Q931+de1 reference en lec 4x1

Drilling Engineering 1 Course3rd Ed.,3rd Experience

1. AboutThisCourse2. CourseLearningOutcome3. Presentationandassessment

A. ClassProjects(CLSPRJ)4. ReviewofSyllabus5. Resources6. TrainingOutline(beta)7. Communication

AquoteonBeginnings9"Beforeyoubeginathing,remindyourselfthatdifficultiesanddelaysquiteimpossibletoforeseeareahead.Ifyoucouldseethemclearly,naturallyyoucoulddoagreatdealtogetridofthembutyoucan't.Youcanonlyseeonethingclearlyandthatisyourgoal.Formamentalvisionofthatandclingtoitthroughthickandthin"KathleenNorris

Fall14H.AlamiNia DrillingEngineering1Course(3rdEd.) 4

- :

93 Page 1 of 82 12/2014

CourseScope9Systematictheoreticalandpracticalstudyofdrillingengineering;


CourseDescription9Thiscourseispreparedfor: 3semester(orcredit)hoursandmeetsforatotalof3hoursaweek.Sophomoreorjuniorlevelstudents(BSdegrees)(Major)Petroleumengineeringstudents(Minors)Production,Drillingandreservoirengineeringstudents

9PrerequisitesFluidmechanics

9Mainobjectives:


LearningandTeachingStrategies9Thiscoursepromotesinteractiveandthoroughengagementinthelearningprocess.9Itisessentialthatyoutakeresponsibilityforyourownlearning,andthatIfacilitatethatlearningbyestablishingasupportiveaswellaschallengingenvironment.


Proposedstudymethod9Whenstudyingpetroleumengineering,itisimportanttorealizethatthethingsyouarelearningtodaywillbeimportanttoyoufortherestofyourcareer.Hence,youshouldntjustlearnthingssimplytopassexams!Youwillgainmaximumbenefitfromthiscoursebyapproachingeachlectureandinclassactivitywithaninquiringmindandacritical,analyticalattitude.


- :

93 Page 2 of 82 12/2014

Studyrecommendations9Incoveringthematerialinthecourse,Irecommendthatyoufollowtheprocedureoutlinedbelow:Carefullyreadtheentirechaptertofamiliarizeyourselfwiththematerial.

Locatethetopicareainyourtextbookandstudythismaterialinconjunctionwiththecoursematerial.Attempttheexamplesbeforealltutorials.Whenyoufeelthatyouhavemasteredatopicarea,attempttheproblemforthetopic.

Youarerequiredtocompletetheassignedreadingspriortolectures.Thiswillhelpyouractiveparticipationinclassactivities.Selfstudyinadvanceisalwaysmorebeneficial.


MainObjectives(minimumskillstobeachieved/demonstrated)9Bythelastdayofclass,thestudentshouldbeableto:


MinorObjectives(otherskillstobeachieved/demonstrated)


- :

93 Page 3 of 82 12/2014

SideObjectives9CommunicationalskillsCommunicatesuccessfullyandeffectively.Understandprofessionalandethicalresponsibilities.WorkinateamenvironmentFamiliarizewithEnglishlanguage

9AcademicskillsSystematicresearch

Reporting9ManagementskillsProjecttime

9ComputerknowledgeUnderstandtheuseofmoderntechniques,skillsandmodernengineeringtoolsApplicationofinternetandEmailMicrosoftOfficeProfessionalsoftware


Presentations(Lectures)9EachsessionConsistsofdifferentsections(about45sections)Consistsofabout35slidesIsdividedinto2partswithshortbreaktimeWouldbeavailableonline

9Theteachingapproachtobeemployedwillinvolvelecturesandtutorials.9Lecturepresentationscovertheoreticalandpracticalaspects,whicharealsodescribedinthesupportingacademictextsandteachingresources.Youareencouragedtoaskquestionsandexpressfeedbackduringclasses.Youareexpectedtoreadprescribedmaterialsinadvanceofclassestoenableactiveparticipation.


Timing

9LastSession(Review)9AreasCoveredinThisLecture9PresentationA9BreakTime9PresentationB9NextSessionTopics

Lastsession(Review)

SessionOutlook

PresentationABreakTime

PresentationB

NextSessionTopics

RollCall


- :

93 Page 4 of 82 12/2014

AssessmentCriteria9BasisforCourseGrade:Finalexam(Closebook)

AttendanceClassactivitiesClassProjectsExaminations

9GradeRange:90A100(18A20)80B90(16B18)70C80(14C16)60D70(12D14)F

CLSPRJTopics:9Theseareintendedtopics,additionand/ordeletionofcertainproblemsmayoccurasotherproblemsbecomeavailable.Multipleassignmentsfromeachtopicarepossible.


FormatoftheReport:9 Titlepage:

Coursenumber,coursename,Experimentnumber&title,Labdate,Namesofthelabgroup

9 Sectionstoincludeineachreport Introduction

Objective/purposeoftheexperiment Scopeoftheexperiment/Importance

oftheparametersmeasured How(ingeneral)youobtainedthe

informationyouarereporting Methods

DescribeEquipment Experimentalprocedure(writeitinyour

ownwords) Methodsofanalysis(ifappropriate) Howdidyouanalyzethedata(principle

/equationsused) Results:

State/tabulate/plotresultsasapplicable Reportbothobservedandmeasured

results

Discussion: Discusstheimportanceofresults Tietheresultsofthisstudytoprevious

knowledge/works Commentonthequalityofresults

Conclusions: Findingsinthestudy(sticktotheresults

youmeasured) References Appendices

RawDatatables Mustincludesamplecalculations Derivationofequations(ifapplicable)

9 ReportlatesubmissionPolicy: Reportmustbesubmittedoneweek

afterexperimentunlessaskedotherwise.Deductionof10%gradeperlatesubmissionwillbeapplied.


DeliverableFormatGuidelines9GeneralInstructions:YoumustusepredefinedtemplatesforreportingtheprojectsFollowpredefineinstructions


- :

93 Page 6 of 82 12/2014

Zu | { )1() cY [1390(9| :

Zu cZ ZmY ] e fz uY M dY

Zu Y|ZZq YY |] e { Zu a

d Z Za ZZ Z |{ Zf Z Zu {ZfY{ Zu Z{Y{Y YY Z

Zu

9Zu {{ YY |] f{ Zu Z

uZY y {{ [ZzfY v { Zu Z

Z{ y Zu Z{ Y UYmY

Lm Y cZ^Zv: | f |] Z] fu e { f Z Y{ f Y f fZ Z { Y]Y f


Zu | { )1() cY [1390) (Y{Y(9f Zu Z

Z ZM cZz Zu Z ZM cZz Z uY ] ] cZ^Zv

Zu f : Z \ {Y|fY { e e ^Zv f Y ^Zv Z jy jY|u e

| Y Zu Z

Zn Y jY|u e Z Z {

Zu f { LYmY : ,Z ] ,Z | Y|Za,Z Zq { Ze Z] ZM

Z ]e


Zu | { )1() cY [1390) (Y{Y(9f e Zu Z

f YY mZ ZDragBit | Z f yY{ ZfyZ Z

mZ]Z \u ] |Z |] ^ d

Zu Zu d ] i Y f Z ] i Yf |] ^ ZY ] Z

{Y|ZfYIADCf ]ZY Z

f ZY ZPDC9 Zu cZ ] Y |:

Z |] ^YY Y Ze e cZ | Y|Y


Extra(Beyondscope)9Simulatingexperimentsusingrelevantsoftware


- :

93 Page 7 of 82 12/2014

Zu | { {Za ]Z)1() cY [1390(9K.K.MillheimM.E.Chenevert F.S.YoungJr.:

AppliedDrillingEngineering


TextsandMaterials:9JorgeH.B.SampaioJr.DrillingEngineeringFundamentals.9(Q931+DE1+L00)LecturenotesfromclassThesematerialsmayincludehandoutsprovidedinclass.computerfilesavailableonthecourseweblog

9


ClassLectures


- :

93 Page 8 of 82 12/2014

MajorReferences9(WEC)Rabia,Hussain.WellEngineering&Construction.EntracConsultingLimited,2002.Chapters:10DrillstringDesign,16RigComponents,17WellCosting


MajorReferences9(CDF)JorgeH.B.SampaioJr.DrillingEngineeringFundamentals.MasterofPetroleumEngineering.CurtinUniversityofTechnology,2007.Chapters:1Introduction,2RotaryDrillingSystem,3DrillstringTubularsandEquipment,4IntroductiontoHydraulics,5DrillstringDesign


SideReferences9BourgoyneJr,AdamT.,etal."Drillinghydraulics."AppliedDrillingEngineeringTextbook(1986):18.Chapters:1(RotaryDrilling),2(DrillingFluids),4(DrillingHydraulics)and5(RotaryDrillingBits)


Z ]Z)(9[Zf Z : Zu |

{]Z9| Z : Y{M ,{Z |ve .M m ]. d , .

Y eZ , . ,cq9Zmf : e ,Z{Zn |uY

|Y | ,Zm a Y]Y Y ,{ Z|u

{ Z9 Y _Zq13889Z : Y{ Zf)cYZfY(9Y |m) :Zq Ze (


- :

93 Page 9 of 82 12/2014

ClassSchedule(Beta)9Lec.1 Introduction

9Lec.2

9Lec.3

9Lec.4

9Lec.5

9Lec.6

9Lec.7

9Lec.8

9Lec.9

9Lec.10


Details(Beta)Date Lecture Topic ReadingAssignment(priortoclass)

010203


- :

93 Page 10 of 82 12/2014

CommunicationMethods9PreferredmethodsBreaktimeandmidclassFirstPointofContactviaemail(Limited)Willbeansweredwithsomedelay(anhourtoaweekaccordingtoimportanceandrequirements)Mentionyourpersonalandeducationalinfoinemails(Name,Student#,Coursetitle,Subject)

9AvoidfollowingcommunicationmethodsAppointmentsPhonecallsShortMessageService(SMS)Instantmessage(IM)chats


FrequentlyAskedQuestions(FAQ)9Classschedule:Almostallsessionswillbeheld

9Preferredtopics:CourserelatedResearchstudyPaperforInternationalconferencesArticlesfornationaljournals

9Avoidedhelps:OthercoursesSources,exams,exercises,classworksandsoon

B.Sc.ThesisAsidesupervisedones

M.Sc.ConquerTraineePrivateclassEducationalproblemsPersonalproblemsNationalconferencepaper


- :

93 Page 11 of 82 12/2014


1. Introduction2. Typesofrigs3. PersonnelatRigSite4. Howtodrillawell

2drillinggoals9tobuildthewellaccordingtoitspurposeandinasafemanner

(i.e,avoidingpersonalinjuriesandavoidingtechnicalproblems)

9tocompleteitwithminimumcostTheretotheoverallcostsofthewellduringitslifetimeinconjunctionwiththefielddevelopmentaspectsshallbeminimized.


