico 2011
Use Origin
Surface (1198961198963)
Underground (1198961198963)
Total Volume (1198961198963)
Percentage of
Extraction
Agricultur119890119886
Public suppl119910119887
Self-supplying industr119910119888
Electric power excluding hydro power
Note 1 km3 = 1000hm3 mil million of m3 Data for volume allocated to December 31 2009 The sum may not match due to rounding figures
a Includes agriculture livestock aquaculture multiples and other items of REPDA classification Includes 130 (1198961198963 of water correspondant to irrigation districts with pending enrollment b includes urban and domestic public areas of REPDA classification
c includes industrial agribusiness services and trade of REPDA classification Source Conagua 2010
T31 Consumptive uses grouped according to the type of extraction source 2009
Water Uses in Mexico
63
37
Water Statistics in Mexico 2011
Source Conagua 2010
Evolution of the volume allocated for consumptive uses by type of source 2001-2009
Surface
Underground
Billi
ons o
f
The Contrast G16 Regional contrast between development and renewable water
Population () GDP () Renewable water ()
North
Central
South
General Balance
Atmosphere
Evapotranspiration 1 089 1198961198963year
Rain 1 489 1198961198963year
G21 Annual average values of the components of the hydrological cycle of Mexico (billions of cubic meters 119948119948120785)
Import119904119886 50 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Export119904119887 043 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Sea
Sea
Internal surface average natural runoff 329 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Source Conagua 2010
Note The average annual precipitation refers to the 1971-2000 period The remaining values are averages reported to 2009 The natural runoff of aquifers reported in the graph is over 9 1198961198963of incidental run off makes the total average runoff
Potable Water
907 of the population is supplied by piped water
631 Purifying plants (90m3s)
90 of the water is disinfected bull High incidence of
hydric-origin diarrheal diseases in Mexico
bull Specific pollutants (Fe Mn Pb As Fluor etc)
Potable Water
A 32 of the plants are not operating or they have low efficiencies
Deficiency in purifying infrastructure for water supply under regulations
Problems to comply the regulations
Water Sanitation
The sewage coverage is estimated at 869 (939 632) 371 of the municipal wastewater are treated Only a 193 of the non-municipal wastewaters are
treated There are 2029 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
(881 m3s) There are 2186 Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plants
(367 m3s)
Surface Water
National total
T215 Percentage distribution of monitoring sites in surface water by RHA According with indicator 1198631198631198745 2009
Source Conagua 2010
Excellent Good Quality Acceptable Contaminated Strongly Contaminated
Underground Water
Overexploited aquifers
Hydrologic-Administrative Regions
Source CONAGUA
104 overexploited aquifers and 69 close to become overexploited
The Schedule 2030
Clean Rivers
Watersheds in balance
Universal coverage
Safe settlements for catastrophic floods
All municipal water treated
All rivers and lakes without trash
Sources of diffuse pollution under control
All industrial waters treated
Urban suburbs connected to networks
Rural locations with drinking water
Operating bodies working efficiently
All the surface of irrigation technified
Self-managed watersheds
All treated water is reused
All the aquifers in balance
Effective land management
Warning and prevention high-tech systems
Flood areas free of human settlement
The Climate Change in Mexico
bull Mexico is part of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change since its creation
bull It has strengthen its capacity to face the climate change in both impact response and GEI emission relieve
bull To date Mexico has emitted the fifth National Communication before the CMNUCC which remarks the actions and studies on climate change
Commitments to CC
The ldquoPlan Nacional de Desarrollordquo (PND) which regards explicitly the CC The Comisioacuten Intersecretarial de CC (CICC) coordinates the actions from all
the departments The National Strategy on Climate Change was established on 2007
(Opportunities for relieve and adaptation to CC) The Special Program for Climate Change was created for 2009 to 2012 to
establish the ENACC There are some Regional Commissions The states have inter-agencies commissions for CC and they elaborate the
State Action Programs against CC There are also action plans at municipal level On 2012 the General Law for Climate change was published (at Federal
level)
Commitments to CC
Progress of the states in the development of the PEACC commissions and local laws in climate change
Concluded PEACC
PEACC in development
State Commission on Climate Change
Regional Commission of the peninsula of Yucatan
Bill on Climate Change
Climate change local law
Trends
a) Average annual temperature trend (001degCyear) and b) Annual precipitation (mmyear) in Mexico 1901- 2009 amp
001degCyear mmyear
Source CRU version 3
Stages Figure III-C52 Assembly median of six realizations of the model of regional climate of the Earth Simulator for late XXI century under the scenario A1B at 60km x 60km a) Annual average temperature (Cdeg) and b) Precipitation ()
Source Pereacutez-Pereacutez et al 2010
Stages
bull It has been suggested that temperature rising will continue with increasing of 2 to 4ordm C towards the end of the century mainly at the north of the country
bull A decrease on the raining tendency is forecast In contrasts with the XX century tendency
bull Overall dry seasons appear to be more sensitive than wet ones
Hydric Sector
bull The average water availability in Mexico calculated for 2030 is 3800 m3habyear which is less than 2010 (4200 m3habyear)
bull In a couple of decades the 55 of the country will present high levels of hydric requirements which could result on frequent drought
bull The intense rain tendency increases the risk of natural disasters such as floods and rock slides
bull A decrease of temperature and presence of extreme events are projected to decrease the water quality
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation opportunities and funding 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency
Critic Topics
Temperature Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Annual anomaly (degC)
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
Water Use in Mexico
Uses per type source
Water Rights Public Register
Water Statistics in Mexico 2011
Use Origin
Surface (1198961198963)
Underground (1198961198963)
Total Volume (1198961198963)
Percentage of
Extraction
Agricultur119890119886
Public suppl119910119887
Self-supplying industr119910119888
Electric power excluding hydro power
Note 1 km3 = 1000hm3 mil million of m3 Data for volume allocated to December 31 2009 The sum may not match due to rounding figures
a Includes agriculture livestock aquaculture multiples and other items of REPDA classification Includes 130 (1198961198963 of water correspondant to irrigation districts with pending enrollment b includes urban and domestic public areas of REPDA classification
c includes industrial agribusiness services and trade of REPDA classification Source Conagua 2010
T31 Consumptive uses grouped according to the type of extraction source 2009
Water Uses in Mexico
63
37
Water Statistics in Mexico 2011
Source Conagua 2010
Evolution of the volume allocated for consumptive uses by type of source 2001-2009
Surface
Underground
Billi
ons o
f
The Contrast G16 Regional contrast between development and renewable water
Population () GDP () Renewable water ()
North
Central
South
General Balance
Atmosphere
Evapotranspiration 1 089 1198961198963year
Rain 1 489 1198961198963year
G21 Annual average values of the components of the hydrological cycle of Mexico (billions of cubic meters 119948119948120785)
Import119904119886 50 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Export119904119887 043 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Sea
Sea
Internal surface average natural runoff 329 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Source Conagua 2010
Note The average annual precipitation refers to the 1971-2000 period The remaining values are averages reported to 2009 The natural runoff of aquifers reported in the graph is over 9 1198961198963of incidental run off makes the total average runoff
Potable Water
907 of the population is supplied by piped water
631 Purifying plants (90m3s)
90 of the water is disinfected bull High incidence of
hydric-origin diarrheal diseases in Mexico
bull Specific pollutants (Fe Mn Pb As Fluor etc)
Potable Water
