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Your BEST choice in Solder Rework/Repair/Test, Solder Training & Soldering Tools
ROHS Overview
A. HistoryB. RoHS1 (5 pages)C. RoHS2 (23 pages)
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Concerns about Lead 10,000 tons of SnPb solder used annually Pb indicated as a hazardous element Legislative action has increasingly
removed it from a number of products Gasoline Household paints Bullets Batteries Plumbing Solders
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Precautionary Principle Substances are toxic/hazardous Assume exposure Prevent potential risk by banning
materials Knowledge or assessment of whether
substitutes are better for the environment not part of the precautionary principle
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Marketing/Competitive Pressures Japanese OEMs publish timelines for “lead-free” electronics
Mainly eliminating tin-lead solder
EU hears “lead-free” is possible
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Consumer Behavior and the Environment
20%
45%50%
66%
76%
44%
0%
50%
100%
Consider Environment when purchasing (Roper 96)
Bought product because environmentally safe or biodegradable.(Roper 96)
Currently have product specifically because better for environment (98 MORI).
Switched Brands after discovering harm to environment.(1999 Environmental Research Associates Inc.)
1993
Switch brands when price and quality
are equal.(Roper/Cone Poll)
1998
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Environmental Benefits??? Life cycle environmental assessment of banned
materials was not conducted No evidence that the substitutes have less
environmental impact Studies by the US EPA indicate that Tin-Silver-
Copper solder in electronics has higher air, water, and global warming impacts than tin-lead solder due to higher operating temperatures
EU currently conducting an assessment of the costs (and hopefully benefits) of RoHS
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EU RoHS Compliance and Enforcement RoHS Directive does not prescribe
methods to determine compliance No documentation requirements No prescribed testing methods Results in legal uncertainty
Exemption process is lengthy and unpredictable
Ambiguity is costly in the business world
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EU RoHS(1) Implementation Lacked adequate technical expertise Lacked adequate stakeholder input From the beginning suffered from lack
of clear definitions “put on the market” “fixed installation”
Lack of clear definitions caused confusion and uncertainty
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EU RoHS Compliance and Enforcement Commission published guidance document
“Frequently Asked Questions” in May 2005 “Intended to help authorities to interpret WEEE
and RoHS Directives” Reflect Commission’s views, are not legally
binding Some member states disagree with
Commission’s interpretations
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Reliability mode Whiskers
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New failure mechanisms
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Concerns from High Reliability Industry
• SnPb BGA’s will outlast SAC BGA’s by a factor of 20x (or more) using a 3 Grms JG-PP PSD spectrum (0.0062 G2/Hz under first resonance)
• Potentially a big problem for high reliability electronics?
• Below some threshold, all SAC BGA’s will survive more than 20 years
• More testing and modeling required before SAC can be widely used in high reliability electronics
BGATest Vehicle 5, SnPb Solder
Test Vehicle 7, SnPb Solder
Test Vehicle 8, SnPb Solder
Test Vehicle 77, SAC Solder
Test Vehicle 79, SAC Solder
U4 14.3 19.2 40 0.6 0.8U6 297 7010 330 13.3 1.6U18 4145 23800 35850+ 102 228
Predicted Time to Failure
at Constant 3 Grms (0.0062 G2/Hz) Input (years)
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Aerospace IssuesUnique to Aerospace:
• Long service lifetimes
• Rugged operating environments
• High consequences of failure
• Repair at circuit card level (mixed alloys)
• Quantify reliability at design
• Strict configuration control requirements (obsolescence)
Beyond Aerospace Control (most of the time):
• Alloys on part terminations
• Alloys on printed wiring pad finishes
• Reliability tests conducted by suppliers cannot be assumed to assure reliability in aerospace applications
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Supply Chain Disruption
Suppliers Ready for Lead-Free, But Balk at New Part Numbers By Rob Spiegel -- Electronic News,
11/10/2004 In a survey of component suppliers conducted by
Technology Forecasters Inc. for Phoenix-based Avnet Inc., 94 percent of responding suppliers indicate they are designing components compliant with RoHS regulations, while only 53 percent indicate they intend to ascribe new part numbers to their lead-free components.
Meanwhile, a surprising 42 percent of those surveyed by the firm indicated they do not intend to create new part numbers for compliant components.
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Supply Chain Disruption
iNEMI Wants Unique Part Numbers for Select Lead-Free BGA Parts
Rob Spiegel -- Design News, May 9, 2007 The International Electronics Manufacturing Initiative
(iNEMI), released a statement Monday indicating that the majority of its OEM and EMS members strongly support unique part numbers for BGA (ball grid array) components to differentiate any lead-free ball metallurgies other than SAC 305 or SAC 405
iNEMI members supporting the position include 3M, Agilent Technologies Inc., Alcatel-Lucent, Analogic, Celestica, Delphi Electronics and Safety, Huawei Technologies Intel, Jabil Circuit, Microsoft, Micro Systems Engineering, Plexus, Sanmina-SCI, Solectron and Tyco Electronics.