- :

93 Page 12 of 82 12/2014

Parameters9Theoverallcostminimization,oroptimization,mayinfluencethelocationfromwherethewellisdrilled,(e.g.,anextendedreachonshoreorabovereservoiroffshore),

thedrillingtechnologyapplied,(e.g.,conventionalorslimholedrilling,overbalancedorunderbalanced,verticalorhorizontal,etc),

andwhichevaluationproceduresareruntogathersubsurfaceinformationtooptimizefuturewells.


drillingtechnologies9Tobuildahole,differentdrillingtechnologieshavebeeninvented:PercussiondrillingCabledrillingPennsylvaniandrillingDrillstring Withmud Quickpercussiondrilling

WithoutmudCanadiandrilling

Rotatingdrilling(Willbediscussedexclusively)Fullcrosssectiondrilling Surfacedriven

o Rotarybito Rotarynozzle

Subsurfacedriveno Turbinedrillingo Positivedisplacementmotordrilling

o Electromotordrilling

Annulardrilling Diamondcoring Shotdrilling


drillingtechnologies(Cont.)SpecialtechniquesAbrasivejetdrillingCavitatingjetdrillingElectricarcandplasmadrillingElectricbeamdrillingElectricdisintegrationdrillingExplosivedrillingFlamejetdrillingImplosiondrilling

LaserdrillingREAMdrillingReplaceablecutterheaddrillingRocketexhaustdrillingSparkdrillingSubterrenedrillingTerradrillingThermalmechanicaldrillingThermocorerdrilling


- :

93 Page 13 of 82 12/2014

drillingrig9Adrillingrigisadeviceusedtodrill,caseandcementoilandgaswells.9Thecorrectprocedureforselectingandsizingadrillingrigisasfollows:DesignthewellEstablishthevariousloadstobeexpectedduringdrillingandtestingoperationsandusethehighestloads.ThispointestablishestheDEPTHRATINGOFTHERIG.ComparetheratingofexistingrigswiththedesignloadsSelecttheappropriateriganditscomponents.


RigClassification

RotaryDrillingRigs

Land

Mobile

Jackknife PortableMast

Conventional

Marine

BottomSupported

Platform

SelfContained Tendered

Barge

JackUp Submersible

Floating

DrillShip SemiSubmersible

CaissonVessel TensionLeg


Land:MobileRigs

Jackkniferig PortablemastFall14H.AlamiNia DrillingEngineering1Course(3rdEd.) 55

Marine:BottomSupportedPlatformrigs

SelfContained TenderedFall14H.AlamiNia DrillingEngineering1Course(3rdEd.) 56

- :

93 Page 14 of 82 12/2014

Marine:OtherBottomSupportedrigs


$-DFN8SULJ $VXEPHUVLEOHSODWIRUP$FDQWLOHYHUULJRQDEDUJH

Marine:Floatingrigs


&DLVVRQYHVVHODOVRFDOOHGVSDUEXR\DQGDiagramofasparbuoy

$WHQVLRQOHJSODWIRUP

$GULOOVKLS 6HPLVXEPHUVLEOHYHVVHO

comparisonofdrillingrigs


WellClassifications9Accordingtoawellsfinaldepth,itcanbeclassifiedinto:Shallowwell:5000m

9WiththehelpofadvancedtechnologiesinMWD/LWDandextendedreachdrillingtechniques,horizontaldeparturesofmorethan10000marepossibletoday.


- :

93 Page 15 of 82 12/2014

Personnel9Peopledirectlyinvolvedindrillingawellareemployedeitherbytheoperatingcompany,thedrillingcontractor,oroneoftheserviceandsupplycompanies

9Theoperatingcompanyistheownerofthelease/blockandprincipaluseroftheservicesprovidedbythedrillingcontractorandthedifferentservicecompanies.


Tasks9Sincedrillingcontractorsarecompaniesthatperformtheactualdrillingofthewell,theirmainjobistodrillaholetothedepth/locationandspecificationssetbytheoperator.9Alongwithhiringadrillingcontractor,theoperatorusuallyemploysvariousserviceandsupplycompaniestoperformlogging,cementing,oranyotherspecialoperations,includingmaintainingthedrillingfluidinitsplanedcondition.


drillingcrews9Mostdrillingcrewsconsistofatoolpusher,adriller,aderrickman,amudlogger,andtwoorthreerotaryhelpers(alsocalledfloormenorroughnecks).

9Alongwiththisbasiccrewconfigurationtheoperatorsendsusuallyarepresentative,calledcompanymantotherig.

9Foroffshoreoperationsthecrewsusuallyconsistofmanymoreemployees.


- :

93 Page 16 of 82 12/2014

crewrequirements9ToolPusher:supervisesalldrillingoperationsandistheleadingmanofthedrillingcontractoronlocation.

9CompanyMan:Thecompanymanisindirectchargeofallcompanysactivitiesontherigsite.Heisresponsibleforthedrillingstrategyaswellasthesuppliesandservicesinneed.Hisdecisionsdirectlyeffecttheprogressofthewell.


crewrequirements(Cont.)9Driller:Thedrilleroperatesthedrillingmachineryontherigfloorandistheoverallsupervisorofallfloormen.Hereportsdirectlytothetoolpusherandisthepersonwhoismostcloselyinvolvedinthedrillingprocess.Heoperates,fromhispositionatthecontrolconsole,therigfloorbrakes,switches,levers,andallotherrelatedcontrolsthatinfluencethedrillingparameters.IncaseofakickheisthefirstpersontotakeactionbymovingthebitoffbottomandclosingtheBOP.


Insideacontrolconsole


crewrequirements(Cont.)9DerrickMan:Thederrickmanworksonthesocalledmonkeyboard,asmallplatformupinthederrick,usuallyabout90ftabovetherotarytable.Whenaconnectionismadeorduringtrippingoperationsheishandlingandguidingtheupperendofthepipe.Duringdrillingoperationsthederrickmanisresponsibleformaintainingandrepairingthepumpsandotherequipmentaswellaskeepingtabsonthedrillingfluid.


- :

93 Page 17 of 82 12/2014

crewrequirements(Cont.)9Floormen:Duringtripping,therotaryhelpersareresponsibleforhandlingthelowerendofthedrillpipeaswellasoperatingtongsandwrenchestomakeorbreakupaconnection.Duringothertimes,theyalsomaintainequipment,keepitclean,dopaintingandingeneralhelpwhereeverhelpisneeded.

9MudEngineer,MudLogger:Theservicecompanywhoprovidesthemudalmostalwayssendsamudengineerandamudloggertotherigsite.Theyareconstantlyresponsibleforloggingwhatishappeningintheholeaswellasmaintainingthepropermudconditions.


drillingprocess9Inrotarydrilling,therockisdestroyedbytheactionofrotationandaxialforceappliedtoadrillingbit.9Thedrillingbitislocatedattheendofadrillstringwhichiscomposedofdrillpipes(alsocalledjointsorsingles),drillcollars,andotherspecializeddrillingtools.Drillcollarsarethickwalledtubesresponsibleforapplyingtheaxialforceatthebit.Rotationatthebitisusuallyobtainedbyrotatingthewholedrillstringfromthesurface.


Asimplifieddrillstring9Thecomponentsofthedrillstringare:DrillpipeDrillcollarsOtherAccessoriescalledbottomholeassembly(BHA)including:Heavywalleddrillpipe(HWDP)StabilisersReamersDirectionalcontrolequipmentEtc.


- :

93 Page 18 of 82 12/2014

Functionsofthedrillstring9Thedrillstringisthemechanicallinkageconnectingthedrillbitatthebottomoftheholetotherotarydrivesystemonthesurface.9Thedrillstringservesthefollowingfunctions:transmitsrotationtothedrillbitexertsweightonthebit;thecompressiveforcenecessarytobreaktherock

guidesandcontrolsthetrajectoryofthebit;andallowsfluidcirculationwhichisrequiredforcoolingthebitandforcleaningthehole.


drillingprocess(Cont.)9Alargevarietyofbitmodelsanddesignsareavailableinindustry.9Thechoiceoftherightbit,basedonthecharacteristicsoftheformationstobedrilled,andtherightparameters(weightonbitandrotaryspeed)arethetwomostbasicproblemsthedrillingengineerfacesduringdrillingplanninganddrillingoperation.

9Thecuttingsareliftedtothesurfacebythedrillingfluid.9Atthesurface,thecuttingsareseparatedfromthedrillingfluidbyseveralsolidremovalequipment.9Drillingmudispickedupbythesystemofpumpsandpumpedagaindownthehole.


connection9Asdrillingprogresses,newjointsareaddedtothetopofthedrillstringincreasingitslength,inanoperationcalledconnection.9Apipeslipsisusedtotransfertheweightofthedrillstringfromthehooktothemasterbushing.


roundtrip9Asthebitgetsdull,aroundtripisperformedtobringthedullbittothesurfaceandreplaceitbyanewone.9AroundtripisperformedalsotochangetheBHA.9Thedrillstringisalsoremovedtorunacasingstring.Theoperationisdonebyremovingstandsoftwo(doubles),three(thribbles)orevenfour(fourbles)jointsconnected,andstackingthemuprightintherig.


- :

93 Page 19 of 82 12/2014

Removingonestandofdrillstring


wipertrip9Sometimesthedrillstringisnotcompletelyrunoutofthehole.9Itisjustlifteduptothetopoftheopenholesectionandthenloweredbackagainwhilecontinuouslycirculatingwithdrillingmud.Suchatrip,calledwipertrip,iscarriedouttocleantheholefromremainingcuttingsthatmayhavesettledalongtheopenholesection.


1. (CDF)JorgeH.B.SampaioJr.DrillingEngineeringFundamentals.MasterofPetroleumEngineering.CurtinUniversityofTechnology,2007. Chapter1and2

2. (WEC)Rabia,Hussain.WellEngineering&Construction.EntracConsultingLimited,2002.Chapter16

- :

93 Page 20 of 82 12/2014


1. timeestimatesA. Exampleoftimedepthcurve

2. ElementsOfWellCosting3. RiskAssessmentInDrillingCostCalculations4. DrillingContractingStrategies

AuthorizationForExpenditure9elementswhichcomprisethewellcost:rig,casing,people,drillingequipmentetc.

9ThefinalsheetsummarizingthewellcostisusuallydescribedastheAFE:AuthorizationForExpenditure.TheAFEisthebudgetforthewell.OncetheAFEisprepared,itshouldthenbeapprovedandsignedbyaseniormanagerfromtheoperator.

9TheAFEsheetwouldalsocontain:projectdescription,summaryandphasingofexpenditure,partnerssharesandwellcostbreakdown.DetailsofthewellwillbeattachedtotheAFEsheetasaformoftechnicaljustification.


- :

93 Page 21 of 82 12/2014

FACTORSAFFECTINGWELLCOST9Wellcostsforasinglewelldependon:Geographicallocation:landoroffshore,country

Typeofwell:explorationordevelopment,HPHTorsourgaswell

DrillabilityHoledepthWelltarget(s)

Profilevertical/horizontal/multilateral

SubsurfaceproblemsRigcosts:landrig,jackup,semisubmersibleordrillshipandratingofrig

CompletiontypeKnowledgeofthearea:wildcat,explorationordevelopment


timespentonawell9Thetimespentonawellconsistsof:Drillingtimesspentonmakinghole,includingcirculation,wipertripsandtripping,directionalwork,geologicalsidetrackandholeopening.Flattimesspentonrunningandcementingcasing,makingupBOPSandwellheads.Testingandcompletiontime.Formationevaluationtimeincludingcoring,loggingetc.Rigupandrigdownofrig.Nonproductivetime.


timerequiredtodrillthewell9BeforeanAFEcanbeprepared,anaccurateestimateofthetimerequiredtodrillthewellmustbeprepared.9Thetimeestimateshouldconsider:ROPinoffsetwells.Fromthisthetotaldrillingtimeforeachsectionmaybedetermined.

