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t t t t rsdK ;rsdK ;rsdK ;rsdK ; om ;om ;om ;om ; 'D'D'D'D rdkrdkrdkrdk uuuu a&a&a&a& pDpDpDpD tttt zGJ@zGJ@zGJ@zGJ@ c sK yfc sK yfc sK yfc sK yf .... w dki f; &i f; ow dki f; &i f; ow dki f; &i f; ow dki f; &i f; o m ; vlrsdK ; rsm ; t a &; ESi hfpy fvsO f; I xm ; &Sda omm ; vlrsdK ; rsm ; t a &; ESi hfpy fvsO f; I xm ; &Sda omm ; vlrsdK ; rsm ; t a &; ESi hfpy fvsO f; I xm ; &Sda omm ; vlrsdK ; rsm ; t a &; ESi hfpy fvsO f; I xm ; &Sda om

oooo a b ma b ma b ma b m xm ;xm ;xm ;xm ; ????

e d' gef;e d' gef;e d' gef;e d' gef; ???? 1 // jynfa xm ifpkjrefr m Ekdi fiHa wm fonf t m ¶St v,fydki f; uke f;a jrrSq if; oufayg ufz Gm ;vm =uonfh wkdi f; &i f; om ; vlr sdK ; / rdom ; pk0 ifrs m ; jzifha ygi f; pyfzGJ@ pnf; xm ; aom E dkifi HwEkdi fiHj zpfygonf/ / uc sif/ u,m ; / u&i f/ c sif; / Arm / rGef/ &c dkif/ &Srf ;t p&Sdonfh wkdi f; &i f; om ; vlrsdK ; rsm ;/ vlrds K ; pkrsm ; . t rdajronf jre frm Ekdi fi H om v#i fjzpfayonf/ / 2/ / odk@jzpf&m vlrdsK ; wrsdK ; ESifhw rs dK ; / vlrsdK ; pkwpkESi fhwp kwkd@ o nf/ t jyeft vSef,k H=unfr_&S d=u&e f wef; wl&n fwlq ufqH= u&e ft a&; =uD;a yonf/ / vlrsdK ; =uD; / vlrsdK ;i ,f[ la om jy\ em rsm ;/ awm ifay :E Sihfajr jyef@ [ laom t pGJt vef; rsm ; udk t jyD; t ykdki fa zsm ufzs ufj yD; / jynfa xm ifpkwc kt wGi f; xJrS a yguf zGm ; vm aom nDt pfudkw dki f;& i f;om ;rs m ; tj zpfpGJjrJpGm c H,lt yfayonf/ / 3 // TwGift rs dK ; om ;a c gi f;aq m if=uD; Adkfvfc sK y fat m ifq ef; . “ vlrsdK ; qkdonfrSm / okc / 'kuQ/ t wl cHpm ;=uI eD; eD;p yfpyft usdK ; jcif; xyfjyD; v#i f/ ESpfy&da p>'&Snf vsm ; pGm wrsdK ; wpm ; wnf;yi f[ k pdwfxm ;& Sdol wdk@udk/ wp kwnf;a ygi f; I ac :a 0:jci f; om jz pfayonf/ / t rsdK ; EG,f / udk;uG,f onfhb m om w&m ; / ajym qkdonfh b m om pum ;wkd@udkt a &;xm ; &rnfjzp faom fvnf;/ pi fppfrSm at ;t wlylt r# / aum i f; wlqkd; zuf/ yl; aygi f; vsufae vkda om t pO ft vm q ENt ay: wGi f/ 0Hom Ek& uQdww& m ;onfwnfaea y.” [ laom rde f@=um ; c suf udk wkdi f; oljynfom ; t m ; vkH; vrf; nGeft jzpfc H,l= u&e fvGefpG m rSt a&; =uD; ayonf/ / 4 // odk@ rSom v#i f/ “ jynfa xm ifpk'Drdkua& pDEkdi fi Hawm fop f”we nf; t m ; jzi fh “ ppfrSefa om 'Drdku a&pD Ekdi fi Hawm fopf” udkat m ifj ri fpGmwnfaq m ufE kdi fjyD; wkdi f; &i f; om ; vlrsdK ; t m ; vkH;/ ays mf&$i fc srf; ajr@ pGm aexkdi f oGm ; Ekdi f=ua yrnf/ / odk@rSom v#i f j ynfaxm ifpk= uD;wnfwHh cdki frm jyD; wkdi f;&i f;om ; vlrsdK ; rs m ;t = um ;wGi f xm 0&j idrf; c srf; om ,m r_ xGef; um ; Ekdi frnfjz pfygonf/ / 5/ / odk@t a jrm ft jrif= uD;rm ;a om t rs dK ;om ;a c gif; aq m if=uD; Adkf vfc sK yfa tm ifq ef; ESi fhwuG/ wkdi f;& i f; om ; vlrsdK ; ac gi f; aq mi f=uD;rs m ; onf/ udkvkdeDe, fc sJ@ .xr f;ydk; a t m ufrSvGwfaj rm ufI / tc sK yft jc m tm %m ydki fa om “ jynfaxm i fpkEkdi fi Hawm f”udk us pfvpfc kdi frm pGm wnfa q m ufEdkfi f&ef y ifvkHnDvm c Husi f; yI t a=u t vnfnd‡E_ di f;a qG;a EG; =uvsuf ² ² ² “ » » » awm i fwe f;a 'ors m ; .e,fwGi f;tkyfc sK yfa &;wGi f ,c kvuf& Sdc Hpm ; vsuf&Sdaom udk ,fykdi f tkyfc s K yfa&; qkH; yg; &ef rnfha' o wGi frqkdvkH; 0ðyrlvdrf hr nfr [kwf / a wm ifwef; a'orsm ;t wG uf e,fwGi f;tkyf c s K yfa&; wGi fudk,fykdi fjy X m ef; c Gifht jynfht 0&Sda =um i f; rlt m ; jzi fhvufc Honf/ / ” “ a wmi fwef; a'o&Sdjy nfol wdk@ onf 'Drdk ua&pDwkdi f; jynfr s m ; wGif t aj cc Ht cGifht a& ;ESi fh& ydki fcGi fh rsm ;[kowfrSw fxm ; onfhtc Gi fht a&; rsm ; ESifh& ydki fc Gifhrs m ; udk &&SdcHpm ;ap &rnf” [ laom t c s ufrsm ; udkt av; xm ;um / 1 94 7 ckE Spf/ a zaz: 0g&Dv (1 2) &ufae@wGi f/ &Srf; jynfyi fvkHðrd@Y oab m wlpm c sK yfc sK yfqkdj yD;/ vGwfvyfa&; ud k t wlwuGjyef v nft& ,lc Jh=uayonf/ / 6 // T odk@t m ; jzi fh j ynfax m ifpkzGm ;wkdi f; &if; om ; vlrsdK ; rs m ;t m ; vkkH; we f; wl&nf wl&Sdr_u dk vnf; aum i f;/ e,fwGi f;udk,fyd ki ftkyfc sK yfydki fcGifh&Sda& ;udk vnf; a um if; rdom ; pkpdwf"gwf/ odk @ r[ kwf/ yi fvkHpdwf"g wf jzi fh t odtr Swfð yoab m wlc Jh= ua yonf/ /