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Cost of RoHS Compliance
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Cost of RoHS Compliance- OEM
$1B consumer electronics company 10K parts from 500 global suppliers $10M in design and documentation $3M in equipment upgrades $1M for soldering equipment $2M in test equipment Full time staff of 10 dedicated to
directives ½ time from additional 50 people
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Cost of RoHS Compliance- Component Distributor “RoHS-related expenses are costing
us millions and millions of dollars” Increasing our staff 5 to 7% Additional time and money by legal Marketing department to spread the
word on a company's RoHS-compliant products
IT department time and effort
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Cost of Compliance R&D Higher Materials Costs Supply Chain Management for in-scope and
out-of-scope products Higher energy costs due to higher operating
temperatures Training Need for tight inventory control and
purchasing Excess and obsolete inventory Materials Declaration and compliance testing
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Higher Material Costs
Current price approx $7.50
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Higher Material CostsCurrent Price $16.50
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RoHS1
2002 voted on by EU member states Take effect July 2006 Restricts (6) substances for electronic
assemblies 8 specific consumer areas Medical, transportation, IT
infrastructure, military were some of the exemptions
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Restricted Substances Lead (Pb): < 1000 ppm
Electrical and electronics industry solder, lead-acid batteries, electronic components, cable sheathing and in the glass of cathode-ray tubes.
Mercury (Hg): < 100 ppmIn production of electrical and electronic appliances and is concentrated in batteries, switches and thermostats, and fluorescent lamps.
Cadmium (Cd): < 100 ppmUsed in electronic equipment, car batteries, and pigments.
Hexavalent Chromium (Cr VI) < 1000 ppmPolybrominated Biphenyls (PBB): 1000 ppmFlame retardants found in electronic and electrical appliances. They have been found in indoor dust and air through evaporation from plastics.
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE): < 1000 ppmFlame retardants found in electronic and electrical appliances. Combustion of printed wiring boards release toxic emissions.
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RoHs2
2011 voted on by EU member states Entered in force July 21, 2011 Member states adopted and went in
to force Jan 2, 2013
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RoHs2 Differences from RoHs1 Expanded Scope of Application Definition of an EEE Restricted Substances Conformity Assessment and CE
Marking Exemption Procedure
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Expanded Scope for RoHS2 Large and small household
appliances IT and telecom Consumer equipment Lighting equipment Electronic tools
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RoHs2 NOW Applies to Medical devices Monitoring and control devices Industrial control devices “Other” category now covered by
2019
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Exclusions in RoHS2 Military equipment Equipment in space Large scale tools Large fixed installations Implantable medical devices R and D equipment for B to B
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Broadened the Scope Definition of EEE changed “Any equipment needing electric
currents or electromagnetic fields to fulfill its intended function”
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RoHS2 and CE Mark
Declaration of Conformity is required
Technical File is required CE mark on the EEE CE marks means conformance to
RoHS2
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RoHS2-More Restricted substances? (36) additional substances on the “to be
investigated list” Many commenters pointed out that it
should be based on science!~ Now periodic review of what substance the
member states want as part of RoHS Have to bring science in to the equation Complete life cycle costs (Unintended
consequences-EPA and RoHS1)
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RoHS2-More Restricted substances? TBBA is on the list (Bound in to FR4 for
flame retardance) PVC is on the list
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Exemptions have Expiration Dates
5 years for categories 1-7, 10 and 11 7 years for categories 8 and 9 Can apply for extensions-need 18 months
prior to date, commit to a 6 month prior to deadline answer
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Manufacturer Shipping to Europe
What is now required under RoHS2? EU Declaration of Conformity Technical File CE Marking Product Marking
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Declaration of Conformity Unique identification number Name and address Object of declaration-catalog or photo of EEE Statement of conformity-is in conformity with
Directive 2011/65/US of the European Parliament and Council of 8 June 2011
Which references to the technical conformity declared
Signature, place, address and date
Also need safety and declaration in language of the markets being sold
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Technical File EN50581 General description of product Conceptual design and manufacturing
drawings and schemes of sub-assemblies Description and explanation for
understanding of these drawings Results of design calculations Examinations carried out Which standards the EEE conforms to What risks there are in conformance to this
standard
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Materials Declaration IPC-1752A Meant to exchange data with supply chain Not a compliance doc Defines what data is to be collected and
shared Defines computer language (XML) for
sharing NOT a reporting form