Project Report on automated toll tax collection system using rfid

AUTOMATED TOLL TAX

COLLECTION SYSTEM USING

RFID

A Project Report

Submitted by

JEET PATALIA

VENKATESH SUVARNA

Under the Guidance of

PROF. RATNESH CHATURVEDI

in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR IN TECHNOLOGY

IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING

At

MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF

TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT AND

ENGINEERING NMIMS, VILE PARLE

MUMBAI

MAY 2016

DECLARATION

I, JEET PATALIA and VENKATESH SUVARNA, Roll No. B064 and B071 B.Tech

(Computer Engineering), VII semester understand that plagiarism is defined as anyone or

combination of the following:

1. Un-credited verbatim copying of individual sentences, paragraphs or illustration (such as

graphs, diagrams, etc.) from any source, published or unpublished, including the internet.

2. Un-credited improper paraphrasing of pages paragraphs (changing a few words phrases, or

rearranging the original sentence order)

3. Credited verbatim copying of a major portion of a paper (or thesis chapter) without clear

delineation of who did wrote what. ( Source: IEEE, The institute, Dec. 2004)

4. I have made sure that all the ideas, expressions, graphs, diagrams, etc., that are not a result

of my work, are properly credited. Long phrases or sentences that had to be used verbatim from

published literature have been clearly identified using quotation marks.

5. I affirm that no portion of my work can be considered as plagiarism and I take full

responsibility if such a complaint occurs. I understand fully well that the guide of the seminar/

project report may not be in a position to check for the possibility of such incidences of

plagiarism in this body of work.

Name: JEET PATALIA (B064)

VENKATESH SUVARNA (B071)

Place: MPSTME NMIMS

Date: 20-4-2016

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “AUTOMATED TOLL TAX COLLECTING SYSTEM

USING RFID” is the bonafide work carried out by JEET PATALIA and VENKATESH

SUVARNA of B.Tech(Computer Engineering), MPSTME (NMIMS), Mumbai, during the VII

semester of the academic year 2015-16, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

the Degree of Bachelors of Engineering as per the norms prescribed by NMIMS. The project work

has been assessed and found to be satisfactory.

PROF. RATNESH CHATURVEDI

(Guide Mentor)

_______________________ _____________________

Examiner 1 Examiner 2

____________________________

Dean

Dr. S.Y. Mhaiskar

Abstract:

Today, due to the increase in the vehicles, there is a lot of gathering of the traffic at the toll

booths. The main reason for this traffic at the toll booths is due to the manual working of the

toll tax collection at the booths. Each vehicle on an average needs to stop at the tool booth for

about a minute for the payment of the toll tax. In order to decrease this traffic, we decided to

work on the construction of a project which reduces the manual work and hence increases the

vehicle speed passing by the toll booth. Also we decided to develop a project which allows the

vehicles just to pass through the booth without the need to stop. This will increase the speed of

the passing by vehicles allowing them to pass through the booth without stopping and also will

reduce the manual work and as a result reducing the traffic gathering at the toll collecting

booths.

Table of Contents

Chapter

No.

Title Page No.

1 Introduction I 1.1 Concept of Toll Station I 1.2 What is Toll Station? II

2 Objectives III

2.1 Introduction to RFID III

2.2 What is RFID? III

2.2.1 Transponder IV

2.2.2 Active Tags IV

2.2.3 Passive Tags IV

3 Advantages of RFID V

4 Edge Over Bar-Codes VI

5 Limitations of RFID VII

6 Applications of RFID VIII

7 Specification IX

7.1 Hardware Specification IX

7.2 Software Specification IX

8 Working Concept of Project X

8.1 Block Diagram XI

8.1.1 RFID Tag XI

8.1.2 RFID Receiver XII

8.1.3 PC XII

8.1.4 Gate Control XII

9 Software Section XIV

9.1 Introduction to C#.Net XIV

9.1.1 Advantage of C# over other language XIV

9.2 Microsoft Excel

XV

9.3 Microsoft SQL Server XV

10 Hardware Section XVII

10.1 Arduino XVII

11 Flowchart Working XIX

12 UML Diagrams XXI

12.1 Use Case Diagram XXI

12.2 Sequence Diagram XXII

12.2.1 Admin Login XXII

12.2.2 User Registration XXII

12.2.3 Vehicle Registration XXIII

12.2.4 Vehicle Tracking XXIII

12.2.5 Vehicle Complaint XXIV

12.3 Collaboration Diagram XXV

12.4 Activity Diagram XXVII

13 User Interface Design XXVII

14 Advantages of the Project XXXIII

15 Limitations of the Project XXXIV

16 Future Scope XXXV

17 Conclusion XXXVI

References XXXVIII

List of Figures

Chapter

No.