A 32 of the plants are not operating or they have low efficiencies
Deficiency in purifying infrastructure for water supply under regulations
Problems to comply the regulations
Water Sanitation
The sewage coverage is estimated at 869 (939 632) 371 of the municipal wastewater are treated Only a 193 of the non-municipal wastewaters are
treated There are 2029 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
(881 m3s) There are 2186 Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plants
(367 m3s)
Surface Water
National total
T215 Percentage distribution of monitoring sites in surface water by RHA According with indicator 1198631198631198745 2009
Source Conagua 2010
Excellent Good Quality Acceptable Contaminated Strongly Contaminated
Underground Water
Overexploited aquifers
Hydrologic-Administrative Regions
Source CONAGUA
104 overexploited aquifers and 69 close to become overexploited
The Schedule 2030
Clean Rivers
Watersheds in balance
Universal coverage
Safe settlements for catastrophic floods
All municipal water treated
All rivers and lakes without trash
Sources of diffuse pollution under control
All industrial waters treated
Urban suburbs connected to networks
Rural locations with drinking water
Operating bodies working efficiently
All the surface of irrigation technified
Self-managed watersheds
All treated water is reused
All the aquifers in balance
Effective land management
Warning and prevention high-tech systems
Flood areas free of human settlement
The Climate Change in Mexico
bull Mexico is part of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change since its creation
bull It has strengthen its capacity to face the climate change in both impact response and GEI emission relieve
bull To date Mexico has emitted the fifth National Communication before the CMNUCC which remarks the actions and studies on climate change
Commitments to CC
The ldquoPlan Nacional de Desarrollordquo (PND) which regards explicitly the CC The Comisioacuten Intersecretarial de CC (CICC) coordinates the actions from all
the departments The National Strategy on Climate Change was established on 2007
(Opportunities for relieve and adaptation to CC) The Special Program for Climate Change was created for 2009 to 2012 to
establish the ENACC There are some Regional Commissions The states have inter-agencies commissions for CC and they elaborate the
State Action Programs against CC There are also action plans at municipal level On 2012 the General Law for Climate change was published (at Federal
level)
Commitments to CC
Progress of the states in the development of the PEACC commissions and local laws in climate change
Concluded PEACC
PEACC in development
State Commission on Climate Change
Regional Commission of the peninsula of Yucatan
Bill on Climate Change
Climate change local law
Trends
a) Average annual temperature trend (001degCyear) and b) Annual precipitation (mmyear) in Mexico 1901- 2009 amp
001degCyear mmyear
Source CRU version 3
Stages Figure III-C52 Assembly median of six realizations of the model of regional climate of the Earth Simulator for late XXI century under the scenario A1B at 60km x 60km a) Annual average temperature (Cdeg) and b) Precipitation ()
Source Pereacutez-Pereacutez et al 2010
Stages
bull It has been suggested that temperature rising will continue with increasing of 2 to 4ordm C towards the end of the century mainly at the north of the country
bull A decrease on the raining tendency is forecast In contrasts with the XX century tendency
bull Overall dry seasons appear to be more sensitive than wet ones
Hydric Sector
bull The average water availability in Mexico calculated for 2030 is 3800 m3habyear which is less than 2010 (4200 m3habyear)
bull In a couple of decades the 55 of the country will present high levels of hydric requirements which could result on frequent drought
bull The intense rain tendency increases the risk of natural disasters such as floods and rock slides
bull A decrease of temperature and presence of extreme events are projected to decrease the water quality
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation opportunities and funding 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency
Critic Topics
Temperature Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Annual anomaly (degC)
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
Water Uses in Mexico
63
37
Water Statistics in Mexico 2011
Source Conagua 2010
Evolution of the volume allocated for consumptive uses by type of source 2001-2009
Surface
Underground
Billi
ons o
f
The Contrast G16 Regional contrast between development and renewable water
Population () GDP () Renewable water ()
North
Central
South
General Balance
Atmosphere
Evapotranspiration 1 089 1198961198963year
Rain 1 489 1198961198963year
G21 Annual average values of the components of the hydrological cycle of Mexico (billions of cubic meters 119948119948120785)
Import119904119886 50 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Export119904119887 043 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Sea
Sea
Internal surface average natural runoff 329 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Source Conagua 2010
Note The average annual precipitation refers to the 1971-2000 period The remaining values are averages reported to 2009 The natural runoff of aquifers reported in the graph is over 9 1198961198963of incidental run off makes the total average runoff
Potable Water
907 of the population is supplied by piped water
631 Purifying plants (90m3s)
90 of the water is disinfected bull High incidence of
hydric-origin diarrheal diseases in Mexico
bull Specific pollutants (Fe Mn Pb As Fluor etc)
Potable Water
A 32 of the plants are not operating or they have low efficiencies
Deficiency in purifying infrastructure for water supply under regulations
Problems to comply the regulations
Water Sanitation
The sewage coverage is estimated at 869 (939 632) 371 of the municipal wastewater are treated Only a 193 of the non-municipal wastewaters are
treated There are 2029 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
(881 m3s) There are 2186 Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plants
(367 m3s)
Surface Water
National total
T215 Percentage distribution of monitoring sites in surface water by RHA According with indicator 1198631198631198745 2009
Source Conagua 2010
Excellent Good Quality Acceptable Contaminated Strongly Contaminated
Underground Water
Overexploited aquifers
Hydrologic-Administrative Regions
Source CONAGUA
104 overexploited aquifers and 69 close to become overexploited
The Schedule 2030
Clean Rivers
Watersheds in balance
Universal coverage
Safe settlements for catastrophic floods
All municipal water treated
All rivers and lakes without trash
Sources of diffuse pollution under control
All industrial waters treated
Urban suburbs connected to networks
Rural locations with drinking water
Operating bodies working efficiently
All the surface of irrigation technified
Self-managed watersheds
All treated water is reused
All the aquifers in balance
Effective land management
Warning and prevention high-tech systems
Flood areas free of human settlement
The Climate Change in Mexico
bull Mexico is part of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change since its creation
bull It has strengthen its capacity to face the climate change in both impact response and GEI emission relieve
bull To date Mexico has emitted the fifth National Communication before the CMNUCC which remarks the actions and studies on climate change
Commitments to CC
The ldquoPlan Nacional de Desarrollordquo (PND) which regards explicitly the CC The Comisioacuten Intersecretarial de CC (CICC) coordinates the actions from all
the departments The National Strategy on Climate Change was established on 2007
(Opportunities for relieve and adaptation to CC) The Special Program for Climate Change was created for 2009 to 2012 to
establish the ENACC There are some Regional Commissions The states have inter-agencies commissions for CC and they elaborate the
State Action Programs against CC There are also action plans at municipal level On 2012 the General Law for Climate change was published (at Federal
level)
Commitments to CC
Progress of the states in the development of the PEACC commissions and local laws in climate change
Concluded PEACC
PEACC in development
State Commission on Climate Change
Regional Commission of the peninsula of Yucatan
Bill on Climate Change
Climate change local law
Trends
a) Average annual temperature trend (001degCyear) and b) Annual precipitation (mmyear) in Mexico 1901- 2009 amp
001degCyear mmyear
Source CRU version 3