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7/ / T onfwkd@udk t rdsK ; o m ; 'Drdkua&pDt zGJ@ c sK yfut av; t eufc H,lI ppfrSefa om ygwDpkH' Dr kd ua&pDE kdi fi Hawmfopfukd jy nfolj ynfom ;t m ; vkH; ESi fht wlwufnDvu fnDwn faq m ufoGm ; =u&ef t c dki f t rm oEMdX m efc srSwfc Jha yonf/ / q ufvufI vnf ; a tm i fjrifonft x dt aum i ft xnfaz: oGm ; rnfjzp f ayonf/ /

t rs dK ; om ; 'Drkdu a&p Dt zGJ@c sK yft aejt rs dK ; om ; 'Drkdu a&p Dt zGJ@c sK yft aejt rs dK ; om ; 'Drkdu a&p Dt zGJ@c sK yft aejt rs dK ; om ; 'Drkdu a&p Dt zGJ@c sK yft aej zi fhw kdi f; &i f; om ;r sm ; t a&; E Si fhzi fhw kdi f; &i f; om ;r sm ; t a&; E Si fhzi fhw kdi f; &i f; om ;r sm ; t a&; E Si fhzi fhw kdi f; &i f; om ;r sm ; t a&; E Si fh yw fo ufI t pO fwpkdu fc srSw fc Jha om yw fo ufI t pO fwpkdu fc srSw fc Jha om yw fo ufI t pO fwpkdu fc srSw fc Jha om yw fo ufI t pO fwpkdu fc srSw fc Jha om oa b m xm ; rsm ; / /oa b m xm ; rsm ; / /oa b m xm ; rsm ; / /oa b m xm ; rsm ; / /

t z GJ@c sK yfz GJ@p nf; y kHt ajc c Hp nf;t z GJ@c sK yfz GJ@p nf; y kHt ajc c Hp nf;t z GJ@c sK yfz GJ@p nf; y kHt ajc c Hp nf;t z GJ@c sK yfz GJ@p nf; y kHt ajc c Hp nf; rs O f; (,m ,D) ESi fhr l0g' oa b m xm ; rsm ; ( rl=u rf; )rs O f; (,m ,D) ESi fhr l0g' oa b m xm ; rsm ; ( rl=u rf; )rs O f; (,m ,D) ESi fhr l0g' oa b m xm ; rsm ; ( rl=u rf; )rs O f; (,m ,D) ESi fhr l0g' oa b m xm ; rsm ; ( rl=u rf; )

8/ / t rsdK ;om ;'Drdkua &pDt zGJ@c s K yf.1 9 88c kESpfat m ufwkdb m vt wGi f; uxkwfj yefc Jhaom t rs dK ; om ; 'Drdkua& pDt zGJ@c s K yfzGJ@pnf; ykHt aj c cHpnf; rsO f; (,m ,D)ESi fh r l0g'o ab m xm ;rsm ; (rl=urf; )yg / wkdi f;& i f;om ; vlrds K ; rsm ;t ay :xm ;&Sdonfh r l0g'oa b m xm ;rsm ; wGif -

(u)“ » » »wkdfi f; &i f; om ;vlrds K ; rsm ; .jy\ em udk OD; pm ; ay; ta v;xm ; um a jz&Si f; =urnf/ / wkdi f; &i f; om ; vlr sdK ; rsm ; t m ; vkH; . wef; wl&nf wlt c Gi fht a&; rsm ;udkt odt rSwfðyjc i f;/ pdwf xm ; apwem jzLpi fjci f;/ c s pf=unf&i f; ESD; jc if; / wO D; .t,lt q wO D; av; pm ; jc if; / t ajc cHvl@t c Gifh t a& ; av; pm ; ,kH=unfjc i f; / wkdffi f; &i f; om ;vlrds K ; rsm ; .pm ay / ,Ofa us; r_ESi fh "avhxk H; wrf;pO fvm zGH@+zdK ; wnfxGef; ap vkdaom q ENt m ; vkdufavsm jc if; wkd@udk t a jc jyK vs uf/ t aum i f;qkH; t ajz udk& &Sdonf t xd}udK ; yrf; rnf/ Tt c s ufrsm ; udkt xl;t av; t eu fxm ; I yl;a ygif; ajz &Si f; =uv#i f/ jy nf axm i fpk}uD; +i drf; c srf; a& ;ESi fh jynfa xm i fpkom ; t c sif; c s if; o[ m Zm wjzpfa&; wkd@o nf/ rkc s at m i fyef;q ifEkdi f rnfh& nfrSef; c sufrsm ;j zpfonf[k , kH=unf onf/ / T& nfrSef;c sufrsm ; x ajrm uf at m i f }udK ; yrf; vkyfaq m ifoGm ; rnf/ / ”

(c ) zGH@ +zdK ; wdk;wufa om jynfaxm ifp k}uD;t jz pf/ pD; yGm ; a& ; t ift m ; ckdi frm awmi fhwif; pGm & yfwnf Ekdi fa &;udkvkdvm ; on fht avsm uf jynfe,ft oD; oD; wGi f pD; yG m ; a&; zGH@+ zdK ;r _vky fi ef; rsm ; udk vGwfvy f pGm a q mif&GufEkdi fa &; twGu fO D; wnfrnf/ / wkdi f; &i f; om ; vlr sdK ; rsm ; . arG; &m yg tc Gi fht a&; rsm ; c Hpm ; jynfh0a &; ESi fh j ynfaxm ifpk} uD; wc kvkH; om ,m 0aj ym a&; wdk@ o[ Zm wj zpfaprnfhrludk v ufc Husifh okH; I jynfe, frs m ; .udk,f ydki fj yÏ m ef; c Gifhudka z: xkwfr nf” [ k twdt vi f; rl0g 'oab m xm ; rs m ; c s rSwfc Jhayonf/ /

t rs dK ; om ; 'Drdku a&p Dtt rs dK ; om ; 'Drdku a&p Dtt rs dK ; om ; 'Drdku a&p Dtt rs dK ; om ; 'Drdku a&p Dt zGJ@ c sK yf. a=u nm c s uft rSw f (9 )?zGJ@ c sK yf. a=u nm c s uft rSw f (9 )?zGJ@ c sK yf. a=u nm c s uft rSw f (9 )?zGJ@ c sK yf. a=u nm c s uft rSw f (9 )? 9 // wze ftrds K ; om ;' Ddrdkua& pDt zGJ@c sK yf. t axGaxGt wG if; a&; rª; a': at m i fq e f;pk= unfonf/ 1 9 89 c kESpft wGi f;/ E kdifi Ht ESH@t jym ;uGif; q i f; pnf; ¶kH; c JhpO f &Srf ; jynfyi fvkH+rdK @Y (1 1 -2-89 ) &ufa e@wGi f t zGJ@ c s K yf.oab m xm ; ESi fha ,s b k,sa¶ S@vkyfi ef; pO frs m ;udk a =unm c suft rSwf(9 )t wdkif; &Si f; vi f;a jym =um ; cJh ygonf? &Si f;vi f; aj ym =um ; c sufr sm ; rSm ² ² ²

(u) “ jynfaxm i fpkwc kvkH; . Ekdi fiHa &;/ pD; yGm ; a&; / vlr _a&; / u¾ e,fy,ftm ;vkH; Y tj ynfh0qkH; aom ' Drdkua&pDt ajc ta ersm ;a zm fxkwfa&; ESi fh t ppfrSefqkH ; aom 'Drdkua& pDEkdi fi Ha wm fop fwnf aq m ufa &; udk OD; wnfa &S@& _rnf ”

(c ) “ wkdi f;& if; om ;vlrs dK ;t m ; vkH; vufwGJrjzK wfp wrf ;a oG; p nf; nD!G wfr _jzi fh jynfaxm i fp k}uD; wnfwHhc kdi f+rJa &; / jynfaxm i fpk=uD; zGH@ðzd; w kd; wufa &;E Si fh jynfaxm ifpk=uD; ji drf; c sr f;om ,m a &; udk OD; wnfa¶S@ & _rnf/ /

(*) “ jynfaxm ifp kb Gm ;wdki f;&i f;om ; vlrdsK ;t m ; vkH;. tc Gi fht a&; wef;wl& nfwlr_ udkvufc H vsuf/ rnfonfh vlrsdK ; udkr#t xl; t c Gi fht a&; ray; a& ;ESi fh vlrs dK ; EG,f/ vlrsdK ; pkt m ; vkH;.c Hp m ;xkdufc Hp m ;t yf aom r nfonfht c Gi fht a &;udkr# c sK yfjc ,fuef@ow fr_rðy a&; udk O D; wnfa ¶S@¶_r nf/ / ”

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(C)“ wkdi f; &i f;om ; vlrsdK ; rs m ;t m ;vkH; E dki fi Ha&; / tkyfc sK yfa&; / pD;y Gm ;a &; u¾e,fy,ft oD; oD;Y udk,fykdi fjyX m ef; cGi fh&Sda& ;udk O D;wnfa¶ S@¶_rnf/ / ”