Title Page No.

8 Working Concept of our Project X 8.1 Working of Automated Toll Collecting System X 8.2 Block Diagram XI

9 Software Section XIV

9.1 C# Framework XIV

11 Flowchart Working XIX

11.1 Working Flowchart XIX

11.2 Data Flow diagram XIX

13 User Interface Diagram XXVII 13.1 Detail Page For Recharging User Account XXVII

13.2 Login Page XXVIII

13.3 Database of the Registered Vehicles XXIX

13.4 Updating of Local Database XXX

13.5 Record of the Vehicles XXXI

13.6 Transaction E-mail to the User XXXII

Automated Toll Tax Collection System Using RFID

I

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Our life is changing very fast and the role of automation in our day to day life is increasing at

a very fast rate. This is the motive behind our project i.e. “Automation”. Day by day the number

of vehicles passing over the road is increasing due to which the road condition is decaying

rapidly. The government sponsors the price of road construction and road maintenance. The

government has some source of money to build and maintain these roads & this source is the

Toll Station.

At the onset, the goal of our project group was to design an Automatic tolling system

for collecting toll. After studying various techniques like weight-based systems, bar coding etc.

we chose Radio frequency identification, which is an emerging technology applied for tracking

and communication. RFID (Radio frequency Identification) is an area of automatic

identification that has quickly been gaining momentum in recent years and has now being seen

as a radical means of enhancing data handling processes, complimentary in many ways to other

data capture technologies such as bar coding.

In today’s era of technology, where machines are being extensively used in all the fields

we are trying to emulate concept, which will be of great use in public transport systems. Today

a person has to travel long distances into vastly unknown territories for job, business, or even

for tourism. As the vehicles are increasing and roads are falling short, nowadays we see

frequently traffic jams or long queues at the toll stations waiting for paying the toll. Paying the

toll every-time through cash or checking the pass takes a lot of time. And today Time is more

precious than money. Therefore our project is aimed at reducing time consumed for manual

transactions and human effort.

1.1 The concept of Toll Station

A toll road, also known as a toll way, turnpike, pike or toll pike, is a road for which a driver

pays a toll (that is a fee) for use. Similarly there are toll bridges and toll tunnels. Non-toll roads

are financed using other sources of revenue, most typically gasoline tax or general tax funds.

Tolls have been placed on roads at various times in history, often to generate funds for


II

repayment of toll revenue bonds used to finance constructions and operation. The building or

facility where a toll is collected may be called a toll booth, toll plaza, toll station, or toll gate.

1.2 What is a Toll Station?

Two variations of toll roads exist, barrier (mainline) toll plazas and entry/exit tolls. On a

mainline toll system, all vehicles stop at various locations along the highway to pay a toll.

While this may save money from the lack of need to construct tolls at every exit, it can cause

lots of traffic congestion, and drivers could evade tolls by going through them as the exits do

not have gates. With entry/exit tolls, vehicles collect a ticket when entering the highway, which

displays the fares it will pay when it exits, increasing in cost for distance travelled. Upon exit,

the driver will pay the amount listed for the given exit. Should the ticket indicate a traveling

violation or be lost, the driver would typically pay the maximum amount possible for traveling

on that highway. Modern toll roads often use a combination of the two, with various entry and

exit tolls supplemented by occasional mainline tolls.


III

Chapter 2

OBJECTIVES

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO RFID

The goal of our project group was to design the replica of an enlarged version of the RFID toll

station for automating the process of toll collection. After studying various techniques like

GPS, bar-coding etc., which are also techniques of collecting toll at the cost of huge capital

investments; we stuck upon Radio Frequency Identification, an emerging technology applied

for tracking and communication.

2.2 WHAT IS RFID?

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) means providing electronic identity to any object.

Electronic information about the object is stored in RFID chip embedded or attached to the

object. It’s an area of automation which has quickly been gaining momentum in recent years

and is now being seen as a radical means of enhancing data handling processes, complementary

in many ways to other data capturing technologies such as bar-coding. A range of devices and

associated systems are available to satisfy even broader range of applications which will change

the course of industry particularly in the supply-chain area.

The objective of any RFID system is to carry data in suitable transponders, generally known as

tags, and to retrieve data, by machine at a suitable time and place to satisfy particular needs.