Stages Figure III-C52 Assembly median of six realizations of the model of regional climate of the Earth Simulator for late XXI century under the scenario A1B at 60km x 60km a) Annual average temperature (Cdeg) and b) Precipitation ()
Source Pereacutez-Pereacutez et al 2010
Stages
bull It has been suggested that temperature rising will continue with increasing of 2 to 4ordm C towards the end of the century mainly at the north of the country
bull A decrease on the raining tendency is forecast In contrasts with the XX century tendency
bull Overall dry seasons appear to be more sensitive than wet ones
Hydric Sector
bull The average water availability in Mexico calculated for 2030 is 3800 m3habyear which is less than 2010 (4200 m3habyear)
bull In a couple of decades the 55 of the country will present high levels of hydric requirements which could result on frequent drought
bull The intense rain tendency increases the risk of natural disasters such as floods and rock slides
bull A decrease of temperature and presence of extreme events are projected to decrease the water quality
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation opportunities and funding 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency
Critic Topics
Temperature Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Annual anomaly (degC)
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
The Contrast G16 Regional contrast between development and renewable water
Population () GDP () Renewable water ()
North
Central
South
General Balance
Atmosphere
Evapotranspiration 1 089 1198961198963year
Rain 1 489 1198961198963year
G21 Annual average values of the components of the hydrological cycle of Mexico (billions of cubic meters 119948119948120785)
Import119904119886 50 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Export119904119887 043 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Sea
Sea
Internal surface average natural runoff 329 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Source Conagua 2010
Note The average annual precipitation refers to the 1971-2000 period The remaining values are averages reported to 2009 The natural runoff of aquifers reported in the graph is over 9 1198961198963of incidental run off makes the total average runoff
Potable Water
907 of the population is supplied by piped water
631 Purifying plants (90m3s)
90 of the water is disinfected bull High incidence of
hydric-origin diarrheal diseases in Mexico
bull Specific pollutants (Fe Mn Pb As Fluor etc)
Potable Water
A 32 of the plants are not operating or they have low efficiencies
Deficiency in purifying infrastructure for water supply under regulations
Problems to comply the regulations
Water Sanitation
The sewage coverage is estimated at 869 (939 632) 371 of the municipal wastewater are treated Only a 193 of the non-municipal wastewaters are
treated There are 2029 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
(881 m3s) There are 2186 Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plants
(367 m3s)
Surface Water
National total
T215 Percentage distribution of monitoring sites in surface water by RHA According with indicator 1198631198631198745 2009
Source Conagua 2010
Excellent Good Quality Acceptable Contaminated Strongly Contaminated
Underground Water
Overexploited aquifers
Hydrologic-Administrative Regions
Source CONAGUA
104 overexploited aquifers and 69 close to become overexploited
The Schedule 2030
Clean Rivers
Watersheds in balance
Universal coverage
Safe settlements for catastrophic floods
All municipal water treated
All rivers and lakes without trash
Sources of diffuse pollution under control
All industrial waters treated
Urban suburbs connected to networks
Rural locations with drinking water
Operating bodies working efficiently
All the surface of irrigation technified
Self-managed watersheds
All treated water is reused
All the aquifers in balance
Effective land management
Warning and prevention high-tech systems
Flood areas free of human settlement
The Climate Change in Mexico
bull Mexico is part of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change since its creation
bull It has strengthen its capacity to face the climate change in both impact response and GEI emission relieve
bull To date Mexico has emitted the fifth National Communication before the CMNUCC which remarks the actions and studies on climate change
Commitments to CC
The ldquoPlan Nacional de Desarrollordquo (PND) which regards explicitly the CC The Comisioacuten Intersecretarial de CC (CICC) coordinates the actions from all
the departments The National Strategy on Climate Change was established on 2007
(Opportunities for relieve and adaptation to CC) The Special Program for Climate Change was created for 2009 to 2012 to
establish the ENACC There are some Regional Commissions The states have inter-agencies commissions for CC and they elaborate the
State Action Programs against CC There are also action plans at municipal level On 2012 the General Law for Climate change was published (at Federal
level)
Commitments to CC
Progress of the states in the development of the PEACC commissions and local laws in climate change
Concluded PEACC
PEACC in development
State Commission on Climate Change
Regional Commission of the peninsula of Yucatan
Bill on Climate Change
Climate change local law
Trends
a) Average annual temperature trend (001degCyear) and b) Annual precipitation (mmyear) in Mexico 1901- 2009 amp
001degCyear mmyear
Source CRU version 3
Stages Figure III-C52 Assembly median of six realizations of the model of regional climate of the Earth Simulator for late XXI century under the scenario A1B at 60km x 60km a) Annual average temperature (Cdeg) and b) Precipitation ()
Source Pereacutez-Pereacutez et al 2010
Stages
bull It has been suggested that temperature rising will continue with increasing of 2 to 4ordm C towards the end of the century mainly at the north of the country
bull A decrease on the raining tendency is forecast In contrasts with the XX century tendency
bull Overall dry seasons appear to be more sensitive than wet ones
Hydric Sector
bull The average water availability in Mexico calculated for 2030 is 3800 m3habyear which is less than 2010 (4200 m3habyear)
bull In a couple of decades the 55 of the country will present high levels of hydric requirements which could result on frequent drought
bull The intense rain tendency increases the risk of natural disasters such as floods and rock slides
bull A decrease of temperature and presence of extreme events are projected to decrease the water quality
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation opportunities and funding 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency
Critic Topics
Temperature Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Annual anomaly (degC)
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
General Balance
Atmosphere
Evapotranspiration 1 089 1198961198963year
Rain 1 489 1198961198963year
G21 Annual average values of the components of the hydrological cycle of Mexico (billions of cubic meters 119948119948120785)
Import119904119886 50 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Export119904119887 043 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Sea
Sea
Internal surface average natural runoff 329 1198961198963119910119890119910119910
Source Conagua 2010
Note The average annual precipitation refers to the 1971-2000 period The remaining values are averages reported to 2009 The natural runoff of aquifers reported in the graph is over 9 1198961198963of incidental run off makes the total average runoff
Potable Water
907 of the population is supplied by piped water
631 Purifying plants (90m3s)
90 of the water is disinfected bull High incidence of
hydric-origin diarrheal diseases in Mexico
bull Specific pollutants (Fe Mn Pb As Fluor etc)
Potable Water
A 32 of the plants are not operating or they have low efficiencies
Deficiency in purifying infrastructure for water supply under regulations
Problems to comply the regulations
Water Sanitation
The sewage coverage is estimated at 869 (939 632) 371 of the municipal wastewater are treated Only a 193 of the non-municipal wastewaters are
treated There are 2029 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
(881 m3s) There are 2186 Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plants
(367 m3s)
Surface Water
National total
T215 Percentage distribution of monitoring sites in surface water by RHA According with indicator 1198631198631198745 2009
Source Conagua 2010
Excellent Good Quality Acceptable Contaminated Strongly Contaminated
Underground Water
Overexploited aquifers
Hydrologic-Administrative Regions
Source CONAGUA
104 overexploited aquifers and 69 close to become overexploited
The Schedule 2030
Clean Rivers