FlattimesforrunningandcementingcasingFlattimesfornipplingup/downBOPsandnipplingupwellheadsCirculationtimes.BHAmakeuptimes.


DETAILEDTIMEESTIMATE9Detailedtimeestimatescanbepreparedforeachholesectionbyconsideringtheindividualoperationsinvolved.Thisexerciserequiresexperienceonpartoftheengineerandalsodetailedknowledgeofpreviousdrillingexperienceinthearea.


- :

93 Page 22 of 82 12/2014

Detailedtimeestimatefor30conductor


Calculationoftimedepthcurve

9AssumethefollowingwelldesignforWellPak1:36Hole/30"Conductor50mBRT(belowrotarytable)26Hole/20"Casing 595mBRT17.5Hole/13.375"Casing 1421mBRT12.25/9.625"Casing 2334mBRT8.5Hole/7"Casing 3620mBRTTotalDepth 3620mBRT

9Fromthreeoffsetwells,thefollowingdatawasestablishedforaverageROPforeachholesection:36Hole 5.5m/hr26Hole 5.5m/hr17.5Hole 7.9m/hr12.25 4.6m/hr8.5Hole 2.5m/hr


Calculationoftimedepthcurve(Cont.)

9Theexpectedflattimesforthiswellare:

9Calculatethetotaldrillingtimeandplotthedepthtimecurve.


- :

93 Page 23 of 82 12/2014

Calculationsofplanneddrillingtimes

9Solution:Example17.1:Calculationoftimedepthcurve,WEC PGO:752


Timedepthcalculations


Timedepthcurve


- :

93 Page 24 of 82 12/2014

ELEMENTSOFWELLCOSTING9Therearethreemainelementsofthewellcost.Nomatterwhatserviceorproductisused,itwillfallunderoneofthefollowingthreecostelements,namely:RigcostsTangiblesServices

9Foroffshorewellsthereareothercostswhichmustbeincluded:SupplyboatsStandbyboatsHelicopters


RIGCOSTS9Asthenameimplies,rigcostsrefertothecostofhiringthedrillingriganditsassociatedequipment.Thiscostcanbeupto70%ofwellcost,especiallyforsemisubmersiblerigsordrillingships.Rigcostdependsentirelyontherigrateperday,usuallyexpressedas

$/day.9Rigratedependson:TypeofrigMarketconditionsLengthofcontractDaysonwellMobilization/DemobilizationofrigandequipmentSupervisionAdditionalrigcharges


TANGIBLES

9Tangiblesrefertotheproductsusedonthewell.Theseinclude:CasingForanexample:lengthofcasingandselectingtheappropriatecasinggrades/weightsforeachholesection

Tubing/completionequipment

Wellhead/accessoriesBitsCoreheadsCementproductsMudproductsSolidscontrolconsumablesFuelandlubesOthermaterialsandsupplies


SERVICES9Thisgroupofcostsreferstoanyservicerequiredonthewell.Servicesinclude:CommunicationsRigpositioningusuallyrequiredinoffshoreoperations

Logging(wireline)bothopen&casedholelogs

MWD/LWDDownholeMotorsSolidsControlEquipmentMudEngineeringDirectionalEngineering

Surveyingdeterminationofholeangleandazimuth.includesthecostofsingleshots,magneticmultishots(MMS)andgyros

CementingMudLoggingFishingonlyincludedifexperienceintheareadictatesthatfishingmayberequiredinsomepartsofthehole

Downholetoolsincludingjars,shocksubs

Casingservices


- :

93 Page 25 of 82 12/2014

NONPRODUCTIVETIME(NPT)9ThetimerequiredforanyroutineorabnormaloperationwhichiscarriedoutasaresultofafailureisdefinedasNonProductiveTime(NPT)NonProductiveTime(NPT)indrillingoperationscurrentlyaccountfor20%oftotaldrillingtime.theNPTiscalculatedasthetimefromwhentheproblemoccurredtothetimewhenoperationsarebacktopriortotheproblemoccurring.TheNPTtimeincludesnormaloperationssuchasPOH,RIH,circulatingetc.

9standbytimeWaitingonweatherorwaitingonorders,peopleorequipmentisnotNPT.Thisisstandbytime.


CLASSIFICATIONOFNPT9Rigequipment(Downtimedueto:Mudpumps,generators,shakers,rotarytable,topdrive/Kelly,hoist,drillingline,gauges,compressorsandanchors.Notethatwithintherigcontractafixedtimeisallowedforrigrepairs/maintenance.TheNPTrigtimeshouldbethetimerecordedabovetheagreedfixedrepairtime).

9SurfaceEquipment9DownholeEquipment9DrillstringEquipment

9Loggingequipment9StuckpipeandFishingofBHAequipment9CasingHardwareandCementingEquipment9Fluids9Holeproblems9WellControl9TestingandCompletionNPT


twomajorelementsofwellcostestimates9itisessentialthatcostestimatesaremaderealistic,aslowaspossibleandproducedinaconsistentmanner.Thesecriteriaareachievedthroughtheapplicationofriskassessment.

9Wellcostestimatesaremadeupoftwomajorelements:Timedependentcosts

Rigcostsandservicesaregreatlyimpactedbythetimeestimate.

TangiblecostsTangiblecostscanbeestimatedatthebudgetarystage(beforeadetailedwellplanismade)orattheAFEstageafterthedetailedwellplanismade.Theriskinvolvedinestimatingtangiblesisusuallysmall.


- :

93 Page 26 of 82 12/2014

levelsofrisks9Riskassessmentisdefinedintermsoftheprobabilityofmeetingagiventarget.Therearethreelevelsofrisks:9P10(onlya10%chanceofbeingachieved)Thisisahighlyoptimisticestimatewhichcanonlybeachievedunderexceptionalcircumstances.AsthereisnoexactmethodforestimatingP10,itisnowcustomarytobaseP10valueonthebestpossibleperformanceonanyoperationonanywellinthearea.thetotalP10valueforagivensectionwillbethebestindividualvaluesfromseveralwellsforalloperationsrequiredtodrill,caseandcementthegivenholesection.


levelsofrisks(Cont.)9P50Thisisthekeyfigureinmostwellcostestimates.Thisestimatewillbebasedonknowninformationderivedfromoffsetdata.

9P90Thisisanestimateofwellcostwhichislikelytobemet90%ofthetimeandthatwellcostscannotbeexceededexceptunderexceptionalcases.Thisestimatewaswidelyusedintheoilindustrybeforeaccuratecostestimatingwasintroducedintheearly1990s.


COSTREDUCTION9Therearetwoelementsofcostswhichmustbecontrolled:9CapitalExpenditure(Capex):Thisincludesthecostoffindinganddevelopinganoil/gasfield.Thecostofdrillingoperationsisthemajorcostelementandmustbekepttoanacceptablevalue.

9OperatingCost(OPEX):Thisincludestheactualcostofproduction:costofmaintainingtheplatform,wells,pipelinesetc.Wewillnotbeconcernedwiththesecostsastheyarepartofproductionoperations.


Priceofoilproduction9judgingaminimumpriceperbarrelofoil(2002): IntheNorthSea,itisacceptedthattheprincipleof1/3/3resultsinaprofitableoperation. $1forfinding,

$3fordevelopingand$3forproduction.

combinedcostof$7perbarrel IntheMiddleEast,thiscombinedcostcanbeaslowas$2forsomegiantfields.

9Ingeneralthemoreremotetheareathemoreexpensiveisthefinalcostofbarrelof

oil.Thisisparticularlytruefordeepwatersinhostileenvironments.

9Thefollowingisalistofmeasurestoreducecosts:TechnicalinnovationProductivityimprovement:e.g.fasterdrillingoperations Increasedoperationaleffectiveness Incentivecontracts(sharinggainsandpains)Lesspeople


- :

93 Page 27 of 82 12/2014

typesofcontracts9Therearebasicallyfourtypesofcontractswhicharecurrentlyusedintheoilindustry:ConventionalIntegratedServices(IS)IntegratedProjectManagement(IPM)TurnKey

9Thetypeofdrillingcontractusedcanmeanthedifferencebetweenanefficientandalessefficientoperation.Indeed,goingforonetype,sayturnkey,canmeanthattheoperatorhasnocontrolovertheoperationwhatsoeverandhasnomeansofbuildingknowledgeforfutureoperations.


CONVENTIONALCONTRACT9Inthistypeofcontract,theE&Pcompanydoeseverythingusingitsownstafforcontractors.Thisisthemostinvolvedtypeofcontractandcanmeanhandlingupto100contractsperwell. theoperatorhastotalcontrolovertheoperationandcarriesfullrisk. Thecontractorhasnoriskanditcouldbearguedthat

thecontractorhasnoincentiveinspeedinguptheoperation.9Thistypeofcontracthastheadvantagethat lessonslearntduringdrillingoperationsarekeptwithinthecompanyandusedtoimprovefutureoperations.

9Nowadays,onlylargeoperatorsoptforthistypeofcontract.9Avariationoftheabovecontractistoincludeanincentiveclauseforcompletingoperationsearlyorifacertaindepthisreachedwithinanagreedtimescale. Thecontractorwillbepaidacertainpercentageofthesavingsmadeifoperationsarecompletedaheadoftheplannedagreeddrillingtime.


INTEGRATEDSERVICES(IS)9Inthistypeofcontract,majorservicesareintegratedundertwoorthreemaincontracts.Thesecontractsarethengiventoleadcontractorswho,inturn,wouldsubcontractallorpartsofthecontracttoothersubcontractor.Theleadcontractorholdtotalresponsibilityforhiscontractandisfreetochooseitssubcontractors.

9Theoperatorstillholdsmajorcontractssuchasrig,wellheadsandcasing.Alsotheoperatorappointsoneofitsstafftoactasacoordinatorforthedrillingoperation.


- :

93 Page 28 of 82 12/2014

INTEGRATEDPROJECTMANAGEMENT(IPM)9Inthistypeofcontract,amaincontractorischosen.ThiscontractoristheIntegratedProjectManagement(IPM)contractor.Thecontractorisresponsiblefor2030servicecompanies.

Servicecompaniesmayberesponsibleforotherservicecompanies.9ThedrillingoperationwillbecontrolledbyarepresentativefromtheIPMcontractor.9Theoperatormayholdoneortwomajorcontracts.9Itisoneoftheworstkindofcontractsfortheoperatorbecause:Thereisvirtuallynolearningfortheoperator.Theincentivecontractisbuiltonatimedepthcurvedevelopedandbasedonthecontractorsexperience.UseofbetterequipmentandpersonnelmaybeattheIPMcontractorstimecurve.


TURNKEYCONTRACT9Thisistheeasiestofalltheabovecontracts.Theoperatorchoosesacontractor.Thecontractorssubmitsalumpsumfordrillingawell: fromspudtofinishwithoperatorvirtuallynotinvolved.