(i ) “ e,fy,fa'ot oD; oD; Y wkdi f; &i f;om ;vlrs dK ;t c sif; c si f;yl; ayg if; aq m if& Gufr _/ ulnD ¶dki f; yif; r_/ 0dki f; 0ef; yHhydk; r_jzi fh jynfaxm i fpk=uD; wc kvkH; ESi fh jynfaxm i fpk=uD;.j y nfe ,fa 'ot p dwf ty kdi f; t oD;oD; . pD; yGm ; zGH@ðzd; w kd; wufa &;udk O D;wnfa ¶S@¶_rnf/ / ”

[ lonfrsm ; jzpfa yonf/ / 1 0/ / a,bk,sa &S@vkyfi e f;pO frsm ; ESi fhpyfvs O f; I ² ² ²

(u) “ 'Dr dkua &pDpepfa t m i fjri fp Gm wnfaq m ufEkdi fc s ddefwGi f jynfa xm i fpk=uD; wnfw Hhc kdi f+rJa& ;/ zGH@+ zdK ; wdk;wufa&; / + i drf; c srf; om ,m a&; / wkdi f; &i f;om ; vlrsdK ; t m ; vkH;a oG;pnf; nD!G wfa&; / w ef; wl aom ' Drdkua&pDvl@a b m ifopf. t ajc c Htkwfj rpf=uD; rsm ; udk t ckdi ft rm c s Ekdi fap &eft usdK ; iSm yi fvkH nDvm c H}uD; uJhodk@aom jynfax m ifpk= uD;.t em *wfc & D;vrf; nG efrsm ;udkc s rSwfEkdi frnfh wkdi f; &i f; om ; vlrsdK ;a ygif; pkHt rsdK ;om ; nd‡E_di f; r_ nDvm c Hw&yfudk a c : ,lus if; yr nf/ / ”

(c ) wkdif; &i f; om ;vlrs dK ; aygi f;pkHt rs dK ; om ;nd‡E_di f;r_nDvm c H}uD;wGi f wkdi f;& i f;om ; vlrsdK ;t m ;vkH; . udk,fydki fjyÏ m ef; cGi fh/ wkdif; &i f; om ;vlrs dK ;t m ; vkH; .tc Gifht a&; wef; wl& nfwlc Gi fh/ vlrs dK ; EG,f}uD;wc k .e,fy,fa' ot wGi f; rSDwi f; a exkdi fvsuf/ udk,fydki fpum ; / udk,fydki f,O faus; r_/ udk,fy kdi fe ,fajr a'o&Sda om vlrsdK ; i ,fwkd@. oD;j c m ; e,fajrqkdi f&m udk,fydki ftkyfc sK yfcGi fh/ ponfht a&; udpP rsm ; ESi fh pyfvs O f;I t rsm ; oabm nDr# aom jyX m ef; c sufrs m ;udkc srSwfr nf/ / ” (*) wkdi f;& i f;om ; vlrsdK ;a ygif; pkH t rdsK ;om ; nd‡E_di f; r_nDvm c H=uD; wGi f jynfaxm ifpkb Gm ; wkdif; &i f; om ; t m ; vkH;.aoG; pn f; c kdi frm r_udk ,ddrf;,dki fð yduGJaeapj yD ;/ Ekdifi Ha &; / pD; yGm ; a&; / vlr_a &; b ufaygi f; pkHwGi f 'kuQyi fv,fa0vsuf&Sd onfh jynfaxm i fp kwGi f;pp frufzufðydi fr_rs m ; t jyD; t ydki fajyaysm uf c s K yfjidrf; ap a&; t wGufE kdi fi Ha&; enf; vr f;rs m ; jzi fh a jz&Sif; Ekdi f&e fnd‡E _di f;r nf/ / ” (C) wkdfi f; &i f; om ; vlr sdK ; aygi f;p kHnd‡E _di f;r _nD vm c H=uD;wGi f/ wkdi f; &i f; om ; vlrsdK ; t m ; vkH;ESi fh jy nfe ,f t m ; vkH;.pD; yGm ; zGH@ð zd; wkd; w ufa &; / udk,fydki fpm ay/ xkH; wr f ; ,O faus; r_ESi fh b m om pum; rsm ; pnfyi fxGef; um ; a&; ESi hft jye ft vSefzvS,fq nf; yl; a&; wkd@t wGuf c kdi fr m wddusaom 0dki f;0e f ;yHhydk; r_/ t m rcHr _/ av; pm ; apmi fhxdef;r _/ &i f; ESD; ðryfESHr_/ vkyfi ef; pO fc s rSwfr_ rsm ; udkaz: xkwfrnf/ / ” [ lI vnf;a um if; &Si f; vi f;a jym= um ;c Jhayonf/ / t xufwGi faz m fj ycJhonfh “ » » » yi fvkHnD vm c H=uD;uJhod k@ aom j ynfaxm ifpk= uD;.t e m *wfc &D;vrf; !̧efrsm ;udk c s rSwfEkdi frnfh wkdi f; &i f; om ;vlrs dK ; aygi f;p kHnd‡E _ddi f;r _ nDvm c Hw&yfudka c : ,lus i f; yrnf” [ lonfESi hfywfo ufI t qkdygnDvm c Honf/ jy nfa x m ifpkpdwf"m wf vkH; 0vGrf ;rdk; aom nDvm c Hjzpf&rnf[ k qkdvkdj c if; jzpfyg onf/ /

trs dK ; om ;'Dr dkua &p Dt zGJ@c s K yf. yg wDp kHt a xGa xGa&G; aum ufy GJa= unm pm wrf; / /trs dK ; om ;'Dr dkua &p Dt zGJ@c s K yf. yg wDp kHt a xGa xGa&G; aum ufy GJa= unm pm wrf; / /trs dK ; om ;'Dr dkua &p Dt zGJ@c s K yf. yg wDp kHt a xGa xGa&G; aum ufy GJa= unm pm wrf; / /trs dK ; om ;'Dr dkua &p Dt zGJ@c s K yf. yg wDp kHt a xGa xGa&G; aum ufy GJa= unm pm wrf; / / 1 1/ / xkd@ aem uf trs dK ; om ;' Ddrdk ua&pDt zGJ@c sK yfonf 1 9 9 0 jynfhESpf arv wGi fusi f;yð yvkyf cJhaom ygwDp kH'Drdk ua&pDt axGaxGa &G ;a um ufyGJudk 0i fa&m uf,SO fðydift a&G; c Hc Jhonf/ / xkdpO fu wkdif; jynfodk@xk wfjye f t oday; c Jhaom t zGJ@c sK yf. “ ygwDpkHt a xGa xGa&G ; aum ufyGJa= unm pm wrf; ”wGi f ² ² ²

wkdfi f; &i f; om ; vlr sdK ; t oD; oD; o nf/ rdrdwkd@ &yd ki fcGi fhr sm ; ESifhwm 0ef,lr_wkd@ wGi f wef; wl &nfwl& Sd ap& rnf/ / xkd@t jyif ² ² ²

(u) wkdi f;&i f;om ; vlrsdK ;rs m ; tm ;vkH; vufwGJr ðzwfpwrf ; aoG; p nf; nDnG wfr_jzi fh/ jynfaxm ifp k=uD; wnfwHhc dki fjrJa &; / j ynfaxm ifpkz GH@ðzd; wkd; wufa& ;ESi fhjynfaxm i fp k=uD;j i drf; c srf; om ,m a&; udk OD; wnf a&S@ ¶_rnf/ /

(c ) jynfaxm i fpkb Gm ; wkdi f;& if;om ;vlrs dK ;t m ; vkH; . tc Gihf t a&; wef;wl& nfwlr_ udkvufc H vsuf/ rnfonfh vlrdsK ; udkr#t xl; t c Gi fht a&; ray; a& ;ESi fh vlrsdK ; EG,f/ vlrds K ;p ktm ;vkH; . c Hpm ; xkduf/ cHp m ; t yfaom rnfonfht c Gi fht a &;udkr# c sK yfjc ,fuef@owfr_rðy a&; udk O D; wnfa &S@¶_rnf/ /