Watersheds in balance
Universal coverage
Safe settlements for catastrophic floods
All municipal water treated
All rivers and lakes without trash
Sources of diffuse pollution under control
All industrial waters treated
Urban suburbs connected to networks
Rural locations with drinking water
Operating bodies working efficiently
All the surface of irrigation technified
Self-managed watersheds
All treated water is reused
All the aquifers in balance
Effective land management
Warning and prevention high-tech systems
Flood areas free of human settlement
The Climate Change in Mexico
bull Mexico is part of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change since its creation
bull It has strengthen its capacity to face the climate change in both impact response and GEI emission relieve
bull To date Mexico has emitted the fifth National Communication before the CMNUCC which remarks the actions and studies on climate change
Commitments to CC
The ldquoPlan Nacional de Desarrollordquo (PND) which regards explicitly the CC The Comisioacuten Intersecretarial de CC (CICC) coordinates the actions from all
the departments The National Strategy on Climate Change was established on 2007
(Opportunities for relieve and adaptation to CC) The Special Program for Climate Change was created for 2009 to 2012 to
establish the ENACC There are some Regional Commissions The states have inter-agencies commissions for CC and they elaborate the
State Action Programs against CC There are also action plans at municipal level On 2012 the General Law for Climate change was published (at Federal
level)
Commitments to CC
Progress of the states in the development of the PEACC commissions and local laws in climate change
Concluded PEACC
PEACC in development
State Commission on Climate Change
Regional Commission of the peninsula of Yucatan
Bill on Climate Change
Climate change local law
Trends
a) Average annual temperature trend (001degCyear) and b) Annual precipitation (mmyear) in Mexico 1901- 2009 amp
001degCyear mmyear
Source CRU version 3
Stages Figure III-C52 Assembly median of six realizations of the model of regional climate of the Earth Simulator for late XXI century under the scenario A1B at 60km x 60km a) Annual average temperature (Cdeg) and b) Precipitation ()
Source Pereacutez-Pereacutez et al 2010
Stages
bull It has been suggested that temperature rising will continue with increasing of 2 to 4ordm C towards the end of the century mainly at the north of the country
bull A decrease on the raining tendency is forecast In contrasts with the XX century tendency
bull Overall dry seasons appear to be more sensitive than wet ones
Hydric Sector
bull The average water availability in Mexico calculated for 2030 is 3800 m3habyear which is less than 2010 (4200 m3habyear)
bull In a couple of decades the 55 of the country will present high levels of hydric requirements which could result on frequent drought
bull The intense rain tendency increases the risk of natural disasters such as floods and rock slides
bull A decrease of temperature and presence of extreme events are projected to decrease the water quality
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation opportunities and funding 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency
Critic Topics
Temperature Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Annual anomaly (degC)
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
Potable Water
907 of the population is supplied by piped water
631 Purifying plants (90m3s)
90 of the water is disinfected bull High incidence of
hydric-origin diarrheal diseases in Mexico
bull Specific pollutants (Fe Mn Pb As Fluor etc)
Potable Water
A 32 of the plants are not operating or they have low efficiencies
Deficiency in purifying infrastructure for water supply under regulations
Problems to comply the regulations
Water Sanitation
The sewage coverage is estimated at 869 (939 632) 371 of the municipal wastewater are treated Only a 193 of the non-municipal wastewaters are
treated There are 2029 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
(881 m3s) There are 2186 Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plants
(367 m3s)
Surface Water
National total
T215 Percentage distribution of monitoring sites in surface water by RHA According with indicator 1198631198631198745 2009
Source Conagua 2010
Excellent Good Quality Acceptable Contaminated Strongly Contaminated
Underground Water
Overexploited aquifers
Hydrologic-Administrative Regions
Source CONAGUA
104 overexploited aquifers and 69 close to become overexploited
The Schedule 2030
Clean Rivers
Watersheds in balance
Universal coverage
Safe settlements for catastrophic floods
All municipal water treated
All rivers and lakes without trash
Sources of diffuse pollution under control
All industrial waters treated
Urban suburbs connected to networks
Rural locations with drinking water
Operating bodies working efficiently
All the surface of irrigation technified
Self-managed watersheds
All treated water is reused
All the aquifers in balance
Effective land management
Warning and prevention high-tech systems
Flood areas free of human settlement
The Climate Change in Mexico
bull Mexico is part of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change since its creation
bull It has strengthen its capacity to face the climate change in both impact response and GEI emission relieve
bull To date Mexico has emitted the fifth National Communication before the CMNUCC which remarks the actions and studies on climate change
Commitments to CC
The ldquoPlan Nacional de Desarrollordquo (PND) which regards explicitly the CC The Comisioacuten Intersecretarial de CC (CICC) coordinates the actions from all
the departments The National Strategy on Climate Change was established on 2007
(Opportunities for relieve and adaptation to CC) The Special Program for Climate Change was created for 2009 to 2012 to
establish the ENACC There are some Regional Commissions The states have inter-agencies commissions for CC and they elaborate the
State Action Programs against CC There are also action plans at municipal level On 2012 the General Law for Climate change was published (at Federal
level)
Commitments to CC
Progress of the states in the development of the PEACC commissions and local laws in climate change
Concluded PEACC
PEACC in development
State Commission on Climate Change
Regional Commission of the peninsula of Yucatan
Bill on Climate Change
Climate change local law
Trends
a) Average annual temperature trend (001degCyear) and b) Annual precipitation (mmyear) in Mexico 1901- 2009 amp
001degCyear mmyear
Source CRU version 3
Stages Figure III-C52 Assembly median of six realizations of the model of regional climate of the Earth Simulator for late XXI century under the scenario A1B at 60km x 60km a) Annual average temperature (Cdeg) and b) Precipitation ()
Source Pereacutez-Pereacutez et al 2010
Stages
bull It has been suggested that temperature rising will continue with increasing of 2 to 4ordm C towards the end of the century mainly at the north of the country
bull A decrease on the raining tendency is forecast In contrasts with the XX century tendency
bull Overall dry seasons appear to be more sensitive than wet ones
Hydric Sector
bull The average water availability in Mexico calculated for 2030 is 3800 m3habyear which is less than 2010 (4200 m3habyear)
bull In a couple of decades the 55 of the country will present high levels of hydric requirements which could result on frequent drought
bull The intense rain tendency increases the risk of natural disasters such as floods and rock slides
bull A decrease of temperature and presence of extreme events are projected to decrease the water quality
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation opportunities and funding 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency
Critic Topics
Temperature Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Annual anomaly (degC)
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
Potable Water
A 32 of the plants are not operating or they have low efficiencies
Deficiency in purifying infrastructure for water supply under regulations
Problems to comply the regulations
Water Sanitation
The sewage coverage is estimated at 869 (939 632) 371 of the municipal wastewater are treated Only a 193 of the non-municipal wastewaters are
treated There are 2029 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
(881 m3s) There are 2186 Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plants
(367 m3s)
Surface Water
National total
T215 Percentage distribution of monitoring sites in surface water by RHA According with indicator 1198631198631198745 2009
Source Conagua 2010