Thecontractorcarriesallrisksifthewellcomesbehindtimeandalsogainsallbenefitsifheshoulddrillthewellfaster.

9Contractorsonlyoptforthistypeofcontractiftheyknowtheareaextremelywellorduringtimesofreducedactivities.

9Theoperatoroptsforthistypeofcontractifhehasalimitedbudgetorhasnoknowledgeofdrillinginthearea.


CURRENTANDFUTURETRENDSINDRILLINGCONTRACTS9Therearetwonewdevelopmentindrillingandproductioncontracts:ProductionSharingAgreementItstipulatesthatthecontractorwillbepaidacertainpercentageoftheproducedfluids(oilorgas)inreturnfortheservicesofthecontractorindrillingandproducingthewells. Theagreementmaybetimedependentrunningforafixednumberofyearsormayincludeaninitialpaymentforthecontractorinadditiontoapercentageoftheproduction.


CURRENTANDFUTURETRENDSINDRILLINGCONTRACTS(Cont.)CapitalReturnAgreementPlusAgreedProductionItstipulatesthatthecontractorwilldevelopafieldusinghisownfinance.Inreturn,theoperator(ornationaloilcompany)willpaythecontractorallhiscapitalexpenditureplusanagreedpercentageoftheproduction. InIranwherethistypeofcontractisused,theagreedproductionislimitedtoafixednumberofyears.Theownershipofthefieldanditsfacilitiesalwaysremainwiththeoperator.

9ThesenewtypesofcontractswereinitiallyinitiatedinsomeMiddleEasterncountriesattemptingtodrawwesterninvestment.Thesecontractsarestilldevelopinginnatureandhavenowbeenusedbyanumberofthirdworldcountries.


- :

93 Page 29 of 82 12/2014



- :

93 Page 30 of 82 12/2014

1. RotaryDrillingSystems2. PowerSystem

A. equipmentB. calculations

rigsystems9Forallrigs,thedepthoftheplannedwelldeterminesbasicrigrequirements.Themostimportantrigsystemsare:Powersystem,Hoistingsystem,Drillingfluidcirculationsystem,Rotarysystem,Derrickandsubstructure,Wellcontrolsystem,Wellmonitoringsystem


Typicalrigcomponents


- :

93 Page 31 of 82 12/2014

powersupply9Thepowersystemofarotarydrillingrighastosupplypowertoalltheothersystems.9thesystemmustprovidepowerforpumpsingeneral,riglight,aircompressors,etc.

9Sincethelargestpowerconsumersonarotarydrillingrigarethehoisting,thecirculationsystem,andtherotarysystem,thesecomponentsdeterminemainlythetotalpowerrequirements.


Powerconsumption9Theactualpowerrequiredwilldependonthedrillingjobbeingcarriedout.9Duringtypicaldrillingoperations,thehoistingandtherotarysystemsarenotoperatedatthesametime.Thereforethesameenginescanbeusedtoperformbothfunctions.

9Themaximumpowerusedisduringhoistingandcirculation.

9Theleastpowerusedisduringwirelineoperations.


powersystem9Drillingrigpowersystemsareclassifiedasdirectdrivetype(internalcombustionenginessupplymechanicalpowertotherig)andelectrictype.

9Inbothcases,thesourcesofenergyaredieselfueledengines.

9Mostrigsuse1to3enginestopowerthedrawworksandrotarytable.

9Theenginesareusuallyratedbetween400and800hp.9Asguideline,powerrequirementsformostonshorerigsarebetween1,000to3,000hp.Offshorerigsingeneralusemuchmorepower.


- :

93 Page 32 of 82 12/2014

Sampleofalandrigpowersupply


SCRUnit9Thepoweronmodernrigsismostcommonlygeneratedbydieselelectricpowerunits.9ThepowerproducedisACcurrentwhichisthenconvertedtoDCcurrentbytheuseofSCR(SiliconControlledRectifier).9Thecurrentisdeliveredbycablestoelectricmotorsattacheddirectlytotheequipmentinvolvedsuchasmudpumps,rotarytable,Drawworksetc.


powersystemperformance9Theperformanceofarigpowersystemischaracterizedbytheoutputhorsepower,torque,andfuelconsumptionforvariousenginespeeds.

9Thesethreeparametersarerelatedbytheefficiencyofeachsystem.


- :

93 Page 33 of 82 12/2014

energyconsumptionbytheengines9Heatingvaluesoffuels

9Theenergyconsumedbytheenginescomesfromburningfuels.9Theenginetransformsthechemicalenergyofthefuelintowork. Noenginecantransformtotallythechemical

energyintowork. Mostoftheenergythatenterstheengineis

lostasheat.9ThethermalefficiencyEtofamachineisdefinedastheratiooftheworkWgeneratedtothechemicalenergyconsumed

9 toperformthiscalculation,wemustusethesameunitsbothtotheworkandtothechemicalenergy. 1BTU=778.17lbf*ft,


FuelTypeHeatingValue

(BTU/lbm)

Density(lbm/gal)

Diesel Gasoline Butane(liquid) Methane(gas)

thermalefficiency9EnginesarenormallyratedbythepowerPtheycandeliveratagivenworkingregime.Powerifdefinedastherateworkisperformed,thatisworkperunitoftime.IfQistherateofchemicalenergyconsumedbythemachine(chemicalenergyperunitoftime),wecanrewritetheexpressionforthethermalefficiencyas:

9TocalculateQweneedtoknowthetypeoffuelandtherateoffuelconsumptioninmassperunittime.Consumptionofgaseousfuelsisgiveninmassperunittime.consumptionforliquidfuelsisgiveninvolumeperunittime.weneedtoknowthedensityofthefluid.


outputpower9Asystemproducesmechanicalworkwhenthesoleresultoftheprocesscouldbetheraisingofaweight(mosttimelimitedbyitsefficiency).

Pispower,andvthevelocity(assumingFconstant).9Whenarotatingmachineisoperating(forexample,aninternalcombustionengineoranelectricalmotor),wecannotmeasureitspower,butwecanmeasureitsrotatingspeed(normallyinRPM)andthetorqueattheshaft.Thisisnormallyperformedinamachinecalleddynamometer.


outputpower9Theexpressionrelatingpowertoangularvelocityandtorqueis:istheangularvelocity(inradiansperunitoftime)Tisthetorque.

9Acommonunitofpoweristhehp(horsepower).Onehpisthepowerrequiredtoraiseaweightof33,000lbfbyonefootinoneminute:


- :

93 Page 34 of 82 12/2014

outputpower9ForTinftlbfandNinRPMwehave:

9thatis


mechanicalhorsepowerCorrection9Whentherigisoperatedatenvironmentswithnonstandardtemperatures(85F=29C)orathighaltitudes,themechanicalhorsepowerrequirementshavetobecorrected.ThecorrectionshouldfollowtheAmericanPetroleumInstitute(API)standard7BllC:Deductionof3%ofthestandardbrakehorsepowerforeach1000ftofaltitudeabovemeansealevel.Deductionof1%ofthestandardbrakehorsepowerforeach10Friseorfallintemperatureaboveorbelow85F.


Calculationoftheoutputpowerandtheoverallefficiency9Adieselenginegives

anoutputtorqueof1740ftlbfatanenginespeedof1200RPM.9 Ifthefuelconsumptionratewas31.5gal/hr,whatistheoutputpowerandtheoverallefficiencyoftheengine?


theoutputpowerandtheoverallefficiency

9Thepowerdeliveredatthegivenregimeis:

9Dieselisconsumedat31.5gal/hr.FromTablewehave:

9Convertingtohp,resultsin:

9Thethermalefficiencyis:Fall14H.AlamiNia DrillingEngineering1Course(3rdEd.) 140

- :

93 Page 35 of 82 12/2014

1. (CDF)JorgeH.B.SampaioJr.DrillingEngineeringFundamentals.MasterofPetroleumEngineering.CurtinUniversityofTechnology,2007. Chapter2



1. HoistingSystem:A. IntroductionB. TheBlock&Tackle

a. MechanicaladvantageandEfficiencyb. HookPower

C. LoadAppliedtotheDerrick

- :

93 Page 36 of 82 12/2014

Typicalhoistingsystem9Thehoistingsystemisusedtoraise,lower,andsuspendequipmentinthewell (e.g.,drillstring,casing,etc).

9Itisconsistsof:derrick(notshown)drawworks theblocktacklesystem

fastline(braidedsteelcable) crownblock travelingblock deadline(1to13/4=3.25) deallineanchor, storagereel, hook.


TheDerrick9Thederrickprovidesthenecessaryheightandsupporttoliftloadsinandoutofthewell.

9Thederrickmustbestrongenoughtosupportthehookload,deadlineandfastlineloads,pipesetbackloadandwindloads.

9DerricksareratedbytheAPIaccordingtotheirheight(tohandle2,3,or4joints)andtheirabilitytowithstandwindandcompressiveloads.


TheDerrick9Thederrickstandsabovethederrickfloor.Itisthestagewhereseveralsurfacedrillingoperationsoccur.Atthederrickfloorarelocatedthedrawworks,thedrillersconsole,thedrillershouse(ordoghouse),therotarytable,thedrillingfluidmanifold,andseveralothertoolstooperatethedrillstring.

Thespacebelowthederrickflooristhesubstructure.TheheightofthesubstructureshouldbeenoughtoaccommodatethewellheadandBOPs.

doghouse


SubstructureandMonkeyBoard9Atabout3/4oftheheightofthederrickislocatedaplatformcalledmonkeyboard.Thisplatformisusedtooperatethedrillstringstandsduringtripoperations.Duringdrillstringtrips,thestandsarekeptstoodininthemast,heldbyfingersinthederrickracknearthemonkeyboard.


- :

93 Page 37 of 82 12/2014

drawworks9Thedrawworksprovideshoistingandbrakingpowerrequiredtohandletheheavyequipmentintheborehole.9Itiscomposedofawireropedrum,mechanicalandhydraulicbrakes, thetransmission,andthecathead

(smallwinchesoperatedbyhandorremotelytoprovidehoistingandpullingpowertooperatesmallloadsandtoolsinthederrickarea).

atypicalonshorerigdrawworksFall14H.AlamiNia DrillingEngineering1Course(3rdEd.) 149

Reelinginandout9ThereelinginofthedrillinglineispoweredbyanelectricmotororDieselengine

9thereelingoutispoweredbygravityTocontrolthereelingout,mechanicalbrakesandauxiliaryhydraulicormagneticbrakes

areused,whichdissipatestheenergyrequiredtoreducethespeedand/orstopthedownwardmovementofthesuspendedequipment.


TheBlock&Tackle9FastlineThedrillinglinecomingfromthedrawworks,calledfastline,goesoverapulleysystemmountedatthetopofthederrick, calledthecrownblock,

anddowntoanotherpulleysystem calledthetravelingblock.

9blocktackleTheassemblyofcrownblock,travelingblockanddrillingline

9Thenumberoflinesnofatackle istwicethenumberof(active)pulleysinthetravelingblock.

9Thelastlineofthetackle iscalleddeadlineandisanchoredtothederrickfloor,closetooneofitslegs.

9Belowandconnectedtothetravelingblockisahooktowhichdrillingequipmentcanbehung.