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(*) wkdi f; &if; om ; vlrsdK ; t m ; vkH; onf/ Ekdi fiHa &;/ tkyfc s K yfa&; / pD; yGg; a&; u¾pa om e,ft oD; oD; Y udk,fydki fjyX m ef; cGi fh&Sda& ;udk z GJ@p nf; tkyfc skyfykHt aj c cHO ya 'ESihft nD OD; wnfa&S@ ¶_rnf/ / (C) z GJ@pnf; tky fc sK yfykHt a jc cHO ya'opfra y:a ygufrD =um ;um vt pDt pO fjz ifh jynfol @v$wfa wm f uO ya 'jyXm e f;I &SdjyD; jynfe,f rsm ;t wGuf t m %m ydkfift zGJ@r s m ; zGJ@pnf; ay; rnf/ / (i ) e,fy,ft oD; oD; Y wkdi f;& if;om ;vlrs dK ;t c s if; c sif; yl; ayg i f; aq m if&Gufr_/ ulnD¶dki f;yi f;r_/ 0 dkif;0 ef; yHhykd; r_jzi fh jynfaxm i fpk=uD; wc kvkH;ESi hf jynfaxm i fpk=uD; .j y nfe,fa'ot pd wft ydki f; toD; oD; . zGH@ð zd; wkd; wufa&; u dkO D; wnfa &S; ¶ _rnf/ /

(p) 'Dr dkua &pDpepfa tm ifjri fp Gm wnfaq m ufEkdifc s defwGi f/ jynfaxm i fpk=uD; wnfwHhc kdi fjrJa&; / zGH@ð zd; wkd; wufa & ;/ ji drf; c srf; om ,ma &;/ wkdi f;&i f;om ; vlrsdK ;t m ;vkH; aoG;p nf; nD nGwfa&; w nf; [ laom 'Drdkua& pDvl@ab m i f. t aj ccHtkwfjrpf= uD; rs m ;udkt c kdi ftr mc sEkdi fap&eft vkd@i Sg/ yifvkHnDf vm cH uJhokd@aom jynfaxm i fpk= uD;. t em *wfc &D; vrf; nGefrsm ; udkc sr SwfE kdi frnfh wkdi f;& i f;o m ; vlrsdK ; ayg if; pkHt rsdK ; om ; nd‡E_di f; r_nD vm cHw&yfudk a c : ,lus i f; yrnf/ /

(q ) wkdfi f;&i f;om ; vlrsdK ; wkdi f; onf rdrd wkd@pm a y/ b m om pum ; / ,O faus ;r_" avhxkH;wr f; pO fvm rsm ;udkxdef; odr f; apm i fha &Sm ufcGifh/ zGH@ðz d;wkd; w ufapc Gifh& Sdap&rnf / / (Z ) wkdi f; &i f; om ; vlrsdK ; rs m ;onf/ jynfaxm ifp kjrefrm Ekdi fiH. t c sK yftj cm t m %m wnfwHhc dki fjrJa&; / wkdi f; &i f; om ; vlr sdK ; rsm ; t m ; vkH; pnf; vkH; nDnGw fa &;/ 'Drdkua& pDxGef;um ; a& ;/ Ekdi fi Ha &; / pD; yGm ; a&; / vlr_a&; / ynm a&; / usef; rm a&; / a'ozGH@ ðzd; a&; udpPt p&S donfr sm ; udk jy nfa xm ifpkwc kvkH; t wkdi f; t wm jzi fh yg0i faq m if&Gufa p& rnf [ kuwdu0wfjyK c Jha yonf/ /

jy nfa xm ifp kwkdfi f; &i f; om ; vlrds K ; r sm ; 'Drkdu a& pDt z GJ@c sK yfESi fhnd‡E d_i f; jc if; / /jy nfa xm ifp kwkdfi f; &i f; om ; vlrds K ; r sm ; 'Drkdu a& pDt z GJ@c sK yfESi fhnd‡E d_i f; jc if; / /jy nfa xm ifp kwkdfi f; &i f; om ; vlrds K ; r sm ; 'Drkdu a& pDt z GJ@c sK yfESi fhnd‡E d_i f; jc if; / /jy nfa xm ifp kwkdfi f; &i f; om ; vlrds K ; r sm ; 'Drkdu a& pDt z GJ@c sK yfESi fhnd‡E d_i f; jc if; / / 1 2/ / T odk@t m ; jzifh t rdsK ; om ; 'Drdkua&pDt zGJ@ c sK y fonf/ rJq EN&Si fjynfolwkd@. wc Jeufaxm ufc Hr_ jzi fh/ t axGaxGa& G;a um ufyGJ wGi fat m ifyef; qGwfc l; t Ekdi f&&Sdc Jhonf/ / xkdodk@at m i fE kdi fjyD; aem uf/ wkdfi f;& i f; om ; jynfolw&yfv kH; vkd vm ;a r#m frSef; ae= uonfh “p pfrSefaom yg wDpkH'Drkd ua&pDEkdi fi Hawm fopf” wnfaq m uf Ekdi fa &;t wGuf wk dfi f; &i f; om ;vlrs dK ; rsm ; .oab m xm ; q ENrs m ;udk&,l&e f O D;pm ;a y;a q m if&Gufc Jhonf/ / wkdfi f; &i f; om ; vlr dsK ; rsm ; . Ekdi fiHa&; ygwD( 21 )yg wDaygi f;pyfz GJ@p nf ;xm ;t yfaom “ jynfaxm ifpkwkdi f; &i f; om ; vlrdsK ;rs m ; 'Drkdua&pDt zGJ@ c sK yf” ESi fhnd‡E_di f; jyD; / 2 9 -8-9 0 &ufae@ wGi f oa b m xm ; a=unmc sufudkk xk wfjyef cJhyg onf/ / t qkdyga =unm c sufr Stc suft vufr sm ; rSm - (u) “ j ynfol@v$ wfawm fay: a ygufvm jyD; v#i f j ynfol@v $ wfawm fuwi faj r‡m ufaom 'Drdk

ua&pD t pdk; &zGJ@ pnf; jyD; / t j refqkH; aom um vt wGi f; / jynfol@v$ wfawm f.O D; aq m i fr_jzifh wkfdi f; &i f; om ; vlr sdK ; rsm ; ESihf yg0ifoi fhyg0i fxkdufaom t zGJ@ t p nf;rs m ; / vlyk*~dK vfrs m ; yg0i fonfh t rsdK ; om ; nd‡E_di f; r_nDvm c H=uD; w&yfusi f; yI / j ynfaxm ifpkxla xm ifa&; t wGuf vrf;nG efr _ rsm ;c srSwfrnf/ / ,i f; vrf; nG ef r_rsm ; ESifht nDjy nf ol@ v$wfa wm fu a&&Snfwn fwHhc kdi fjrJrnfh zGJ@p nf;tkyfc s K yfykHt ajc cHO ya'opfw&yfud k a&; qGJjyX m ef; tw nfðy& rnf » » »”

(c ) “ wkdki f;&i f;om ; vlrdsK ;rs m ;onf vlrs dK ; a&; wef ;wlnD r#r _/ Ekdi fiHa& ;wef; wl nDr#ESi fh udk ,fydk i f jyÏ m ef; cGi fht jynfht 0&&Sda p&r nfht jyi f/ 'Drdkua&pDESi fhvl@ t c G ifht a&; rsm ; udkt m rc Hc suf&Sdao m jynfa xm ifpkudk wdki f;& i f;om ; t m ; vHk;a oG;pD; n D!Gwfp Gm xlaxm if& efvdkty fa=um i f; [ lonf rsm ;j zpfygonf? ”

1 3 “ udk,fydki fjyÏ m ef; c Gifht jynfh t 0&&Sda p&rnf” [ laom oa b m onf/ 1 9 4 7 ckESpf/ yi fvHkpm c sK yf t ydk'f-5yg / “ a wm ifwef; a'o rsm ;.e,fwGi f; tkyfc sK yfa&; wGi f,c k&&Sdc Hpm ;v# uf& Sdaom udk,f ydki ftkyfc sK yfa &; qHk; yg; &ef rnf onfha 'o wGi frqdkvHk;0j yK vkyfvdrfhr nfr[ kwf? awm ifwef; a'ors m ; t wG uf e,fwGi f; tkyfc s K yfa&; wGi fudk,fydki fjyÏ m ef; cGi fht jynfht 0&Sda =um i f; rlt m; jzi fhvufc Honf? ” qdkonfh o ab m w& m ;udk

