Basic Human Anatomy

Mr. Jeremy Schriner

Anatomy The study of the

structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationships to one another.

Greek Root: tomy (cut) ana (apart)

Physiology The study of how

the body and its parts function or work.

Greek Root: physio (nature) ology (study of)

Levels of Organization Atoms Cells Tissues Organs Organ system Organism

Organ Systems

Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Reproductive Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary

Functions of Organisms

Maintain Boundaries Respond to Environ. Take in & Digest Nutrients Carry out Metabolic Activities Eliminate Wastes Reproduce Grow

Homeostasis Root: homeo (the

same) stasis (standing still)

Dynamic equilibrium

Always changing but balanced

AnatomicalPosition

Planes of Reference: imaginary planes that may be used to "section" the body

Coronal (or Frontal) Plane: divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

Planes of Ref. cont. Sagittal Plane:

divides the body into right and left portions midsagittal plane

divides the body equally into right and left HALVES

Planes of Ref. cont. Transverse

(Horizontal) Plane: divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions

Directional Terms for the Body

Anterior (front) Posterior (back)

Directional Terms Superior (top) Inferior (bottom)

Directional Terms Medial (toward the

midline) Lateral (away from

the midline) Intermediate (in

between a more medial and lateral structure)

Directional Terms cont.

Proximal (close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk)

Distal (farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk)

Superficial (toward the body surface) Deep (away from body surface)

Homework: Complete table (Due tomorrow)

Term Definition Illustration Example

Superior Toward the head The forehead is superior to the nose.

Inferior

Anterior

Posterior

Medial

Lateral

Intermediate

Proximal

Distal

Superficial

Deep

BODY REGIONS Cephalic Region or

Head Orbital - eye Nasal - nose Oral - mouth Frontal – forehead Occipital – back of

head

BODY REGIONS cont. Neck or Cervical

Region (neck referred to as the cervix)

BODY REGIONS cont.

Thorax or Thoracic Region Pectoral Region –chest (subdivided into

left and right pectoral regions) Mammary Region –breast Sternal Region - area of chest between

left and right pectoral regions Axillary Region - armpit

BODY REGIONS cont. Abdominal Region -

located below the diaphragm and above the top of the hips

BODY REGIONS cont. Pelvic Region -

inferior to the abdominal region, located between the hip bones

BODY REGIONS cont.

Upper Extremity Deltoid Region - shoulder Brachium Region - arm - defined as from

shoulder to elbow Antecubital (Cubital) Region - elbow region Antebrachium Region - forearm - between

the elbow and the hand Carpal Region – wrist Hand –

Digital- fingers

BODY REGIONS cont. Lower Extremity

Femoral Region - thigh - from hip to knee Patellar Region - front surface of the

knee Popliteal Region - back of the knee Crural Region - leg - from knee to ankle Tarsal - ankle Pedal region –foot

Plantar - sole of the foot

BODY CAVITIES - enclosed spaces within the body

1) Cranial Cavity (endocranium) - houses the brain

2) Vertebral Canal – cylindrical opening formed by vertebral column and contains the spinal cord

Body Cavities cont. 3) Thoracic Cavity (chest cavity)

* bounded inferiorly by the diaphragm a) 2 Pleural - each houses a lung

b) Mediastinum - area between lungsc) Pericardial - contains heart

4) Abdominopelvic Cavity: a) Abdominal Cavity – digestive organs

b) Pelvic Cavity - reproductive organs and bladder

SEROUS MEMBRANES

Def: composed of tissue and either cover/support/protect organs or line some body cavities* secrete serous fluid

Parietal layer of a serous membrane - lines internal surface of body wall

Visceral layer of a serous membrane - covers external surface of organs

serous cavity: potential space between parietal and visceral layer

Serous Membranes – ex. Peritoneum –

covers organs in abdominal cavity