- :

93 Page 38 of 82 12/2014

blocktacklesystemcalculations9Theblocktacklesystemprovidesamechanicaladvantagetothedrawworks,andreducesthetotalloadappliedtothederrick.

9WewillbeinterestedincalculatingthefastlineforceFf(providedbythedrawworks)requiredtoraiseaweightWinthehook,andthetotalloadappliedtotheriganditsdistributiononthederrickfloor.


Forcesactingintheblocktackle


DeadLineAnchor9Thisallowsnewlengthsoflinetobefedintothesystemtoreplacethewornpartsofthelinethathavebeenmovingonthepulleysofthecrownblockorthetravellingblock.9Thewornpartsareregularlycutandremovedbyaprocesscalled:SlipandCutPractice.Slippingtheline,thencuttingitoffhelpstoincreasethelifetimeofthedrillingline.


DrillingLine9Thedrillingisbasicallyawireropemadeupofstrandswoundaroundasteelcore. Eachstrandcontainsanumberofsmallwireswoundaroundacentralcore.

9ThedrillinglineisoftheroundstrandtypewithLangslay.9Thedrillinglinehasa6x19constructionwithIndependentWireRopeCore(IWRC). 6strandsandeachstrandcontaining19fillerwires.

9Thesizeofthedrillinglinevariesfrom"to2".


- :

93 Page 39 of 82 12/2014

IdealMechanicaladvantage9ThemechanicaladvantageAMoftheblocktackleisdefinedastheratiooftheloadWinthehooktothetensileforceonthefastlineFf:

9Foranideal,frictionlesssystem,thetensioninthedrillinglineisthesamethroughoutthesystem,sothatW=nFf.Therefore,theidealmechanicaladvantageisequaltothenumberoflinesstrungthroughthetravelingblock:


efficiencyofarealpulley9Frictionbetweenthewireropeandsheavesreducetheefficiencyofthehoistingsystem.9Inarealpulley,however,thetensileforcesinthecableorropeinapulleyarenotidentical.IfFiandFoaretheinputandoutputtensileforcesoftheropeinthepulley,theefficiencyofarealpulleyis:

Wewillassumethatallpulleysinthehoistingsystemhavethesameefficiency,andwewanttocalculatethemechanicaladvantageofarealpulleysystem.


EfficiencyOfTheHoistingSystems(HoistingOperations)9duringhoisting(pullingoutofhole)operationsIfFfistheforceinthefastline,theforceF1inthelineoverthefirstpulley(inthecrownblock)isTheforceinthelineoverthesecondpulley(inthetravelingblock)isUsingthesamereasoningoverandover,theforceintheithlineis

9ThetotalloadWactinginthehookisequaltothesumoftheforcesineachlineofthetravelingblock.


- :

93 Page 40 of 82 12/2014

Calculationoffastlineloadduringhoisting

9AM=therealmechanicaladvantage9TheoverallefficiencyEofthesystemofpulleysisdefinedastheratiooftherealmechanicaladvantagetotheidealmechanicaladvantage9Atypicalvaluefortheefficiencyofballbearingpulleysis=0.96.9Tableshowsthecalculatedandindustryaverageoverallefficiencyfortheusualnumberoflines.9ifEisknown,thefastlineforceFfrequiredtorisealoadWcanbecalculated


Calculationsofminorloads9UsingthesamereasoningDeadlineloadisgivenby:

9Ifthebreakingstrengthofthedrillinglineisknown,thenadesignfactor,DF,maybecalculatedasfollows:

9LoweringOperations:9Duringloweringofpipe,theefficiencyfactoris:

Andfastlineloadis:


POWERREQUIREMENTSOFTHEDRAWWORKS9Asaruleofthumb,thedrawworkshouldhave1HPforevery10fttobedrilled.Hencefora20,000ftwell,thedrawworkshouldhave2000HP.

9Amorerigorouswayofcalculatingthehorsepowerrequirementsistocarryoutoutputpoweratdrum:

IntheImperialsystem,powerisquotedinhorsepowerandtheaboveequationbecomes:

Theproofhasmentionedinthefollowingslides:Fall14H.AlamiNia DrillingEngineering1Course(3rdEd.) 164

- :

93 Page 41 of 82 12/2014

Inputvs.outputpower9Foranidealblocktacklesystem,theinputpower(providedbythedrawworks)isequaltotheoutputorhookpower(availabletomovetheboreholeequipments).

9Inthiscase,thepowerdeliveredbythedrawworksisequaltotheforceinthefastlineFftimesthevelocityofthefastlinevf,andthepowerdevelopedatthehookisequaltotheforceinthehookWtimesthevelocityofthetravelingblockvb.Thatis


relationshipbetweenthedrawworkspowerandthehookpower9SincefortheidealcasenFf=W,sothatis,thevelocityoftheblockisntimesslowerthanthevelocityofthefastline,andthisisvalidalsofortherealcase.

9Fortherealcase,Ff=W/nE,andmultiplyingbothsidesbyvfweobtain

whichrepresentstherealrelationshipbetweenthepowerdeliveredbythedrawworksandthepoweravailableinthehook,whereEistheoverallefficiencyoftheblocktacklesystem.


TheBlock&Tackle9Arigmusthoistaloadof300,000lbf.Thedrawworkscanprovideamaximuminputpowertotheblocktacklesystemofas500hp.Eightlinesarestrungbetweenthecrownblockandtravelingblock.9Calculate(1)thetensioninthefastlinewhenupwardmotionisimpending,(2)themaximumhookhorsepower,(3)themaximumhoistingspeed.


TheBlock&Tackle9UsingE=0.841(averageefficiencyforn=8)wehave:


- :

93 Page 42 of 82 12/2014

HookLoads9Thefollowingdatarefertoa2inblocklinewith12linesofextraimprovedploughsteelwireropestrungtothetravellingblock.holedepth =12,000ftdrillpipe =4.5inOD/3.958inID,13.75lb/ftdrillcollars =800ft,8in/2,825in,150lb/ftmudweight=9ppg lineandsheaveefficiencycoefficient=0.9615

9Calculate:A:weightofdrillstringinairandinmud;B:hookload,assumingweightoftravellingblockandhooktobe20,500lb;C:deadlineandfastlineloads;D:dynamiccrownload; E:wirelinedesignfactorduringdrillingifbreakingstrengthofwireis228,000lb F:designfactorwhenrunning7incasingof29lb/ft.


HookLoads9Clues:Example16.2:HookLoads,WEC PGO:725

9Weightofdrillstringinair=weightofdrillpipe+weightofdrillcollars9Weightofdrillstringinmud=buoyancyfactorxweightinair9Hookload=weightofstringinmud+weightoftravellingblock,etc.9Dynamiccrownload=Fd+Ff+W


HOISTINGDESIGNCONSIDERATIONS9Theprocedureforcarryingouthoistingdesigncalculationsareasfollows:DeterminethedeepestholetobedrilledDeterminetheworstdrillingloadsorcasingloadsUsethesevaluestoselectthedrillingline,thederrickcapacityandinturnthederrick


- :

93 Page 43 of 82 12/2014

Thetotalloadappliedtothederrick9Thetotalloadappliedtothederrick,FDisequaltotheloadinthehook(Hookload)plustheforceactinginthedeadlineplustheforceactinginthefastline

9fortheforceinthefastlineTheworstscenarioisthatfortherealcase.

9Forthedeadline,however,theworstscenario(largestforce)isthatofidealcase.

9Therefore,thetotalloadappliedtothederrickis:


staticderrickloading(SDL)andwindload9Staticderrickloading(SDL)=fastlineload(wheretheefficiencyisassumedequal1)+hookload+deadlineload

9SoSDL=HL/n+HL+HL/n

9Thewindloadisgivenby:0.004V2(units:lb/ft2)Viswindspeedinmiles/hourThewindloadinlb/ft2resultmustbemultipliedbytheWINDLOADAREAwhichisgiveninAPI4Afordifferentderricksizesinordertoobtainthewindloadinlb.Foroffshoreoperationsinwindyareas,thisloadcanbeverysignificant.


Derrickfloorplan9ThetotalloadFD,however,isnotevenlydistributedoveralllegsofthederrick.

9Inaconventionalderrick,thedrawworksisusuallylocatedbetweentwoofthelegsThedeadline,howevermustbeanchoredclosetooneoftheremainingtwolegsThesideofthederrickoppositetothedrawworksiscalledVgate.Thisareamustbekeptfreetoallowpipehandling.Therefore,thedeadlinecannotbeanchoredbetweenlegsAandB


theloadineachleg9Fromthisconfigurationtheloadineachlegis:

9Evidently,thelessloadedlegislegB.9WecandetermineunderwhichconditionstheloadinlegAisgreaterthentheloadinlegsCandD:

9SincetheefficiencyEisusuallygreaterthan0.5,legAwillbethemostloadedleg,verylikelyitwillbethefirsttofailintheeventofanexcessiveloadisappliedtothehook.


- :

93 Page 44 of 82 12/2014

TheequivalentderrickloadandThederrickefficiencyfactor9IfaderrickisdesignedtosupportamaximumnominalloadLmax,eachlegcansupportLmax4.Therefore,themaximumhookloadthatthederrickcansupportis

9Theequivalentderrickload,FDE,isdefinedasfourtimestheloadinthemostloadedleg.Theequivalentderrickload(whichdependsonthenumberoflines)

mustbelessthanthenominalcapacityofthederrick.9Thederrickefficiencyfactor,EDisdefinedastheratioofthetotalloadappliedtothederricktotheequivalentderrickload:


derrickload9Arigmusthoistaloadof300,000lbf.9Eightlinesarestrungbetweenthecrownblockandtravelingblock.9calculate(1)theactualderrickload,(2)theequivalentderrickload,and(3)thederrickefficientfactor.


derrickload9Solution:UsingE=0.841(averageefficiencyforn=8)wehave:

9(1)Theactualderrickloadisgivenby

9(2)Theequivalentderrickloadisgivenby

9(3)Thederrickefficiencyfactoris


TONMILESOFADRILLINGLINE9Thedrillingline,likeanyotherdrillingequipment,doesworkatanytimeitisinvolvedinmovingequipmentinoroutofthehole.9Theamountofworkdonevariesdependingtheoperationinvolved.Thisworkcausesthewirelinetowearandifthelineisnotreplaceditwilleventuallybreak.Thereadershouldnotethatthedrillinglinecanonlycontactamaximumof50%ofthesheavesatanyonetime,butthedamagewillbedoneonthecontactareaanyway.

9Theamountofworkdoneneedtobecalculatedtodeterminewhentochangethedrillingline.


- :

93 Page 45 of 82 12/2014

EvaluationOfTotalServiceAndCutoffPractice9Portionsofthedrillinglineonthecrownandtravellingblockssheavesandonthehoistingdrumcarrythegreatestamountofworkandaresubjectedtoagreatdealofwearandtear.Thesepartsmustbecutandremovedatregulartimesotherwisethedrillinglinewillfailbyfatigue.Theprocessiscalled"slipandcutpractice".