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t ajc cHI oufqdki f&m jynfe,f§wdki f;ESi fhudk ,fydki ftkyfc sK yfc Gifh&t m %m ydkift zGJ@rs m ;odk@ vH k avm ufaom tkyfc s K yfr_t m %m r sm ; udknd‡E_di f; aqG; aEG; I cGJa 0ay; t yf&rnfjz pfa yonf?

ta jc cHO y a'a& ; qGJ&m wGi fta jc cHO y a'a& ; qGJ&m wGi fta jc cHO y a'a& ; qGJ&m wGi fta jc cHO y a'a& ; qGJ&m wGi f w dki f; &i f; ow dki f; &i f; ow dki f; &i f; ow dki f; &i f; o m ; vlrs dK ; rsm ;t a& ;ESi fhp yfv#O f; Im ; vlrs dK ; rsm ;t a& ;ESi fhp yfv#O f; Im ; vlrs dK ; rsm ;t a& ;ESi fhp yfv#O f; Im ; vlrs dK ; rsm ;t a& ;ESi fhp yfv#O f; I t rs dK ; om ; 'Drdku a&p Dt zGJ@c sK yfu xm ;&Sda om oab m xm ; rsm ; ?t rs dK ; om ; 'Drdku a&p Dt zGJ@c sK yfu xm ;&Sda om oab m xm ; rsm ; ?t rs dK ; om ; 'Drdku a&p Dt zGJ@c sK yfu xm ;&Sda om oab m xm ; rsm ; ?t rs dK ; om ; 'Drdku a&p Dt zGJ@c sK yfu xm ;&Sda om oab m xm ; rsm ; ?

1 4? p pfrSefaom yg wDpHk'Drdk ua &pDE dki fiHawm fzGJ@ pnf;y H kta jc cHO ya'udk yDjyi fpGm a&; qGJ=urnfqdk ygu/ 'Drdkua& pDt ajc cHr lrsm ; udkvnf ; a um if; / vl@t c Gifht a&; ESi fht aj cc H&ydki fc Gifhrsm ;udkvnf; a um if; / rvGJra oG t ajc cH&ayr nf/ t rs dK ;om ;'Drdkua &pDt zGJ@c s K yfonf/ t axGaxGa&G; aum ufy GJwGi fyg0i f,SO fò ydifc JhpOfu jynfolwdk@t m ; ay ;xm ; c Jh+yD; ao m uwdu0wfrs m ; udkow d&Sd& Sd/ vufudki fðyI ,i f; t ajc cHrlrs m ;t a y: pGJ+rJpGm &yfwnfo nf? jynfol wdk@t m ; ay ;xm ; c Jh+y D;a om uwdu0wf rs m ; udk ‚ if; wdk@ x HjyefvnfI wi fjyj cif; rðyb J/ rnfonfht c gr# rnfonfht a= um if; a= um ifhr# aoGzDc sK d;a zgufj c i f;ðy vdrfhrnfr[ kwfyg?

1 5? ta jccHO ya'a& ;qGJ&e ft wGuft rsdK ;om ; 'Drdkua& pDt zG J@c sK yfuxm ;& Sdaom t aj c cHoabm xm ; rsm ;rSm ² ² ²

( u) wdki f; &i f; om ; vlrsdK ; rsm ;onf rdrdwdk@b dk; pO fab m ifq uf&yfwnfc Jhaom vlrs dK ;t pO ftq uf udk rays m ufrysufxdef; odrf;vk d= uonf?

( c) rdrdwdk@. "a vhxHk; wrf; ,O faus; r_/ tE kynm / pm ay/ b m om pum ; / bm omw&m ;/ p&dkufvuQ% m rsm ;udk t vGef wefzdk; xm ; xdef ;odrf; jr ‡i fhwi fvdk= uonf?

( *) e,fajra 'oudk jrwfEdk; wefzdk; xm ; =uo nf? ( C) t pO ftq uf&yfw nfa exdki fc Jhaom t pOft vm ESifhvGwfvyfc Gi fhwdk@ udkvnf; / q uf

vufc H,lvdk= uo nf? (i) wef;wl&nfwlESi fh r&Sdt wl/ &Sdt wl/ a t; t wlrlt r#/ rcGJpwrf; aexkdi foGm ; a &; ESi fh

wr dom ;pk0 i frsm ; t jzpf/ r#wonfhvl@a b m i fb 0udk wnfaq m ufvkd= uonf/ / ( p) udk,fydki ftkyfc sK yfcGi fhudkvdk vm ; =uonf? ponfwdk@jz pf ygonf? 1 6? T tc sufr sm ; udktodt rS wfðyI w&m ; r#wp Gm pDrHjznfhq nf; ay; &efvd kt yfonf[ ktrs dK ; om ; 'Drdkua& pDt zGJ@c s K yfuc H,lxm ; ygonf/ Edki fi Ha&; / pD; yGg; a&; / tky fc sK yfa &; / vlr_a &; p onfht a& ;rs m ; udk t ajc ta etc sdeft c g ESi fhvdkufav#m nD!$wfa p&efv nf;a um i f; / 'Drdkua &pDa&; / wkdi f; &i f; om ; aoG; pnf; nDnGwfa&; / j ynfaxm i fpk}uD ; ròyduGJa &;/ wrdom ; pkt jzpfv ufawG@ c H,lusi fhoHk; az: aq m ifEdk ifa&; rs m ; &&Sd ap& efvnf; aum i f;/ oab m xm ; }uD; pGm xm ; +yD; t a= ut vnf!d‡E_di f; aqG; aEG; =u&e fvkdt yfy g onf? 1 7? jy nfe ,fE Si fhwdki f; twGi f; &Sd vlrs dK ;p krsm ; t aejzi fh udk,fy dki fe,fa jr/ udk,fydki fpum ;E Si fh oi fhwi fh aom vlO D;a &&Sd+yD; / ‚ if; wdk@ . oab m q ENt avs m uf udk,fydki ftkyfc s K yfc Gi fh&a'orsm ;t jzp faevdkaom q E N &Sdyg u/ owfrSwfay ; &efjz pfay onf? TonfESi fhy wfo uf I jynfaxm i fpkjynfe,f/ udk,fydki ftky fc sK yf cGi fh& jynfe,f/ vlrdsK ; pkjynfe ,f [ k wdki f; jynft ajc t ae rsm ; t&vnf;a um i f; / Ekdi fiHa& ;t aj c t aersm ;t & vnf; aum i f; owfrSwfay ; &ef vdkaum i f; vdkvm vdrfhrnf? xdk odk@t aj c t aeay: a ygufvm v#i f t rs dK ; om ; t m Z m enfac gif; aq m if} uD;Adkvf c s K yfat mi fq ef; 1 94 7 ckESp f ta jccHO ya'=urf; a& ;qGJ&eft wGuf/ zq yv y%m rnDvm cHodk@wi foGi f; o nfh t *Fg &yfrsm ; [ lonfht c suf rsm ;t &a q mif&Gufay ;&ef o ifhavs m fonf[k oab m & onf? t *Fgrs m ; rSm -

(u) yx0Dt aet xm ; t &/ e,fedrdwft xi ft &Sm ; &dSjc i f;? ( c ) j refrm pum ; ESifhrwla om b m om pum ; wrsdK ; wnf; &Sdjc if; ? ( *) ,O fa us; r_wrsdK ; wnf;&Sdj c if; ?