Excellent Good Quality Acceptable Contaminated Strongly Contaminated
Underground Water
Overexploited aquifers
Hydrologic-Administrative Regions
Source CONAGUA
104 overexploited aquifers and 69 close to become overexploited
The Schedule 2030
Clean Rivers
Watersheds in balance
Universal coverage
Safe settlements for catastrophic floods
All municipal water treated
All rivers and lakes without trash
Sources of diffuse pollution under control
All industrial waters treated
Urban suburbs connected to networks
Rural locations with drinking water
Operating bodies working efficiently
All the surface of irrigation technified
Self-managed watersheds
All treated water is reused
All the aquifers in balance
Effective land management
Warning and prevention high-tech systems
Flood areas free of human settlement
The Climate Change in Mexico
bull Mexico is part of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change since its creation
bull It has strengthen its capacity to face the climate change in both impact response and GEI emission relieve
bull To date Mexico has emitted the fifth National Communication before the CMNUCC which remarks the actions and studies on climate change
Commitments to CC
The ldquoPlan Nacional de Desarrollordquo (PND) which regards explicitly the CC The Comisioacuten Intersecretarial de CC (CICC) coordinates the actions from all
the departments The National Strategy on Climate Change was established on 2007
(Opportunities for relieve and adaptation to CC) The Special Program for Climate Change was created for 2009 to 2012 to
establish the ENACC There are some Regional Commissions The states have inter-agencies commissions for CC and they elaborate the
State Action Programs against CC There are also action plans at municipal level On 2012 the General Law for Climate change was published (at Federal
level)
Commitments to CC
Progress of the states in the development of the PEACC commissions and local laws in climate change
Concluded PEACC
PEACC in development
State Commission on Climate Change
Regional Commission of the peninsula of Yucatan
Bill on Climate Change
Climate change local law
Trends
a) Average annual temperature trend (001degCyear) and b) Annual precipitation (mmyear) in Mexico 1901- 2009 amp
001degCyear mmyear
Source CRU version 3
Stages Figure III-C52 Assembly median of six realizations of the model of regional climate of the Earth Simulator for late XXI century under the scenario A1B at 60km x 60km a) Annual average temperature (Cdeg) and b) Precipitation ()
Source Pereacutez-Pereacutez et al 2010
Stages
bull It has been suggested that temperature rising will continue with increasing of 2 to 4ordm C towards the end of the century mainly at the north of the country
bull A decrease on the raining tendency is forecast In contrasts with the XX century tendency
bull Overall dry seasons appear to be more sensitive than wet ones
Hydric Sector
bull The average water availability in Mexico calculated for 2030 is 3800 m3habyear which is less than 2010 (4200 m3habyear)
bull In a couple of decades the 55 of the country will present high levels of hydric requirements which could result on frequent drought
bull The intense rain tendency increases the risk of natural disasters such as floods and rock slides
bull A decrease of temperature and presence of extreme events are projected to decrease the water quality
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation opportunities and funding 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency
Critic Topics
Temperature Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Annual anomaly (degC)
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
Water Sanitation
The sewage coverage is estimated at 869 (939 632) 371 of the municipal wastewater are treated Only a 193 of the non-municipal wastewaters are
treated There are 2029 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
(881 m3s) There are 2186 Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plants
(367 m3s)
Surface Water
National total
T215 Percentage distribution of monitoring sites in surface water by RHA According with indicator 1198631198631198745 2009
Source Conagua 2010
Excellent Good Quality Acceptable Contaminated Strongly Contaminated
Underground Water
Overexploited aquifers
Hydrologic-Administrative Regions
Source CONAGUA
104 overexploited aquifers and 69 close to become overexploited
The Schedule 2030
Clean Rivers
Watersheds in balance
Universal coverage
Safe settlements for catastrophic floods
All municipal water treated
All rivers and lakes without trash
Sources of diffuse pollution under control
All industrial waters treated
Urban suburbs connected to networks
Rural locations with drinking water
Operating bodies working efficiently
All the surface of irrigation technified
Self-managed watersheds
All treated water is reused
All the aquifers in balance
Effective land management
Warning and prevention high-tech systems
Flood areas free of human settlement
The Climate Change in Mexico
bull Mexico is part of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change since its creation
bull It has strengthen its capacity to face the climate change in both impact response and GEI emission relieve
bull To date Mexico has emitted the fifth National Communication before the CMNUCC which remarks the actions and studies on climate change
Commitments to CC
The ldquoPlan Nacional de Desarrollordquo (PND) which regards explicitly the CC The Comisioacuten Intersecretarial de CC (CICC) coordinates the actions from all
the departments The National Strategy on Climate Change was established on 2007
(Opportunities for relieve and adaptation to CC) The Special Program for Climate Change was created for 2009 to 2012 to
establish the ENACC There are some Regional Commissions The states have inter-agencies commissions for CC and they elaborate the
State Action Programs against CC There are also action plans at municipal level On 2012 the General Law for Climate change was published (at Federal
level)
Commitments to CC
Progress of the states in the development of the PEACC commissions and local laws in climate change
Concluded PEACC
PEACC in development
State Commission on Climate Change
Regional Commission of the peninsula of Yucatan
Bill on Climate Change
Climate change local law
Trends
a) Average annual temperature trend (001degCyear) and b) Annual precipitation (mmyear) in Mexico 1901- 2009 amp
001degCyear mmyear
Source CRU version 3
Stages Figure III-C52 Assembly median of six realizations of the model of regional climate of the Earth Simulator for late XXI century under the scenario A1B at 60km x 60km a) Annual average temperature (Cdeg) and b) Precipitation ()
Source Pereacutez-Pereacutez et al 2010
Stages
bull It has been suggested that temperature rising will continue with increasing of 2 to 4ordm C towards the end of the century mainly at the north of the country
bull A decrease on the raining tendency is forecast In contrasts with the XX century tendency
bull Overall dry seasons appear to be more sensitive than wet ones
Hydric Sector
bull The average water availability in Mexico calculated for 2030 is 3800 m3habyear which is less than 2010 (4200 m3habyear)
bull In a couple of decades the 55 of the country will present high levels of hydric requirements which could result on frequent drought
bull The intense rain tendency increases the risk of natural disasters such as floods and rock slides
bull A decrease of temperature and presence of extreme events are projected to decrease the water quality
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation opportunities and funding 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency
Critic Topics
Temperature Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Annual anomaly (degC)
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
Surface Water
National total
T215 Percentage distribution of monitoring sites in surface water by RHA According with indicator 1198631198631198745 2009
Source Conagua 2010
Excellent Good Quality Acceptable Contaminated Strongly Contaminated
Underground Water
Overexploited aquifers
Hydrologic-Administrative Regions
Source CONAGUA
104 overexploited aquifers and 69 close to become overexploited
The Schedule 2030
Clean Rivers
Watersheds in balance
Universal coverage
Safe settlements for catastrophic floods
All municipal water treated
All rivers and lakes without trash
Sources of diffuse pollution under control
All industrial waters treated
Urban suburbs connected to networks
Rural locations with drinking water
Operating bodies working efficiently
All the surface of irrigation technified
Self-managed watersheds
All treated water is reused
All the aquifers in balance