9ThelengthoflinetobecutisequaltoLengthofdrumlaps=numberoflapsxdrumcircumference





1. DrillingFluidCirculationSystemA. IntroductionB. MudPumps

a. DuplexPDP&TriplexPDPC. SolidsremovalD. SolidControlEquipment

a. Shaleshakersb. Degasserc. MudCleaners

E. TreatmentandMixingEquipment

- :

93 Page 46 of 82 12/2014

drillingfluidroles9Thedrillingfluidplaysseveralfunctionsinthedrillingprocess.9Themostimportantare:cleantherockfragmentsfrombeneaththebitandcarrythemtosurface,exertsufficienthydrostaticpressureagainsttheformationtopreventformationfluidsfromflowingintothewell,maintainstabilityoftheboreholewalls,coolandlubricatethedrillstringandbit.


Drillingfluidcirculation9Drillingfluidisforcedtocirculateintheholeatvariouspressuresandflowrates.

9Drillingfluidisstoredinsteeltankslocatedbesidetherig.9Powerfulpumpsforcethedrillingfluidthroughsurfacehighpressureconnectionstoasetofvalvescalledpumpmanifold,locatedatthederrickfloor.


Drillingfluidcirculation(Cont.)9Fromthemanifold,thefluidgoesuptherigwithinapipecalledstandpipetoapproximately1/3oftheheightofthemast.9Fromtherethedrillingfluidflowsthroughaflexiblehighpressurehosetothetopofthedrillstring.Theflexiblehoseallowsthefluidtoflowcontinuouslyasthedrillstringmovesupanddownduringnormaldrillingoperations.


- :

93 Page 47 of 82 12/2014

swivel9Thefluidentersinthedrillstringthroughaspecialpieceofequipmentcalledswivellocatedatthetopofthekelly.Theswivelpermitsrotatingthedrillstringwhilethefluidispumpedthroughthedrillstring.

AswivelFall14H.AlamiNia DrillingEngineering1Course(3rdEd.) 189

drillingfluidinwellbore9InwellboreThedrillingfluidthenflowsdowntherotatingdrillstringandjetsoutthroughnozzlesinthedrillbitatthebottomofthehole.Thedrillingfluidpickstherockcuttingsgeneratedbythedrillbitactionontheformation.Thedrillingfluidthenflowsuptheboreholethroughtheannularspacebetweentherotatingdrillstringandboreholewall.


drillingfluidatsurface9AtsurfaceAtthetopofthewell(andabovethetanklevel),thedrillingfluidflowsthroughtheflowlinetoaseriesofscreenscalledtheshaleshaker.Theshaleshakerisdesignedtoseparatethecuttingsfromthedrillingmud.Otherdevicesarealsousedtocleanthedrillingfluidbeforeitflowsbackintothedrillingfluidpits.


Processofmudcirculation9Theprincipalcomponentsofthemudcirculationsystemare:pitsortanks,pumps,flowline,solidsandcontaminantsremovalequipment,treatmentandmixingequipment,surfacepipingandvalves,thedrillstring.

RigcirculationsystemFall14H.AlamiNia DrillingEngineering1Course(3rdEd.) 192

- :

93 Page 48 of 82 12/2014

Thetanks9Thetanks(3or4 settlingtank,mixingtank(s),suctiontank)aremadeofsteelsheet.Theycontainasafeexcess(neithertobignortosmall)ofthetotalvolumeoftheborehole.Inthecaseoflossofcirculation,thisexcesswillprovidethewellwithdrillingfluidwhilethecorrectivemeasuresaretaken.

Thenumberofactivetanksdependsonthecurrentdepthofthehole(bypassesallowtoisolateoneormoretanks.)

Thetankswillallowenoughretainingtimesothatmuchofthesolidsbroughtfromtheholecanberemovedfromthefluid.


SETTLINGSEPARATIONINNONSTIRREDCOMPARTMENTS9Thesolidscontrolpitsworkonanoverflowprinciple.Thesandtrapsarethefirstofthesolidscontrolpitsandarefedbythescreenedmudfromtheshaleshakers.Thereshouldbenoagitationfromsuctiondischargelinesorpaddles.Anylargeheavysolidswillsettleouthereandwillnotbecarriedonintotheotherpits.


Mixingandsuctiontanks


MUDHANDLINGEQUIPMENT9Rigsizingmustincorporatemudhandlingequipmentastheseequipmentdeterminethespeedofdrillingandthequalityofholedrilled.9Theequipmentincludes:ShaleShakersThetypeofmud(i.e.oilbasedorwaterbased)determinesthetypeoftheshakerrequiredandthemotionoftheshaker.Deepholesrequiremorethanthecustomarythreeshakers.


- :

93 Page 49 of 82 12/2014

MUDHANDLINGEQUIPMENT(Cont.)MudPitsThenumberandsizeofpitsisdeterminedbythesizeanddepthofhole.Otherfactorsinclude:sizeofrigandspaceavailable,especiallyonoffshorerigs.Thesizeofamudpitisusually812ftwide,2040ftlongand612fthigh.

MuddegasserCentrifugesandmudcleanersDesandersanddesilters


reciprocatingpositivedisplacementpumpsvs.centrifugalpumps9Thegreatmajorityofthepumpsusedindrillingoperationsarereciprocatingpositivedisplacementpumps(PDP).

9AdvantagesofthereciprocatingPDPwhencomparedtocentrifugalpumpsare:abilitytopumpfluidswithhighabrasivesolidscontentsandwithlargesolidparticles,easytooperateandmaintain,sturdyandreliable,abilitytooperateinawiderangeofpressureandflowrate.


positivedisplacementpumpscompartments9PDParecomposedoftwomajorparts,namely:Powerend:receivespowerfromenginesandtransformtherotatingmovementintoreciprocatingmovement.TheefficiencyEmofthepowerend,

thatistheefficiencywithwhichrotatingmechanicalpoweristransformedinreciprocatingmechanicalpower

isoftheorderof90%.Fluidend:convertsthereciprocatingpowerintopressureandflowrate.TheefficiencyEvofthefluidend(alsocalledvolumetricefficiency), thatis,theefficiencythatthereciprocatingmechanicalpoweristransformedintohydraulicpower,canbeashighas100%.


- :

93 Page 50 of 82 12/2014

Pumpconfigurations9RigsnormallyhavetwoorthreePDPs.9Duringdrillingofshallowportionsofthehole,whenthediameterislarge,thetwoPDPsareconnectedinparalleltoprovidethehighestflowratenecessarytocleantheborehole.

9Astheboreholedeepens,lessflowrateandhigherpressurearerequired.Inthiscase,normallyonlyonePDPisusedwhiletheotherisinstandbyorinpreventivemaintenance.


Affectingparametersonflowrate9Thegreatflexibilityinthepressureandflowrateisobtainedwiththepossibilityofchangingthediametersofthepairpistonliner.

9Theflowratedependsonthefollowingparameters:strokelengthLS(normallyfixed),linerdiameterdL,roddiameterdR(forduplexPDPonly),pumpspeedN(normallygiveninstrokes/minute),volumetricefficiencyEVofthepump.

9Inaddition,thepumpfactorFpisdefinedasthetotalvolumedisplacedbythepumpinonestroke.


Typesofthepositivedisplacementpumps9Theheartofthecirculatingsystemisthemudpumps.9TherearetwotypesofPDP:doubleactionduplexpump,andsingleactiontriplexpump.TriplexPDPs,duetoseveraladvantages,(lessbulky,lesspressurefluctuation,cheapertobuyandtomaintain,etc,)hastakingplaceoftheduplexPDPsinbothonshoreandoffshorerigs.


CENTRIFUGALPUMPS9Thistypeusesanimpellerforthemovementoffluidratherthanapistonreciprocatinginsideacylinder.

9Centrifugalpumpsareusedtosuperchargemudpumpsandprovidingfluidtosolidscontrolequipmentandmudmixingequipment.


- :

93 Page 51 of 82 12/2014

Duplexvs.Triplexpumps9Abasicpumpconsistsofapiston(theliner)reciprocatinginsideacylinder.9Apumpisdescribedassingleactingifitpumpsfluidontheforwardstroke(Triplexpumps)

9anddoubleactingifitpumpsfluidonboththeforwardandbackwardstokes(Duplex).


Duplexpumps

Pistonscheme(doubleaction) AduplexunitFall14H.AlamiNia DrillingEngineering1Course(3rdEd.) 207

Triplexpumps

Pistonscheme(singleaction). ATriplexunitFall14H.AlamiNia DrillingEngineering1Course(3rdEd.) 208

- :

93 Page 52 of 82 12/2014

Pumpliners9Pumplinersfitinsidethepumpcavity.Theseaffectthepressureratingandflowratefromthepump.Foragivenpump,alinerhasthesameODbutwithdifferentinternal;diameters.Thesmallerliner(smallID)isusedinthedeeperpartofthewellwherelowflowrateisrequiredbutatmuchhigheroperatingpressure.

9Thesizeofthepumpisdeterminedbythelengthofitsstrokeandthesizeoftheliner.


thepumpfactor9Theduplexmudpumpconsistsoftwodoubleactioncylinders.Thismeansthatdrillingmudispumpedwiththeforwardandbackwardmovementofthebarrel.Foraduplexpump(2doubleactioncylinders)thepumpfactorisgivenby:

9Thetriplexmudpumpconsistsofthreesingleactioncylinders.Thismeansthatdrillingmudispumpedonlyintheforwardmovementofthebarrel.Foratriplexpumpthepumpfactoris:


VOLUMETRICEFFICIENCY9Drillingmudusuallycontainlittleairandisslightlycompressible.Hencethepistonmovesthroughashorterstrokethantheoreticallypossiblebeforereachingdischargepressure.Asaresultthevolumetricefficiencyisalwayslessthanone;typically95%fortriplexand90%forduplex.

9Inadditionduetopowerlossesindrives,themechanicalefficiencyofmostpumpsisabout85%.


PumpFlowRate9ForbothtypesofPDP,theflowrateiscalculatedfrom:9ForNinstrokesperminute(spm),dL,dR,andLSininches,Fpinin3,andqingallonsperminute(gpm)wehave:

Notethatinthisparticularformulation,thevolumetricefficiencyofthepumpisincludedinthepumpfactor.


- :

93 Page 53 of 82 12/2014

Pumpoperatingpressure9Thehorsepowerrequirementsofthepumpdependsontheflowrateandthepressure.9Theoperatingpressuredependsonflowrate,depthandsizeofhole,sizeofdrillpipeanddrillcollars,mudpropertiesandsizeofnozzlesused.

9Afullhydraulicsprogramneedstobecalculatedtodeterminethepressurerequirementofthepump.


PumpPower9Pumpsconvertmechanicalpowerintohydraulicpower.FromthedefinitionofpowerP=Fv9Initsmotion,thepistonexertsaforce[F]onthefluidthatisequaltothepressuredifferentialinthepiston ptimestheareaAofthepiston,andthevelocityvisequaltotheflowrateqdividedbytheareaA,thatis

ForPHinhp,pinpsi,andqingal/min(gpm)wehave:


pumpfactor&hydraulicpower

9Computethepumpfactoringallonsperstrokeandinbarrelsperstrokeforatriplexpumphaving5.5inlinersand16instrokelength,withavolumetricefficiencyof90%.