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(C) &m Z 0ift pOft vm wrsdK ;wnf; &Sdaom vlpk& Sdj c if; ? ( i ) pD; yGg ;a &;qdki f&m t usdK ; aus; Zl;ESi fhpD;y Gg; a&; vHkavm ufr_wd k@&Sd aom vlp k&Sdjc if; ? ( p) vlO D; a&t wm ft wef&Sdj c if; ? (q ) oD;j c m ; jynfaxm i fpka'owc kt jzpfj zifhrdrdukd, fydki fxi f; &Sm ; c s uft wdki f; a evdkaom q EN &Sdjci f;?

wdk@jz pf=uon f? 1 8? wdkif; &i f; om ; vlrsdK ; EG,fpk t m ; vHk;onf/ jynfaxm ifpkb Gm ; rdom ; pkrsm ; jzp f=u+yD; / wa jrwnf; aewa &wnf;a om ufI wef; wl&nfwlat ;t wlylt r# / O ruGJodkuf ry suf/ oHo,ui f; &S if; pGm xm 0pOf aoG; onf; nDnGw fpGm rc GJpwrf; a exdki foGm ; =u&rnf? jynfax m i fpkt wGi f;& Sdjynfe,ft m ;vHk; onf/ ta jc cH O ya 'ESifht nD -

(u) udk,fydki ftkyfc sK yfc Gifh&Sdap &r nf? ( c ) j ynfe,frsm ; ujyX m ef;a om O ya'rSefor#onf/ Edki fiHawm fzGJ@ pnf;y Hkta jc c HO y a'ESi fht nDjzp f& r nf? t u,fI jynfe,fr sm ;ujy X m ef; vdkufaom O y a'w&yf&yfonf/ jynfaxm i fpkt us dK ;

xdc dkufrnfqdkyg u vG wfa wm fujyefvnfpDpp fydki fc Gifh&Sd&rnf? [ koab m xm ; onf? 1 9? Edki fiHawm fonf/ wef; wl& nfwljzpf=ua om uc s if/ u,m ; / u&if/ c si f;/ Arm / rGef/ &cdki f/ & Srf; t p&Sdaom wkdi f; &i f; om ; vlrsdK ; EG,fpkrs m ;E Si hfayg if;p yfzGJ@pnf ; x m ;a om Edki fiHj zpfonf? vlrsdK ; w rsdK ;u vlrsdK ; wrsdK ;udkvnf; a um if; / vlrsdK ; EG,fpkt c si f;c sif; onfvnf; aum i f;/ vGrf; rdk; jc i f; / t =uyfudki fjci f;/ c sdK ; ESdrfjc if; / w&m ; rJhðyj c if; / ac gif; yHkjzwfjc i f;t vsO f;r& Sdap&? E dki fiHawm f.t oD; t yGi fhrsm ; udk rdrdw dk@um ,/ O m %/ ZGJ/ 0d&d,pGrf; t m ; t vdkuft usdK ;c Hp m ;c Gi fh&Sdap& rnf[k oab m xm ; onf? 20? wdki f;&i f;om ; rsm ;t vdkuf ta jccHO ya'ESi fhtnD rdrdw dk@ udk; uG,f onfhb m om jrwfEdk; we fzdk; xm ; onfhpum ;/ pm ay / ,Ofaus ;r_/ "avhxHk; wr f;rs m ; udk t a jcc HO ya'ESi fht nD vGwffvyfpG m udk; uG,fc Gi fh/ ðypky sdK ; axm ifc Gi fh/ xdef; odrf;c Gi fh/ aj ym qdka&; om ; usi fhoHk; c Gifh&Sd onf? odk@ aom f olw yg; t m ; xdc dkufepfem r_r&Sda p&[ koab m xm ; ayonf? 21 ? ppfrSefaom yg wDpHk'Drdkua &pDE dki fiHawm fudkyDj yi fpGm wnfaq m ufrnfqdky gu E dki fiHawm fzGJ@ pn f; tkyfc s K yfyHkpepfonf 'Drdkua&pD udkt ajc cHaom tkyfc s K yfa&; pepfj zpf&ayr nf? xdk@ a=um i fh jynfol@vGwfa wm f rSt p t q i fhq ifha om tm %m ydki ftz GJ@rsm ; udk 'Ddrdk ua&p Dus ifhpO fESi fhtnD jy nfolvl xkua &G; aum ufwi f aj r‡m ufay; vdkufaom udk,fp m ;vS,frs m ;j zi fhzGJ@p nf; aom tm %m ydki ft zGJ@ rsm ; om jzp f&rnf[ k oab m xm ; ygonf? 22? v$wfa wm frsm ; zGJ@ pnf;a &; udpPESi fhpyfvsO f; I t rsdK ; om ; 'Drdkua&p DtzGJ@ c sK y fta xGaxGt wGi f; a&; rSL;a ': at m ifq ef; pkkk= un fo nf/ 19 89 ckESpf/ Zlvdki fv ( 1 5)&ufuwnf ; uyi f/ wdki f;&i f;om ; vlrsdK ; rsm ;'Dr dkua &pDt zGJ@c sK yfESifh!d‡E_di f; c Jhonf? xdkpO fuyi f z uf' &,f(jynfaxm i fpk)[laom udpPudk p O f;p m ;a qG; aEG; &m Y j ynfaxm ifpkz GJ@jc i f;onfc GJxGuf&efr[ kwfb J/ A[ kdESi fhj ynfe,ft pdk;&r sm ; odk @ t m %m rs m ;c GJa0a y; a&; ESi fh t pOfaj ypGm yl; ayg if; ae xdki foGm ; a&; onfom t "duj zp fa=um if; oab m xm ; cJh=uonf? t xl; ojzi fh jynfaxm ifp ktp dk;&ESi fh jynfe,ft pdk; &rsm ; t =um ; t m %m rsm ; rnfuJhodk@c GJa 0+yD; / wm 0ef0 wW& m ; rsm ;udk rnfuJhodk@ ydki f; jc m ; owfrSwf&rnfu dk aqG; aE G; nd‡E_di f; =u +yD; / aq m if&Guf& rnfjzpfa= um i f;/ r[ m vlrs dK ; }uD; 0g'E Si fh usO f;aj rm if; aom t rds K ;om ;0g 'rsm ; udkq ef@us i f+yD; / wdki f;&i f;om ; vlrsdK ;t m ; vHk; c spf= unfa oG; pnf; a&; udk t pGr f;ukefy l; ay gi f; aq m i f&Guf=u&efESi fh wdki f; &i f; om ; vlr sdK ; rsm ; .,O faus ;r_r sm ; / "avhxHk; wrf ;

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rsm ;/ bm om &;udk; uG, fr_po nfrsm ; udk xdef; odrf; oGm ; Edki f= ua &;t wGuf n d‡E_di f; aq m if&GufoGm ; =u&r nf jzpfa =um if; oab m xm ;c Jh=uayonf? 23 ? xdk@a =um ifh jynfaxm i fpk'Drdkua&pDEdki fi Hawm ft jzpf zGJ@pnf; =uonf ht c g jynfaxm ifp kv$wf awm fudk ² ² ²

(u) rJq ENe ,fa jrt vdkuf vlO D; a&udkt a jc cHa& G;a um ufwi fajr‡m ufa om v$wfa wm fudkf,fp m ; vS,frs m ; jzi fh z GJ@pnf; rnfh v$wf awm fw&yfESi fh

