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Hunger of knowledge paved a way for searching information in a systematic way to get answers to questions
Purpose of information search may be for satisfying the thirst for knowledge or for solving problems or to test validity of existing knowledge
Research is an endeavor to discover answers to intellectual and practical problems through the application of scientific method.
“Research is a systematized effort to gain new knowledge”.
-Redman and Mory.
Research is the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information (data) in order to increase our understanding of the phenomenon about which we are concerned or interested.
When search for information is to solve business problems
Business Research is a Systematic and objective process of gathering, recording and analyzing data for supporting business decisions
It extends to all the activities of a business organization
It covers areas like sales, consumer behaviour, customer retention, customer satisfaction, marketing channel decisions, product research, customer relation, productivity, machine efficiency, return on investment, profitability, expansion etc
Business Intelligence:
It is designed to provide the manager with ongoing information about events and trends in the technological, economic, political & legal, demographic, cultural, social and competitive arenas
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Business Intelligence
Government/Regulatory
Economic
Competitive
Demographic
Technological Cultural/Social
Strategy:
The general approach an organization will follow to achieve its goals
A firm may implement more than one strategy at a time
Tactics:
Specific and timed activities that execute a strategy
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Visionaries
Standardized Decision Makers
Intuitive Decision MakersIntuitive Decision Makers
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Visionaries
Intuitive Decision Makers
Standardized Decision Makers
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Visionaries
Intuitive Decision Makers
Standardized Decision Makers
Visionaries
Classification on the basis of Application◦ Pure/Basic Research◦ Applied Research
Classification on the basis of Objectives◦ Descriptive Research◦ Explanatory Research◦ Exploratory Research◦ Correlational Research
Classification on the basis of Inquiry Mode◦ Quantitative Research◦ Qualitative Research
The purpose of research is to discover answers through the application of scientific procedures.
The objectives are:
To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it
To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group
To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else
To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables
Research is directed towards the solution of a problem
Research is based upon observable experience or empirical evidence
Research demands accurate observation and description
Research involves gathering new data from primary sources or using existing data for a new purpose
Research activities are characterized by carefully designed procedures
Research requires expertise i.e., skill necessary to carryout investigation, search the related literature and to understand and analyze the data gathered
Research is objective and logical – applying every possible test to validate the data collected and conclusions reached
Research is carefully recorded and reported.
Clearly defined purpose
Detailed research process
Thoroughly planned design
High ethical standards
Limitations addressed
Adequate analysis
Unambiguous presentation
Conclusions justified
Credentials
Help in decision-making and is not a substitute of Decision-Making
Provide a number of facts rather than actionable results
All problems cannot be researched Provide a set-of guidelines Many a times rely more on intuition and
judgment Time and budgetary constraints
Manager requires information to make day to day business decisions
Features of Information gathered:◦Relevant◦Up-to-date◦Accurate◦Meet needs of the user◦Easy to use and understand◦Economic◦Reliable
Variables
Models
Theory
Terms usedin research
Constructs
Operationaldefinitions
Propositions/Hypotheses
Induction and deductionConcepts
Concepts:
Collection of meanings or characteristics which are associated with events, objects, behaviours, situations, condition etc.
Ex: Running, Walking, Talking, Identifying a male or female or a horse
Construct:
An abstract concept
It can be built up by combining the simpler and concrete concepts
Ex: motivation, personality, satisfaction
Deduction: Premises are given and from that we draw conclusion
It works from the more general to more specific
Also called top-down approach Ex: 1) all men are mortal (premise 1) 2) Shyam is a man (premise 2)So we can conclude that, Shyam is mortal
False premises will lead to false conclusions
Induction: Specific to general Conclusion is drawn from facts or pieces of evidences
Ex: this ice cube is cold.Through experiences, we know that all icecubes are cold
The conclusion explains the facts and the facts support the conclusion
The nature of Induction is that, the conclusion is only a hypothesis
A variable is a symbol of an event, act, characteristic, trait or attribute that can be measured and to which we assign categorical values
Variables can be of three types :◦Dichotomous variable◦Continuous variable◦Discrete variable
Dependent Variable What we measure in the experiment and what is affected during the experiment
Independent Variable A factor that can be varied or manipulated in an experiment and it will affect the dependent variable
Ex: Sales(DV) and Advertising Expenses(IV)
Moderating Variable
It affects the relationship between IV and DV
Ex: commission from sales (IV) may lead to increased sales productivity(DV), especially into younger workers(MV)
Ex: loss of minning jobs (IV) leads to acceptance of higher risk jobs like car racing (DV) to earn a family supporting income, especially due to the limited education of the residents (MV)
Exraneous Variable
Any variable other than independent variable that could cause a change in the dependent variable
Ex: Prior work experience (IV) and Grades in classroom performance (DV)
Here, grades can be affected by some other variables like family history of a student, education of parents, interest in the class topic, intelligence of a student etc.
Intervening Variable
The factor which theoretically affects the observed phenomenon but cannot be seen, measured or manipulated
Motivation, job satisfaction
Ex: A promotional campaign (IV) will increase savings activity (DV), this result comes from enhancing the motivation to save
Proposition is a statement about observable phenomena (concept) that may be judged as true of false
Hypothesis:
Proposition or question formulated for empirical testing◦ The effect of the independent
variable on the dependent variable
An unproven proposition
A possible solution to a problem
Types of Hypotheses:
◦Descriptive Hypothesis◦Relational HypothesisCorrelational HypothesisCausal or Explanatory Hypothesis
The Role of the Hypothesis
It guides the direction of the study
It defines facts that are relevant and those that are not
It suggests which form of research design is likely to be most appropriate
It provides framework for organizing the conclusion that result
A Strong Hypothesis Is
Adequate
Testable
Better than rivals
Theory: It is a set of systematically interrelated
concepts, definitions and propositions that are used to explain and predict phenomena(facts)
Hypothesis helps in development of theory
Models: A representation of a system that is
constructed to study some aspect of that system or the system as a whole
Models can be descriptive, predictive or normative