Effective land management
Warning and prevention high-tech systems
Flood areas free of human settlement
The Climate Change in Mexico
bull Mexico is part of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change since its creation
bull It has strengthen its capacity to face the climate change in both impact response and GEI emission relieve
bull To date Mexico has emitted the fifth National Communication before the CMNUCC which remarks the actions and studies on climate change
Commitments to CC
The ldquoPlan Nacional de Desarrollordquo (PND) which regards explicitly the CC The Comisioacuten Intersecretarial de CC (CICC) coordinates the actions from all
the departments The National Strategy on Climate Change was established on 2007
(Opportunities for relieve and adaptation to CC) The Special Program for Climate Change was created for 2009 to 2012 to
establish the ENACC There are some Regional Commissions The states have inter-agencies commissions for CC and they elaborate the
State Action Programs against CC There are also action plans at municipal level On 2012 the General Law for Climate change was published (at Federal
level)
Commitments to CC
Progress of the states in the development of the PEACC commissions and local laws in climate change
Concluded PEACC
PEACC in development
State Commission on Climate Change
Regional Commission of the peninsula of Yucatan
Bill on Climate Change
Climate change local law
Trends
a) Average annual temperature trend (001degCyear) and b) Annual precipitation (mmyear) in Mexico 1901- 2009 amp
001degCyear mmyear
Source CRU version 3
Stages Figure III-C52 Assembly median of six realizations of the model of regional climate of the Earth Simulator for late XXI century under the scenario A1B at 60km x 60km a) Annual average temperature (Cdeg) and b) Precipitation ()
Source Pereacutez-Pereacutez et al 2010
Stages
bull It has been suggested that temperature rising will continue with increasing of 2 to 4ordm C towards the end of the century mainly at the north of the country
bull A decrease on the raining tendency is forecast In contrasts with the XX century tendency
bull Overall dry seasons appear to be more sensitive than wet ones
Hydric Sector
bull The average water availability in Mexico calculated for 2030 is 3800 m3habyear which is less than 2010 (4200 m3habyear)
bull In a couple of decades the 55 of the country will present high levels of hydric requirements which could result on frequent drought
bull The intense rain tendency increases the risk of natural disasters such as floods and rock slides
bull A decrease of temperature and presence of extreme events are projected to decrease the water quality
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation opportunities and funding 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency
Critic Topics
Temperature Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Annual anomaly (degC)
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
Underground Water
Overexploited aquifers
Hydrologic-Administrative Regions
Source CONAGUA
104 overexploited aquifers and 69 close to become overexploited
The Schedule 2030
Clean Rivers
Watersheds in balance
Universal coverage
Safe settlements for catastrophic floods
All municipal water treated
All rivers and lakes without trash
Sources of diffuse pollution under control
All industrial waters treated
Urban suburbs connected to networks
Rural locations with drinking water
Operating bodies working efficiently
All the surface of irrigation technified
Self-managed watersheds
All treated water is reused
All the aquifers in balance
Effective land management
Warning and prevention high-tech systems
Flood areas free of human settlement
The Climate Change in Mexico
bull Mexico is part of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change since its creation
bull It has strengthen its capacity to face the climate change in both impact response and GEI emission relieve
bull To date Mexico has emitted the fifth National Communication before the CMNUCC which remarks the actions and studies on climate change
Commitments to CC
The ldquoPlan Nacional de Desarrollordquo (PND) which regards explicitly the CC The Comisioacuten Intersecretarial de CC (CICC) coordinates the actions from all
the departments The National Strategy on Climate Change was established on 2007
(Opportunities for relieve and adaptation to CC) The Special Program for Climate Change was created for 2009 to 2012 to
establish the ENACC There are some Regional Commissions The states have inter-agencies commissions for CC and they elaborate the
State Action Programs against CC There are also action plans at municipal level On 2012 the General Law for Climate change was published (at Federal
level)
Commitments to CC
Progress of the states in the development of the PEACC commissions and local laws in climate change
Concluded PEACC
PEACC in development
State Commission on Climate Change
Regional Commission of the peninsula of Yucatan
Bill on Climate Change
Climate change local law
Trends
a) Average annual temperature trend (001degCyear) and b) Annual precipitation (mmyear) in Mexico 1901- 2009 amp
001degCyear mmyear
Source CRU version 3
Stages Figure III-C52 Assembly median of six realizations of the model of regional climate of the Earth Simulator for late XXI century under the scenario A1B at 60km x 60km a) Annual average temperature (Cdeg) and b) Precipitation ()
Source Pereacutez-Pereacutez et al 2010
Stages
bull It has been suggested that temperature rising will continue with increasing of 2 to 4ordm C towards the end of the century mainly at the north of the country
bull A decrease on the raining tendency is forecast In contrasts with the XX century tendency
bull Overall dry seasons appear to be more sensitive than wet ones
Hydric Sector
bull The average water availability in Mexico calculated for 2030 is 3800 m3habyear which is less than 2010 (4200 m3habyear)
bull In a couple of decades the 55 of the country will present high levels of hydric requirements which could result on frequent drought
bull The intense rain tendency increases the risk of natural disasters such as floods and rock slides
bull A decrease of temperature and presence of extreme events are projected to decrease the water quality
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation opportunities and funding 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency
Critic Topics
Temperature Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Annual anomaly (degC)
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
The Schedule 2030
Clean Rivers
Watersheds in balance
Universal coverage
Safe settlements for catastrophic floods
All municipal water treated
All rivers and lakes without trash
Sources of diffuse pollution under control
All industrial waters treated
Urban suburbs connected to networks
Rural locations with drinking water
Operating bodies working efficiently
All the surface of irrigation technified
Self-managed watersheds
All treated water is reused
All the aquifers in balance
Effective land management
Warning and prevention high-tech systems
Flood areas free of human settlement
The Climate Change in Mexico
bull Mexico is part of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change since its creation
bull It has strengthen its capacity to face the climate change in both impact response and GEI emission relieve
bull To date Mexico has emitted the fifth National Communication before the CMNUCC which remarks the actions and studies on climate change
Commitments to CC
The ldquoPlan Nacional de Desarrollordquo (PND) which regards explicitly the CC The Comisioacuten Intersecretarial de CC (CICC) coordinates the actions from all
the departments The National Strategy on Climate Change was established on 2007
(Opportunities for relieve and adaptation to CC) The Special Program for Climate Change was created for 2009 to 2012 to
establish the ENACC There are some Regional Commissions The states have inter-agencies commissions for CC and they elaborate the
State Action Programs against CC There are also action plans at municipal level On 2012 the General Law for Climate change was published (at Federal
level)
Commitments to CC
Progress of the states in the development of the PEACC commissions and local laws in climate change
Concluded PEACC
PEACC in development
State Commission on Climate Change
Regional Commission of the peninsula of Yucatan
Bill on Climate Change
Climate change local law
Trends
a) Average annual temperature trend (001degCyear) and b) Annual precipitation (mmyear) in Mexico 1901- 2009 amp
001degCyear mmyear
Source CRU version 3