(c ) jy nfe ,fE Si fhwdki f; rsm ; rS vlO D; a& wlnDp Gm a&G; aum ufwi faj r‡m ufvdkufaom v$wfa wm f udk,f pm ; vS,frs m ; ESi fh zGJ@ pnf;onfh v$wfawm fw& yf

ayg if; ( 2)&yfwdk@ jzi fhzGJ@ p nf;&r nfj zpfa=um i f;/ jy nfe ,fESi fhwdk if; rsm ; wGi fvnf;/ wc kwnf; a om v$wfffawm f rsm ;udkzGJ@ pnf;= u&e fjzpfa= um i f; / t c s K yft jcm tm %m onf j ynfolvl xkrSq i f;oufo nf[ laom / 'Drdkua& pDrl0g 't &/ tqdky gv$wfaw m frs m ;odk@ jy nfolr sm ; u rd rdwdk@ ydki fonfht c sK yft jc m tm%m udkt oHk; jyK I 'Drdkua& pDusi fhpO fE Si fht nDr drdwdk@ udk,fpm ; jynf ol@udk ,fpm ; vS,fr sm ; udk r drd wdk@udk ,fwdki fa&G; aum ufwm 0ef t yfESi f; &efjz pfonf[ k oa b mxm ; onf? 24 ? v$wfawm f(2) &yf.wm 0efydki f; ESi fhpyfvs O f; I O ya'= urf;rs m ; ðypkwi foGif; Edki fc Gifh/ wi fjyvm aom O ya'=urf; rs m ;udk pDppfa 0zeft }uHðyydki fc Gifh/ vkyfydki fc Gi fhrsm ; wlnDpGm &Sdoi fh= uonf? odk@ a om f aiGa =u; qdki f&m O ya'= ur f;rs m ; udkr l jynfolv$wfawm fu om pwi fðypkoi fha= um if; oab m xm ; onf? 25? t m%m r sm ; cGJa0 a&; udpPES ifhpyfvsO f;I jynfaxm ifp kqdki f&m udpP&yfrs m ; ESi fh jy nfe ,f§wdki f; qdkif &m udpP&y frsm ; udkyDjyi fp Gm aq mi f&Gufedki f&ef t a=ut vnfaqG ; aEG; nd‡Ed_i f; +yD; / t m % m rsm ; udkcGJa 0owfr S wf ay; &efvdkt yfo nf[ koab m xm ; onf? xdk@ a=um i fh jynfa xm ifpkO ya 'jyK Z ,m ; / jy nfe ,f§wdki f; ESi fh udk,f ydki ftkyfc s K yfcGi fh&a'ot m %m ydkift zGJ@rs m ; O ya'ðy Z,m ; ESifh wlnDO ya'jyK Z,m ; rs m ;udk wdus pGm cGJa 0owf rSwfoGm ; =u&rnf[ kt av; t e ufc H,layonf? 26 ? w&m ; pD&if& m Y xl; jc m ;aom ta jc t aet &/ wdki f; &if; om ; vlr sdK ; pkrsm ;t vdkuf usi fhoHk;=u onfh ,O faus; r_qdki f&m "avhxHk;wrf; O ya 'rsm ;udk zGJ@p nf; yHk t ajc cHO ya 'ESifht nD/ ay; x m ; oi fhonf[k oab m xm ;onf? odk@ aom f ac wfpep frsm ; ESifhvdkufa vsm nDaxGr_r&Sd v#i fj zpfap/ O ya'jy X m ef; c suft &/ vlrsdK ;pkwrs dK ; u/ t jcm ;vlrs dK ; pkwrsdK ; udk xdc dkufep fem r_&Sdv#i fjzpfap/ jynfa xm ifpkv$wfaw m fupDpp fðyjyi f ydki fc Gi fh&Sdoi fhayonf?

t rs dK ;om ; 'Drdku a& p Dtz GJ@c sK yf. oab m xm ; t ESp fc s K yf?t rs dK ;om ; 'Drdku a& p Dtz GJ@c sK yf. oab m xm ; t ESp fc s K yf?t rs dK ;om ; 'Drdku a& p Dtz GJ@c sK yf. oab m xm ; t ESp fc s K yf?t rs dK ;om ; 'Drdku a& p Dtz GJ@c sK yf. oab m xm ; t ESp fc s K yf? 27? t rs dK ;om ; 'Drdkua &pDt zGJ @c s K yf. wdki f; &i f; om ; vlrsdK ; rs m;t a &;E Si fhpyfvsO f; I xm ; &Sdonfh oab m xm ; t ESpfc s K yfrs m ;r Sm ² ² ²

(u) t rdjrefrm Edki fiHawm fudk“ jy nfa xm i fpkjr efrm Edkifi Hawm f” t jzpf z GJ@pnf; wnfa q m ufoi fh onf/ (c ) wdkif; &i f; om ;vlrs dK ; rsm ; ESifha ygif; pyfzGJ@ p nf;xm ; t yfaom t rdEdki fiHa wm f. +i drf; c srf; a&; / wnf

+idrfa& ;/ b ufa ygi f; pHkzG@ Hòzd; wdk; wufa&; / om ,m 0 ajym a &;E Sifh wnf wHhc dki f+rJa &;wdk@ twGuf/ wdki f;&i f;om ; vlrsdK ;rs m ; tm ;vHk; . aoG; pnf; nDnGw fa&; onf ta jccHt us qHk;a om vdkt y f c sufjzpfonf?

(*) j ynfaxm ifpk. t usdK ; / wdki f; &i f; om ;j ynfolwdk@ .t us dK ;udka z: aq m if= u&m Y wdki f; &if; om ; vlr sdK ; t c sif; c s if; wef; wl&nf wlr_jzi fh oHo,pdw fui f;p i fpGm / t jyeft vSef,Hk=u nf=u&ef/ tj yeft vSef&dki f; yi f; =u&ef/ t wlwuGw ufnDv ufnD vkyfudk ifaz: a q m if=u&efE Si fhEdki fiHa wm f

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.t oD; t yGi fhrsm ;udk rdr dwdk@ . um ,/ O m% / 0d&d,pGrf; t m ; t vdkuf t usdK ;c Hpm ;c Gifh&Sd=u&ef vdkt yfonf?

(C) wEdkifi HvHk; ESi fhqdki faom udpP&yfrs m ; udk pka ygi f; t aum ift xnfaz: = uI / xl; jcm ;a omt ajc ta et &/ vlrsdK ; pkrsm ;qdki f&m rdrdwdk@jrwfEdk; w efzdk; xm ; onfhb m om pum ;/ pm ay/ ,O faus; r_/ udk;uG,f onfhb m om / apm ifhxdef;t yfon fh" a vhxHk; wrf ; rsm ; udk od D; jc m ; vGwfvyfpGm aq m i f&GufEdki fc Gifh& Sd= u&efvdkt yfo nf?

[ lonfrsm ; jzpfy gonf? 28? t xufygoab m xm ; rs m ;ESi fht nD ppfrSefa om ygwDpHk'Drdk ua &pDEdki fi Ha wmft jzpf ² ² ²

(u) t rdjrefrm Edki fiHawm fudk “ jynfaxm i fpkE dkifi Hawm f” t jzpfwnfa q m uf&ef? (c ) jynfaxm ifp kEdki fi Hawm fudkzGJ@ pnf;onfht c g A [dkwGi fj ynfol@ vGwfawm fESi fht rs dK ;om ;vGwfa wm f

wdk@yg 0i faom jynfaxm i fpkvGwfa wm fudkzGJ@pn f; &ef? (*) wef;wl& nfwljzp f=uaom jynfe,fESi fhwdki f;r sm ; wGi f o ufqdki f&m jynfe,fodk@ r[ kwf/ wdki f;

vGwfawm fw&yfpDz G J@pnf; &e f? (C) ukd,fydki ftkyfc s K yfcGi fh&a 'orsm ; wGi f udk,fy dki ftkyfc sK yfc Gi fht m %m r sm ; &Sdonfh t m % m ydk ift zGJ@

rsm ; zGJ@pnf; xm ; &Sd&ef? (i ) tq i fhq ifhaom t m %m ydkift zGJ@r sm ; udk jy nfol u vGwf vyfI w&m ; r#waom a&G; aum uf

yGJrs m ;wGi f rdr dwdk@ u dk,fwd ki fa&G; aum ufwi faj r‡m uft m %m tyfESi f;vdkufaom j ynfol@ udk ,f pm ; vS,frsm ; jzi fhzGJ@pnf ; &ef?

(p) t q ifhq i fhaom v$wfaw m frs m ; ESi fh udk,fydki ftky fc sK yfc Gi fh&a'ot m % m ydki ft zGJ@r sm ; odk@ vdkt y f aom O ya'ðytm %m / tkyfc s Kyfr_t m %m ESifh w&m ; pD&i fr_t m %m rsm ; udk !d‡E_di f;a qG;a EG; I cGJa 0ay; t yf&ef?