9AtN=76spm,thepressuredifferentialbetweentheinputandtheoutputofthepumpis2400psi.Calculatethehydraulicpowertransferredtothefluid,andtherequiredmechanicalpowerofthepumpifEmis78%.


pumpfactor&hydraulicpower

9Thepumpfactor(triplexpump)inin3perstrokeis:

9Convertingtogallonsperstrokeandtobarrelsperstrokegives:

9TheflowrateatN=76spmis:

9Thehydraulicpowertransferredtothefluidis:

9Tocalculatethemechanicalpowerrequiredbythepumpwemustconsidertheefficiencies:


- :

93 Page 54 of 82 12/2014

SurgeDampeners9DuetothereciprocatingactionofthePDPs,theoutputflowrateofthepumppresentsapulsation(causedbythechangingspeedofthepistonsastheymovealongtheliners).Thispulsationisdetrimentaltothesurfaceanddownholeequipment(particularlywithMWDpulsetelemetrysystem).Todecreasethepulsation,surgedampenersareusedattheoutputofeachpump.


schematicofatypicalsurgedampener9Aflexiblediaphragmcreatesachamberfilledwithnitrogenathighpressure.9Thefluctuationofpressureiscompensatedbyachangeinthevolumeofthechamber.9Areliefvalvelocatedinthepumpdischargelinepreventslineruptureincasethepumpisstartedagainstaclosedvalve.

SurgedampenerFall14H.AlamiNia DrillingEngineering1Course(3rdEd.) 218

aimofthesolidsremovalsystem9Fineparticlesofinactivesolidsarecontinuouslyaddedtothefluidduringdrilling.Thesesolidsincreasethedensityofthefluidandalsothefrictionpressuredrop,butdonotcontributetothecarryingcapacityofthefluid.Theamountofinertsolidsmustbekeptaslowaspossible.

9Recallmudismadeupoffluid(water,oilorgas)andsolids(bentonite,bariteetc).

9Theaimofanyefficientsolidsremovalsystemistoretainthedesirablecomponentsofthemudsystembyseparatingoutanddischargingtheunwanteddrilledsolidsandcontaminants.


- :

93 Page 55 of 82 12/2014

Solidsindrillingfluidsclassification:basedonspecificgravity,(ordensity)9Solidsindrilling,classifiedbyspecificgravity,maybedividedintotwogroups:

HighGravitySolids(H.G.S.)sg=4.2LowGravitySolids(L.G.S.)sg=1.6to2.9

9Thesolidscontentofadrillingfluidwillbemadeupofamixtureofhighandlowgravitysolids.Highgravitysolids(H.G.S)areaddedtofluidstoincreasethedensity,e.g.barytes,whilstlowgravitysolids(L.G.S)enterthemudthroughdrilledcuttingsandshouldberemovedbythesolidscontrolequipment.


Solidsindrillingfluidsclassification:basedonparticlesize9Mudsolidsarealsoclassifiedaccordingtotheirsizeinunitscalledmicrons().Amicronis0.0000394inor0.001mm.

9Particlesizeisimportantindrillingmudsforthefollowingreasons:Thesmallertheparticlesize,themorepronouncedtheaffectonfluidproperties.Thesmallertheparticlesize,themoredifficultitistoremoveitorcontrolitseffectsonthefluid.


particlesizeclassification9TheAPIclassificationofparticlesizesis:ParticleSize() Classification SieveSize(mesh)>2000 Coarse 102000 250 Intermediate 60250 74 Medium 20074 44 Fine 325 44 2 UltraFine 2 0 Colloidal


- :

93 Page 56 of 82 12/2014

solidscontrolequipment9Solidscontaminantsandgasentrappedinmudcanberemovedfrommudinfourstages:Screenseparation:shaleshakers,scalperscreensandmudcleanerscreens.

Settlingseparationinnonstirredcompartments:sandtrapsandsettlingpits.

Removalofgaseouscontaminantsbyvacuumdegassersorsimilarequipment

Forcedsettlingbytheactionofcentrifugaldevicesincludinghydrocyclones(desanders,desiltersandmicrocones)Mudcleanersandcentrifuges.


Completemudremovalsystemwithmudcleanerandcentrifuge


sketchofatypicalsolidscontrolsystem9Figureshowsasketchofatypicalsolidscontrolsystem(forunweightedfluid).


atypicaltwoscreenshaleshaker9Thescreensarevibratedbyeccentricheavycylindersconnectedtoelectricmotors.9Thevibrationpromotesanefficientseparationwithoutlossoffluid.

AtwoscreenshaleshakerFall14H.AlamiNia DrillingEngineering1Course(3rdEd.) 228

- :

93 Page 57 of 82 12/2014

Linearshaleshaker9Thefigureshowsalayoutforsolidscontrolequipmentforaweightedmudsystem.


shaleshakermechanism9Theshaleshakerremovesthecoarsesolids(cuttings)generatedduringdrilling.9 Itislocatedattheendoftheflowline.9 Itconstitutesofoneormorevibratingscreensintherangeof10to150meshoverwhichthemudpassesbeforeitisfedtothemudpits.

ShaleshakerconfigurationsFall14H.AlamiNia DrillingEngineering1Course(3rdEd.) 230

Theprocedure9Shaleshakersandscalperscreens(Gumboshakers)caneffectivelyremoveupto80%ofallsolidsfromadrillingfluid,ifthecorrecttypeofshakerisusedandruninanefficientmanner.

9Removalprocedure:Mudladenwithsolidspassesoverthevibratingshakerwheretheliquidpartofmudandsmallsolidspassthroughtheshakerscreensanddrillcuttingscollectatthebottomoftheshakertobedischarged.


typesofshakeroperation9Therearetwotypesofshakeroperation:ellipticalshakersandFieldexperienceindicatetheyworkbetterwithwaterbasedmuds

linearmotionshakers.moresuitedtooilbasedmuds.

9Anabsoluteminimumofthreeshaleshakersisrecommendedandthat

theseshakersarefittedwithretrofitkitstoallowquickandsimplyreplacements.

9Theshakersshouldalsobeinacovered,enclosedhousingwithameansofventilationandeachshakerfittedwithasmokehood.


- :

93 Page 58 of 82 12/2014

Sampleofshaleshakers


Degassers9Gasesthatmightenterthefluidmustalsoberemoved.Evenwhenthefluidisoverbalanced,thegascontainedintherockcutbythebitwillenterthefluidandmustberemoved.

9Thedegasserremovesgasfromthegascutfluidbycreatingavacuuminavacuumchamber.Thefluidflowsdownaninclinedflatsurfaceasathinlayer.Thevacuumenlargesandcoalescethebubbles.Degassedfluidisdrawfromchamberbyafluidjetlocatedatthedischargeline.


Vacuumdegasser9Thecombinationoflowinternalpressureandthinliquidfilmcausesgasbubblestoexpandinsize,risetothesurfaceofthemudinsidethevesselandbreakfromthemud.

9Asthegasmovestowardthetopofthedegasseritisremovedbythevacuumpump.Theremovedgasisroutedawayfromtherigandistheneitherventedtoatmosphereorflared.


- :

93 Page 59 of 82 12/2014

Atypicaldegasserdiagram(Avacuumchamberdegasser)


FORCEDSETTLINGBYCENTRIFUGALDEVICES9Desandersanddesiltersarehydrocyclonesandworkontheprincipleofseparatingsolidsfromaliquidbycreatingcentrifugalforcesinsidethehydrocyclone.

9Hydrocyclonesaresimpledeviceswithnointernalmovingparts.areclassifiedaccordingtotheremovedparticlesizeasdesanders(cutpointinthe4045msizerange)ordesilters(cutpointinthe1020msizerange).

9Atthecutpointofahydrocyclone50%oftheparticlesofthatsizeisdiscarded.


TheprocessoftheHydrocyclones(DesandersandDesilters)9Mudisinjectedtangentiallyintothehydrocyclone theresultingcentrifugalforcesdrivethesolidstothewallsofthehydrocycloneand finallydischargesthemfrom

theapexwithasmallvolumeofmud.

Thefluidportionofmud leavesthetopofthe

hydrocycloneasanoverflowand

isthensenttotheactivepittobepumpeddownholeagain.


- :

93 Page 60 of 82 12/2014

Desanders

9Theprimaryuseofdesandersisinthetopholesectionswhendrillingwithwaterbasedmudtohelpmaintainlowmudweights.

9Desandersshouldbeusedifthesandcontentofthemudrisesabove0.5%topreventabrasionofpumpliners.shouldneverbeusedwithoilbasedmuds,becauseofitsverywetsolidsdischarge.


Thedesander9Itisasetoftwoorthree8inor10inhydrocyclones,9andarepositionedaftertheshaleshakerandthedegasser(ifused).


Desilters9Thedesilterisasetofeighttotwelve4inor5inhydrocyclones.Itremovesparticlesthatcannotberemovedbythedesander.

9Desilters,inconjunctionwithdesanders,shouldbeusedtoprocesslowmudweightsusedtodrilltopholesections.9Ifitisrequiredtoraisethemudweightthismustbedonewiththeadditionsofbarytes,andnotbyallowingthebuildupoflowgravitysolids.9Desiltersshouldneverbeusedwithoilbasedmuds.


Solidcontrolequipment9Typicalthroughputcapacitiesare:Desanders12"cone500gpmpercone.6"cone125gpmpercone.

Desilters4"cone50gpmpercone.2"cone15gpmpercone.

(b)DesilterFall14H.AlamiNia DrillingEngineering1Course(3rdEd.) 244

- :

93 Page 61 of 82 12/2014

Particlesizeclassification9Atypicaldrillingsolidparticledistributionandparticlesizerangeclassificationareshowninthediagram.Thediagramincludestheparticlesizedistributionoftypicalindustrialbariteusedindrillingfluids.


Decantingcentrifuge9Thecentrifugeisasolidscontrolequipmentwhichseparatesparticlesevensmaller,whichcannotberemovedbythehydrocyclones.

9Itconsistsofarotatingconeshapedrum,withascrewconveyor.Drillingfluidisfedthroughthehollowconveyor.Thedrumrotatesatahighspeedandcreatesacentrifugalforcethatcausestheheaviersolidstodecant.Thescrewrotatesinthesamedirectionofthedrumbutataslightslowerspeed,pushingthesolidstowardthedischargeline.Thecolloidalsuspensionexitsthedrumthroughtheoverflowports.


Internalviewofacentrifuge9Thedrumsareenclosedinanexternal,nonrotatingcasingnotshowninthefigure.


- :

93 Page 62 of 82 12/2014

MudCleaners9Amudcleanerisadesilterunitinwhichtheunderflowisfurtherprocessedbyafinevibratingscreen,mounteddirectlyunderthecones.

9Theuseofmudcleanerswithoilbasedmudsshouldbeminimizedsinceexperiencehasshownthatmudlossesof3to5bbls/hrbeingdischargedarenotuncommon,coupledwiththenecessitytoadheretostrictenvironmentalpollutionregulations.


mudcleaner9Inertsolidsinweightedfluid(drillingfluidwithweightmateriallikebarite,ironoxide,etc)cannotbetreatedwithhydrocyclonesalonebecausetheparticlesizesoftheweightingmaterialarewithintheoperationalrangeofdesandersanddesilters.Weightingmaterialarerelativelyexpensiveadditives,whichmustbesaved.


mudcleanerschematic9Themudcleanerseparatesthelowdensityinertsolids(undesirable)fromthehighdensityweightingparticles.