Stages Figure III-C52 Assembly median of six realizations of the model of regional climate of the Earth Simulator for late XXI century under the scenario A1B at 60km x 60km a) Annual average temperature (Cdeg) and b) Precipitation ()
Source Pereacutez-Pereacutez et al 2010
Stages
bull It has been suggested that temperature rising will continue with increasing of 2 to 4ordm C towards the end of the century mainly at the north of the country
bull A decrease on the raining tendency is forecast In contrasts with the XX century tendency
bull Overall dry seasons appear to be more sensitive than wet ones
Hydric Sector
bull The average water availability in Mexico calculated for 2030 is 3800 m3habyear which is less than 2010 (4200 m3habyear)
bull In a couple of decades the 55 of the country will present high levels of hydric requirements which could result on frequent drought
bull The intense rain tendency increases the risk of natural disasters such as floods and rock slides
bull A decrease of temperature and presence of extreme events are projected to decrease the water quality
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation opportunities and funding 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency
Critic Topics
Temperature Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Annual anomaly (degC)
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
The Climate Change in Mexico
bull Mexico is part of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change since its creation
bull It has strengthen its capacity to face the climate change in both impact response and GEI emission relieve
bull To date Mexico has emitted the fifth National Communication before the CMNUCC which remarks the actions and studies on climate change
Commitments to CC
The ldquoPlan Nacional de Desarrollordquo (PND) which regards explicitly the CC The Comisioacuten Intersecretarial de CC (CICC) coordinates the actions from all
the departments The National Strategy on Climate Change was established on 2007
(Opportunities for relieve and adaptation to CC) The Special Program for Climate Change was created for 2009 to 2012 to
establish the ENACC There are some Regional Commissions The states have inter-agencies commissions for CC and they elaborate the
State Action Programs against CC There are also action plans at municipal level On 2012 the General Law for Climate change was published (at Federal
level)
Commitments to CC
Progress of the states in the development of the PEACC commissions and local laws in climate change
Concluded PEACC
PEACC in development
State Commission on Climate Change
Regional Commission of the peninsula of Yucatan
Bill on Climate Change
Climate change local law
Trends
a) Average annual temperature trend (001degCyear) and b) Annual precipitation (mmyear) in Mexico 1901- 2009 amp
001degCyear mmyear
Source CRU version 3
Stages Figure III-C52 Assembly median of six realizations of the model of regional climate of the Earth Simulator for late XXI century under the scenario A1B at 60km x 60km a) Annual average temperature (Cdeg) and b) Precipitation ()
Source Pereacutez-Pereacutez et al 2010
Stages
bull It has been suggested that temperature rising will continue with increasing of 2 to 4ordm C towards the end of the century mainly at the north of the country
bull A decrease on the raining tendency is forecast In contrasts with the XX century tendency
bull Overall dry seasons appear to be more sensitive than wet ones
Hydric Sector
bull The average water availability in Mexico calculated for 2030 is 3800 m3habyear which is less than 2010 (4200 m3habyear)
bull In a couple of decades the 55 of the country will present high levels of hydric requirements which could result on frequent drought
bull The intense rain tendency increases the risk of natural disasters such as floods and rock slides
bull A decrease of temperature and presence of extreme events are projected to decrease the water quality
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation opportunities and funding 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency
Critic Topics
Temperature Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Annual anomaly (degC)
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
Commitments to CC
The ldquoPlan Nacional de Desarrollordquo (PND) which regards explicitly the CC The Comisioacuten Intersecretarial de CC (CICC) coordinates the actions from all
the departments The National Strategy on Climate Change was established on 2007
(Opportunities for relieve and adaptation to CC) The Special Program for Climate Change was created for 2009 to 2012 to
establish the ENACC There are some Regional Commissions The states have inter-agencies commissions for CC and they elaborate the
State Action Programs against CC There are also action plans at municipal level On 2012 the General Law for Climate change was published (at Federal
level)
Commitments to CC
Progress of the states in the development of the PEACC commissions and local laws in climate change
Concluded PEACC
PEACC in development
State Commission on Climate Change
Regional Commission of the peninsula of Yucatan
Bill on Climate Change
Climate change local law
Trends
a) Average annual temperature trend (001degCyear) and b) Annual precipitation (mmyear) in Mexico 1901- 2009 amp
001degCyear mmyear
Source CRU version 3
Stages Figure III-C52 Assembly median of six realizations of the model of regional climate of the Earth Simulator for late XXI century under the scenario A1B at 60km x 60km a) Annual average temperature (Cdeg) and b) Precipitation ()
Source Pereacutez-Pereacutez et al 2010
Stages
bull It has been suggested that temperature rising will continue with increasing of 2 to 4ordm C towards the end of the century mainly at the north of the country
bull A decrease on the raining tendency is forecast In contrasts with the XX century tendency
bull Overall dry seasons appear to be more sensitive than wet ones
Hydric Sector
bull The average water availability in Mexico calculated for 2030 is 3800 m3habyear which is less than 2010 (4200 m3habyear)
bull In a couple of decades the 55 of the country will present high levels of hydric requirements which could result on frequent drought
bull The intense rain tendency increases the risk of natural disasters such as floods and rock slides
bull A decrease of temperature and presence of extreme events are projected to decrease the water quality
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation opportunities and funding 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency
Critic Topics
Temperature Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Annual anomaly (degC)
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
Commitments to CC
Progress of the states in the development of the PEACC commissions and local laws in climate change
Concluded PEACC
PEACC in development
State Commission on Climate Change
Regional Commission of the peninsula of Yucatan
Bill on Climate Change
Climate change local law
Trends
a) Average annual temperature trend (001degCyear) and b) Annual precipitation (mmyear) in Mexico 1901- 2009 amp
001degCyear mmyear
Source CRU version 3
Stages Figure III-C52 Assembly median of six realizations of the model of regional climate of the Earth Simulator for late XXI century under the scenario A1B at 60km x 60km a) Annual average temperature (Cdeg) and b) Precipitation ()
Source Pereacutez-Pereacutez et al 2010
Stages
bull It has been suggested that temperature rising will continue with increasing of 2 to 4ordm C towards the end of the century mainly at the north of the country
bull A decrease on the raining tendency is forecast In contrasts with the XX century tendency
bull Overall dry seasons appear to be more sensitive than wet ones
Hydric Sector
bull The average water availability in Mexico calculated for 2030 is 3800 m3habyear which is less than 2010 (4200 m3habyear)
bull In a couple of decades the 55 of the country will present high levels of hydric requirements which could result on frequent drought
bull The intense rain tendency increases the risk of natural disasters such as floods and rock slides
bull A decrease of temperature and presence of extreme events are projected to decrease the water quality
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation opportunities and funding 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency
Critic Topics
Temperature Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Annual anomaly (degC)
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
Trends
a) Average annual temperature trend (001degCyear) and b) Annual precipitation (mmyear) in Mexico 1901- 2009 amp
001degCyear mmyear
Source CRU version 3