(q ) t m %m rs m ;cGJa0owfrS wf&m wGi f jynfaxm i fpkqdki f&mudpP&yfr sm ; ESi fh jy nfe,f§wdki f; qdki f&m udpP&yfrs m ; udk vHka vm ufpGm aq m i f&GufEdki f&ef t a= ut v nf!d‡E_di f; +yD; o wfrSwf&e f/ t xl; ojzi fhj ynfaxm ifpkO ya'ðy Z,m ; / j ynfe,f§wd ki f; ESi fhudk,fydk iftkyfc sK yfc Gi fh&a'o O y a'ðy Z ,m ;r sm ; ESifh wlnDO ya 'ðyZ , m ; rsm ; udk wduspGm c GJa0owfrS wf&ef?

( Z ) wdki f;&i f;om ; vlrsdk; rs m ;t vdkufusi fhoHk; = uonfh ,O faus ;r_qdki f&m "avhxHk; wrf;O ya'rs m ;udk zGJ@p nf;yHkt aj c c HO ya 'ESi fht nD oufqdki f&m a 'ot m %m ydki ftz GJ@rsm ;rS vkyfydki fc Gifh&Sda p&ef?

(ps ) udk; uG,fon fhb m om E SifhywfoufI rdrdjrw fEdk; =un f!dko nfhrnfonfhb m om udkrqdkvGwfvy f pGm udk; uG,fEdki fc Gi fh&Sda p&ef?

ponfwdk@jz pf ygonf? 29 ? t rsdK ;om ; 'Drdkua& pDt zGJ@ c sK yf. t ajc cHoab m xm ; rSm +idr f;c s rf; wnf+ i drf+yD; / vlwO D; c s if;. t cGi fht a& ;rs m ; / wdki f; &i f; om ;vlrs dK ; rsm ; qdkif&m t c Gi fht a&; rsm ; / c Hpm ; ydki fcGi fh&Sda om pD; yGg; a&; b 0cdki fc ef@r_ ponfwdk@ udkat m i fjrifpGm wnfaq m ufEki fa &;wdk@ jzpfygonf? 3 0? tr sdK ; om ; &if; =um ; apha&; udkO D; wnfonfht c g ppfa&; enf ; vrf;t m ; jzi fhwnfa q m ufI r&Edkfif ac s/ Ekdi fi Ha&; enf;vrf ; t m ; jzifh om wnfaq m ufoGm ;=ut yfonf[ k ¶dk; om ;p Gm ,kH=un fonf? urBm hEkdi fiH t oD;oD; w Gi fvnf; / rdrdwdk@ E kdi fiHt wGi f; jy\ em rsm ;udk E kdifi Ha&; enf; jzi fhom a t m ifjri fpGm ajz &Si f; =uonf c s nf; jzp fygonf? 3 1? xkdokd@t rsdK ; om ; &i f=um ; apha&; udk O D;wnf onfht c g/ oufqdki f& m rsm ; t aej zifh rdrdw dk@ .q EN pGJrs m ;udk w&m ;a oqkwfudki fI rxm ;b J/ rdrdt ygt 0i ft rs m ;t m ;vkH; . tus dK ; pD;yGm ;udka p we m rSefuefpGm jzi fhjzpfay: c Jhaom / jzpfa y: vsuf&Sdaom c ds K ,Gif; c suf/ t m ; enf;c sufrsm ; udkoi fc ef; pm ,lvs uf/ t rSe fw& m ;

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udk&Sm a zG=u&ayvdrfhrn f? vl wO D; c si f;.t c Gifht a &;r sm ; ESifh wkdffi f;& i f;om ; vlrds K ;rs m ; qkdif&m &y dkifc Gifhrs m ;udk w&m ; r#wpGm ta jz&Sm j yD;/ t r sm ; pk=uD; .tuds K ; udkO D;xdyfye fq if&rnf[ kvnf; t c kdi ftr m oab m xm ; ay onf? 3 2? odk@ ygI t ajc cHO ya' udka &; qGJjyX m ef; =uonfht c gwGi fvnf; / t c sK y ftj cm t m%m onf jynf olvlxk xHrSq i f; oufo nf[ laom 'Drdkua &pD.t "durlt &/ jynfolwkd@o nfrdrddw kd@. udk ,fykdi fq ENt &/ vGwfvyfpGm a& G;c s ,f=u+yD; / t r sm ; pkvufc HEkdi f= ua om 'Drdkua&pDt m rc Hc sufrs m ;y g&Sd&rnfjz pfayonf? odk@r S om v#i f wkdfi f;j ynf. + i drf; c srf; a&; / wnf+idrf; a& ;/ om ,m a &; / zGH@+zdK ;wdk; wufa&; rsm ; rkc s jzpfxGef; c Hpm ; Ekdif =urnf[ kt av; t eufoa b m xm ; ayonf?

ed* kH;ed* kH;ed* kH;ed* kH; ???? t xufyg t rsdK ; om ; 'Drdkua &pDt zGJ@ c sK yf. wkdi f; &i f; om ;vlrs dK ; rsm ; ESifhywfou fI xm ; &Sdaom oab m xm ;onf t zGJ@c sK yfpwi fzGJ@ pnf; onf ht c ds efrSpI pGJjr JpGm cH,lc Jhonfh rl0g 'oab m xm ; rsm ; t ay: t ajc cHI c kdifrm pGm &y fwnfc Jhjcif; jzpfonf? q ufv uffI vnf; &yfwnfaz m faq m ifoGm ;rnfo m jz pfayonf? jynfa xm ifpkzGm ; wkdi f; &i f; om ;r sm ; aoG; pnf;nDn Gwfr_u dk c dki f+rJpGm wnfa q m ufjcif; rðyE dki fygu p pfrSefaom 'Drdkua& pDEdki fi Hawm fudkwnfa q m ufEdkifrnfr[ kwf[ k oab m xm ; onf? t xufygoab m xm ;rs m ; tay: t ajcc HI Edki fi Ha wm fESi fhwdki f; &i f; om ;vlrs dK ; rsm ; . t usdK ; pD; yGm ; udk yDjyi fpGm az: a qmifEdki f& eftwG uf/ Edki fi HawmfzGJ@ pnf; y Hkta jc cHO ya'wGif cdki frm pGm xnfhoGi f ; jyÏ m ef;xm ; &Sd& ayr nf? t b ,fa=um i fhqdkaom f zGJ@ pnf;y Hkta jc cHO ya'[lo nf/ Edki fi Hawm ft pdk; &ESi fhjynfol wdk@t = um ; c sK yf qdkonfh yË dnm Ofpm wrf; jzpfa om a=umi fhjzpfay onf? txl; ojzi fh wdki f;&i f;om ; jy nf olt rs m ;p ku ,Hk=unfv ufc HEdki faom zGJ@pnf; yHk t ajcc HO ya'j zpfrSom v#i f wdki f; &i f; om ; vlrsdK ; t m ; vHk; jyefvnf&i f= um ; apha &; udk t aum i ft xnfaz: Edki f&ef wdki f; &i f; om ; vlrsdK ; ac g if; aq mi frs m ; / t m %m ydki ft zGJ@t pnf; rsm ;r S ac gif; aq mi frsm ; ESi fh Edkifi Ha &; ygwDt zG@Jt pnf; rsm ; rSac gi f; aq mi frsm ; / rsufESm c sif; qdki fawG@ qHkaqG; aEG; !d‡E d_i f; =u&efj zpfonf? odk@ rS om v#i f wdki f;& i f;om ;jy nfolrs m ; ar#m frSef; xm ;a om “ ppfrSe fonfhy g wDpHk'Drdkua& p D Edki fi H” odk@r[ kwf “ jynfa xm i fpk'Drdkua&p DEdki fi Hawm f” yDjyi fpGm ay: xGef; vm rnfjzpfa= um i f; t av; teuf cH,lt yfyg onf?

t rsdK ; om ; 'Drdkua&pDt zGJ@ c sK yf

&e fuke f+rdK @ 1 3 5 7 ckESpf/ wydk@wGJvjynfha us m f (9 )&uf? 1 996 ckESpf/ azaz mf0g&Dv (1 2)& uf?

t rs dK ;om ;'Drdkua &pDt zGJ@c s K yf ,m ,Dpm ul; puft rSwf - 3 93 - jzi fhul; ,lonf?

(t zGJ@c s K yft zGJJ@0i frsm ; t wGufom )