UnitofamudcleanerFall14H.AlamiNia DrillingEngineering1Course(3rdEd.) 251

Hydrocyclones9Hydrocyclonesdiscriminatelightparticlesfromheavyparticles.Bentonitearelighterthanformationsolidsbecausetheyareofcolloidalsize(althoughofthesamedensity).Bariteparticlesaresmallerthanformationsolidsbecausetheyaredenser.

9Thedesilterremovesthebariteandtheformationsolidsparticlesintheunderflow,leavingonlyacleanmudwithbentoniteparticlesinacolloidalsuspensionintheoverflow.


- :

93 Page 63 of 82 12/2014

Hydrocyclones(Cont.)9Thethickslurryintheunderflowgoestothefinescreen,whichseparatethelarge(lowdensity)particles(formationsolids)fromthesmall(highdensity)bariteparticles,thusconservingweightingagentandtheliquidphasebutatthesametimereturningmanyfinesolidstotheactivesystem.

9Thethickbariterichslurryistreatedwithdilutionandmixedwiththecleanmud(colloidalbentonite).9Theresultingmudistreatedtotherightdensityandviscosityandrecirculatesinthehole.


Principleofthemudcleaner9Mudcleaners areusedmainlywithoil andsyntheticbasefluidswheretheliquiddischargefromtheconecannotbedischarged,eitherforenvironmentaloreconomicreasons.mayalsobeusedwithweightedwaterbasefluids toconserve

bariteandtheliquidphase.

AdiagramofamudcleanerFall14H.AlamiNia DrillingEngineering1Course(3rdEd.) 254

Drillingfluidcomponents9Drillingfluidisusuallyasuspensionofclay(sodiumbentonite)inwater.9Higherdensityfluidscanbeobtainedbyaddingfinelygranulated(finesandtosiltsize)barite(BaSO4).

9Variouschemicalsoradditivesarealsousedindifferentsituations.9Thedrillingfluidcontinuousphaseisusuallywater(freshwaterorbrine)calledwaterbasefluids.9Whenthecontinuousphaseisoil(emulsionofwaterinoil)itiscalledoilbasefluid.


- :

93 Page 64 of 82 12/2014

MixingEquipment9Waterbasefluidsarenormallymadeattherigsite9(oilbasemudandsyntheticfluidsarenormallymanufacturedinadrillingfluidplant).9Specialtreatmentandmixingequipmentexistsforthispurpose.9Tankagitators,mudguns,mixinghoppers,andotherequipmentareusedforthesepurposes.


drillingfluidsphysicalpropertiesblenders9Thebasicdrillingfluidsphysicalpropertiesaredensity,viscosity,andfiltrate.Freshwaterdensityis8.37poundspergallon(ppg).Bentoniteaddsviscositytothefluidsandalsoincreasesthedensitytoabout9to10ppg.Higherdensity(15to20ppg)isobtainedwithbarite,ironoxide,oranyotherdensefinegroundmaterial.

9Tankagitatorsorblendersarelocatedinthemudtankstohomogenizethefluidinthetank.helptokeepthevarioussuspendedmaterialhomogeneouslydistributedinthetankbyforcingtoroidalandwhirlmotionsofthefluidinthetank.


Mudagitator

Tankagitatorsorblenders toroidalandwhirlmotionsFall14H.AlamiNia DrillingEngineering1Course(3rdEd.) 259

SampleofMudagitator


- :

93 Page 65 of 82 12/2014

Mudguns9Mudgunsaremountedingimbalsatthesideofthetanks,allowaimingamudjettoanypointinthetankhelptohomogenizethepropertiesoftwotanks,andspreadliquidadditivesinalargeareaofthetank(fromapremixedtank).

9Centrifugalpumpspowerthemudguns.

MudgunFall14H.AlamiNia DrillingEngineering1Course(3rdEd.) 261

mixinghopper9Themixinghopperallowsaddingpowdersubstancesandadditivesinthemudsystem.

9ThehopperisconnectedtoaVenturipipe.MudiscirculatedbycentrifugalpumpsandpassesintheVenturiathighspeed,suckingthesubstanceintothesystem.


Mudhopper



- :

93 Page 66 of 82 12/2014


2. (WEC)Rabia,Hussain.WellEngineering&Construction.EntracConsultingLimited,2002.Chapter16and7


1. TheRotarySystemA. IntroductionB. Kelly,KellyValves,andKellySaverSubC. RotaryTableandComponentsD. Thetopdrive

- :

93 Page 67 of 82 12/2014

Introduction9Therotarysystemisthesetofequipmentnecessarytopromotetherotationofthebit.9Thebitmustbemechanicallyandhydraulicallyconnectedtotherig.Thisconnectionismadebythedrillstring.Thepurposeofthedrillstringistotransmitaxialforce,torque,anddrillingfluid(hydraulicpower)tothebit.


Drillstringcomponents9Thebasicdrillstringiscomposedofthefollowingcomponents:Swivel,Kellyandaccessories,Rotarytableandcomponents,Drillstringtubulars(drillpipe,drillcollars,etc.),BHADrillbit.


Themaincomponentsofrotatingequipment

9Themaincomponentsare:RotarytableKellyTopDriveequivalenttotheKellyandrotarytable,i.e.eithertopdriveorKelly/rotarytable

SwivelRotaryhose

9Therotaryhorsepowerrequirementisusuallybetween1.5to2timestherotaryspeed,dependingonholedepth.Henceforrotaryspeedof200rpm,thepowerrequirementisabout400HP.


- :

93 Page 68 of 82 12/2014

Swivel9Theswivel issuspendedbythehookofthetravelingblockandallowsthedrillstringtorotateasdrillingfluidispumpedtowithinthedrillstring.supportstheaxialloadofthedrillstring.

9Withouttheswivel,drillingfluidcouldnotbepumpeddownhole,orthedrillstringcouldnotrotate.

9Aflexiblehoseconnectstothegooseneck

whichishydraulicallycoupledtothetopoftheswivelstembyastuffingbox.

9Thestemshoulder restonalargethrusttaperedrollerbearing,whichtransmitsthedrillstringweighttotheswivelbody,andthentothebail.

9Thethreadconnectoroftheswivel iscutlefthandsothatitwillnottendtodisconnectwhenthedrillstringisrotatedbythekellyorbythetopdrive.


cutsofaswivelshowingtheinternalparts


KELLYvs.TOPDRIVE9StrictlyspeakingtheKellyortopdrivearenotcomponentsofthedrillstring.TheKellyistherotatinglinkbetweentherotarytableandthedrillstring.

9Itsmainfunctionsare:transmitsrotationandweightonbittothedrillbitSupportstheweightofthedrillstringconnectstheswiveltotheuppermostlengthofdrillpipe;andconveysthedrillingfluidfromtheswivelintothedrillstring.


- :

93 Page 69 of 82 12/2014

kelly9Belowandconnectedtotheswivelisalongfoursided(square)ortriangularorsixsided(hexagon,themostcommon)steelbarwithaholedrilledthroughthemiddleforafluidpathcalledkelly.

9Thesquareorhexagonalsectionofthekellyallowsittobegrippedandturnedbythekellybushingandrotarytable.

9TheKellycomesinlengthsrangingfrom40to54ft(12to16.5m)


Thepurposeofthekelly9Thepurposeofthekellyistotransmitrotarymotionandtorquetothedrillstring(andconsequentlytothedrillbit),whileallowingthedrillstringtobeloweredorraisedduringrotation.


Asquarekellyandahexagonalkelly

kellybushing9Torqueistransmittedtothekellybythekellybushing.Ithasaninsideprofilematchingthekellysoutsideprofile(eithersquareorhexagonal),butwithslightlylargerdimensionssothatthekellycanfreelymoveupanddowninsideit.

KellybushingsFall14H.AlamiNia DrillingEngineering1Course(3rdEd.) 279

Applicationsofthekellyvalves9Thekellyvalveconsistsofaballvalvewhichallowsfreepassageofdrillingfluidswithoutpressureloss.

9Thisisasafetydevicecanbeclosedtopreventflowfrominsidethedrillstringduringcriticaloperationslikekickcontrol.

9Italsoisolatesthedrillstringfromthesurfaceequipmentandallowsdisconnectingthekellyduringcriticaloperations.

AkellyvalveFall14H.AlamiNia DrillingEngineering1Course(3rdEd.) 280

- :

93 Page 70 of 82 12/2014

TheKellycocks(thekellyvalves)9TheKellyisusuallyprovidedwithtwosafetyvalves,oneatthetopandoneatthebottom,calledupperandlowerKellycocks,respectively.

9Theupperkellyvalvehaslefthandthreads

9ThelowerKellycockisalwaysmanual


kellysaversub9Akellysaversubissimplyashortlengthpipewithhasmalethreadsononeendandfemaleontheother.Itisscrewedontothebottomofthelowerkellyvalveortopdriveandontotherestofthedrillstring.

9Whentheholemustbedeepened,andpipeaddedtothedrillstring,thethreadsareunscrewedbetweenthekellysaversubandtherestofthedrillstring,asopposedtobetweenthekellyvalveortopdriveandthesaversub.


kellysaversub(Cont.)9Thismeansthattheconnectionbetweenthekellyortopdriveandthesaversubrarelyisused,andsuffersminimalwearandtear,whereasthelowerconnectionisusedinalmostallcasesandsuffersthemostwearandtear.

9Thesaversubisexpendableanddoesnotrepresentamajorinvestment.However,thekellyortopdrivecomponentthreadsaresparedbyuseofasaversub,andthosecomponentsrepresentasignificantcapitalcostandconsiderabledowntimewhenreplaced.

9Itisimportantthatbothlowerkellyvalveandkellysaversubbeofthesamediameterofthedrillpipetooljointstoallowstrippingintotheholeduringcontroloperations.


- :

93 Page 71 of 82 12/2014

masterbushingandmastercasingbushing9Thekellybushingfitsinthemasterbushing,which,inturn,attachtotherotarytable.Itconnectstothemasterbushingeitherbypinsofbyasquaredlink.Themasterbushingtransmittorqueandrotationfromtherotarytabletothekellybushing.

9Amastercasingbushingisusedtohandlecasings.

Masterbushings,andcasingbushingFall14H.AlamiNia DrillingEngineering1Course(3rdEd.) 285

Kellybushingandmasterbushing9Figureshowsakellybushing,masterbushing,androtarytableassembly.


Drillpipeslip(detailwhensetinthemasterbushing)

9Themasterbushing(andalsothemastercasingbushing)hasataperedinternalhole. Thepurposeofthetaperedholeistoreceivethepipeslips.Duringpipeconnectionordrillstringtripoperations,thistaperedholereceiveseitherthedrillpipeslips,orthedrillcollarslips,orthecasingslips,whichgripsthetubularandfreesthehookfromitsweight.

9Becauseoftheslickshapeofmostdrillcollars, asafetyclampisalwaysusedabovethedrillcollarslips(mandatory!) Ifthedrillcollarsslidesintheslips,thesafetyclampworksasastoptoforcetheslipstogripthedrillcollar.


DCslips,safetycollar,casingslipsandArotarytable9Adrillcollarslips(a),asafetycollar(b),andacasingslips(c)areshownintheFigure.9Therotarytablereceivespowerfromthepowersystem(eithermechanicalorelectric.)

9Agea