Stages Figure III-C52 Assembly median of six realizations of the model of regional climate of the Earth Simulator for late XXI century under the scenario A1B at 60km x 60km a) Annual average temperature (Cdeg) and b) Precipitation ()
Source Pereacutez-Pereacutez et al 2010
Stages
bull It has been suggested that temperature rising will continue with increasing of 2 to 4ordm C towards the end of the century mainly at the north of the country
bull A decrease on the raining tendency is forecast In contrasts with the XX century tendency
bull Overall dry seasons appear to be more sensitive than wet ones
Hydric Sector
bull The average water availability in Mexico calculated for 2030 is 3800 m3habyear which is less than 2010 (4200 m3habyear)
bull In a couple of decades the 55 of the country will present high levels of hydric requirements which could result on frequent drought
bull The intense rain tendency increases the risk of natural disasters such as floods and rock slides
bull A decrease of temperature and presence of extreme events are projected to decrease the water quality
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation opportunities and funding 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency
Critic Topics
Temperature Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Annual anomaly (degC)
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
Stages Figure III-C52 Assembly median of six realizations of the model of regional climate of the Earth Simulator for late XXI century under the scenario A1B at 60km x 60km a) Annual average temperature (Cdeg) and b) Precipitation ()
Source Pereacutez-Pereacutez et al 2010
Stages
bull It has been suggested that temperature rising will continue with increasing of 2 to 4ordm C towards the end of the century mainly at the north of the country
bull A decrease on the raining tendency is forecast In contrasts with the XX century tendency
bull Overall dry seasons appear to be more sensitive than wet ones
Hydric Sector
bull The average water availability in Mexico calculated for 2030 is 3800 m3habyear which is less than 2010 (4200 m3habyear)
bull In a couple of decades the 55 of the country will present high levels of hydric requirements which could result on frequent drought
bull The intense rain tendency increases the risk of natural disasters such as floods and rock slides
bull A decrease of temperature and presence of extreme events are projected to decrease the water quality
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation opportunities and funding 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency
Critic Topics
Temperature Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Annual anomaly (degC)
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
Stages
bull It has been suggested that temperature rising will continue with increasing of 2 to 4ordm C towards the end of the century mainly at the north of the country
bull A decrease on the raining tendency is forecast In contrasts with the XX century tendency
bull Overall dry seasons appear to be more sensitive than wet ones
Hydric Sector
bull The average water availability in Mexico calculated for 2030 is 3800 m3habyear which is less than 2010 (4200 m3habyear)
bull In a couple of decades the 55 of the country will present high levels of hydric requirements which could result on frequent drought
bull The intense rain tendency increases the risk of natural disasters such as floods and rock slides
bull A decrease of temperature and presence of extreme events are projected to decrease the water quality
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation opportunities and funding 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency
Critic Topics
Temperature Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Annual anomaly (degC)
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
Hydric Sector
bull The average water availability in Mexico calculated for 2030 is 3800 m3habyear which is less than 2010 (4200 m3habyear)
bull In a couple of decades the 55 of the country will present high levels of hydric requirements which could result on frequent drought
bull The intense rain tendency increases the risk of natural disasters such as floods and rock slides
bull A decrease of temperature and presence of extreme events are projected to decrease the water quality
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation opportunities and funding 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency
Critic Topics
Temperature Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Annual anomaly (degC)
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation opportunities and funding 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency
Critic Topics
Temperature Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Annual anomaly (degC)
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
Temperature Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Annual anomaly (degC)
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
Precipitation Anomalies 2061-2090 - Stage A2
Own elaboration with data from projection from REA in the 2061-2090 period for scenario A2
Annual anomaly ()
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
Agricultural Vulnerability Stage A2
Own elaboration
Cycle Fall ndash Winter (FW) Scenario A2
Vulnerability Degree ()
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
No Risk
Capitals
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
Hydric Vulnerability Cuenca Lerma
Levels of Vulnerability
Vulnerability Estimated with 1 IES 2 Municipal population (INEGI
2005) 3 Degree of social
marginalization (CONAPO 2005)
4 Degree of exploitation of the aquifers (CONAGUA 2009)
Extreme Mid-Extreme High Mid-High Medium
Hydric vulnerability Atlas in Mexico facing cimate change
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
According to the INE (2009) in the near future Mexico will face 10 critic topics related to the effective adaptation in the hydric sector 1 Regulation and funding opportunities 2 Potable water and sanitation 3 Sanitation and pollution control 4 Irrigation 5 Water and power 6 Basin paperwork 7 Ecosystems and water for sustainable development 8 Vulnerability 9 Infrastructure for the reduction of water losses in distribution and
irrigation 10 Water use efficiency- Use of better adapted for semi arid
agricultural crops
The not too distant future
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
Pitaya a case of study for sustainable water use in arid zones
(Ahuatlan)
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
Ahuatlan
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Estimated waterdemand
Water allocated bygovernment
Volu
me
of w
ater
m3
year
s
Comparison water allocated by government ( ) and estimated water demand( ) (CONAGUA 2014)
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep NovAver
age
mon
thly
rain
fall
in
Ahua
tlaacuten
(mm
)
Months
Weighted average monthly precipitation in Ahuatlaacuten these data wre obtained from meteorological stations 21049 21132 21230 and 21231
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
Current agricultural status
bull Ahuatlaacuten has only 154 km2 of rain fed crops (INEGI 2011) and 87 of the land is unsuitable for the cultivation of actual commercial crops (INEGI 2009)
bull Ahuatlaacutenacutes economic activity relies largely on maize however maize is a water demanding crop
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Prod
uctio
n(to
nha
)
Time (years)
Value of maize production Meacutexico (∆) Puebla () Ahuatlaacuten (loz) and (times) Ahuatlaacuten equilibrium roduction point (SAGARPA 2012)
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
A summary of the requirements for the cultivation of maize and S stellatus
(Pitaya)
Requirement Maize S stellatus Water consumption by life cycle (mm)
500 to 800 200 to 400 mm
Weather Tropical subtropical Semi-arid
Life cycle 90 to 180 (days) At least 30 (years) Temperature (ordmC) 18 to 24 8 to 34 Soil type Clay loam silty clay
loam Cambisol cromic feozem haplic and acrisol ortico
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
Schematic diagram production of S stellatus and maize
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
$(40000)
$10000
$60000
$110000
$160000
$210000
$260000
$310000
$360000
$410000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reve
nues
(USD
)
Time (years)
Pitaya (loz) and maize () revenues per hectare over twenty years production Maize is planted each year and S stellatus is planted once during 20 years
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
Possible Products
Pulp Dry fruit Sweets Marmalade
Yoghurt Ice cream Frozen pulp
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
Thanks
Dr Roberto Parra rparraitesmmx