Data within a tag may provide identification for an item in manufacturing, goods in transit, or

the identity of a vehicle. By including additional data the prospect is provided for supporting

applications through item specific information or instructions immediately available on reading

the tag. With an RFID reader, the electronic identity (code in the form of several bits) can be

read wirelessly. This is where RFID differs from other e-tagging technologies such as bar-

coding which use optical recognition. Since RFID uses radio waves, it does not require any

line of sight.


IV

2.2.1 Transponder:

A transponder is generally known as RFID tags stores the data according to the

application and are available in a variety of shapes and sizes according to the application. RFID

tags are mainly classified in two categories:

2.2.2 Active tags:

Active tags are powered by an internal battery and typically read/write, i.e. tag can be

rewritten and/or modified. Active RFID are designed to actively transmit the data to the reader

using the power of a battery attached to the tag. The radio frequency received from the Trans

receiver is used for communication only.

2.2.3 Passive tags:

Operates without external power source and obtain the operating power from the reader.

Passive tags are consequently much lighter than the active tags. They offer a virtually unlimited

operational lifetime. They are designed to transmit the data by reflecting or backscattering, the

RF energy back to the reader. No battery is required to read the data that has been stored on the

RFID tag. The receiver becomes both communication device and provides energy for the tags.


V

Chapter 3

ADVANTAGES OF RFID

1. RFID functions through both natural and man-made metallic materials.

2. RFID allows flexible tag placement and can be embedded into an object. It reads

changes or adds information to a tag at any user read point.

3. RFID stored information can be protected with a range of security options.

4. RFID tags can be rewritten repeatedly or used for permanent data retention.

5. RFID provides an extra level of information in some cases as RFID tags can be

programmed more than once.

6. The ability to read multiple items simultaneously, to read and write information etc,

and a whole new layer to AIDC (AUTO IDENTIFICATION AND DATA

CAPTURE).

7. The tag does not need to be in line of sight with the receiver to be read (compare to

a barcode and its optical scanner) (Shepard, 2004, p. 58).

8. RFID tags can store a lot of information, and follow instructions

9. Has the ability to pinpoint location

10. Technology is versatile: can be smaller than a thumb tack or can be the size of a

tablet, depending on its use

11. . According to a report that studied the use of RFID within the average Vendor

Managed Inventory (VMI), carried out by Professor Tsan-Ming Choi of the Hong

Kong Polytechnic University, it was concluded that the use of RFID actually

enhanced each supply chain’s system performance and increased expected profit

(2011).


VI

Chapter 4

EDGE OVER BAR CODES:

A scanner has to see the bar code to read it, which means people usually have to orient the bar

code towards the scanner for it to be read. Since tags do not require any line of sight, they can

be read as long as they are within the range of the reader. Within the field of the wireless

reading device, it is possible to automatically read hundreds of tags in a second. Bar codes have

other short comings as well. If a label bearing a bar code is ripped off or gets spoiled or fallen

off, there is no way to scan the item. This is where RFID takes over bar code.


VII

Chapter 5

LIMITATIONS OF RFID:

The major limitations of RFID are:

1. No RFID standard has been set yet. (The Auto-ID centre has worked with standard bodies

Uniform Code Council and EAN International to come up with electronic product code,

but it is not yet considered a standard).

2. The demand should also drive down the price. (Wal-Mart says that a need for one billion

RFID tags should drive down the price to five cents each.)

The other major limitations are:

The smart tag technology is yet to be perfected , today on an average 20% of the tags do

not function properly

Physical limitations like reading through liquid or metals still exist

Accurate read rates on some items can be very low

Nylon conveyor belts and other RFs can disrupt the tag transmissions in warehouses

Increase in expenses - the suppliers will have to equip their warehouses and transport

vehicles with readers. These readers have to be connected to the computer networks for

exchange of information. All these mean additional costs related to hiring technical

consultants and additional hardware.

Wal-Mart inventory networks are burdened with the task of handling data of billions of

their products. The company has to hence invest in extremely sophisticated system to

process the data properly.

In the tie up with IBM Global Services that has resulted in deployment of RFID equipment in

grocery sections of seven pilot Wal-Mart stores, IBM consultants have encountered

interference from equipment such as handheld walkie-talkies, forklifts, and other devices

typically found in distribution facilities. Cell phone towers located near the premises, which

transmit at the high end of the frequency band, sometimes leak unwanted radio waves into

RFID readers.


VIII

Chapter 6

APPLICATIONS OF RFID:

Customized RFID solutions are now available for all applications.

Prisoners in certain ways are tagged to prevent violent behavior and possibly their

escape.

Petrol stations across America use tracking systems as payment systems for fuel.

At airport tagged baggage can be easily located even if they are at few meters away

from the wrong conveyer belt.

In Mumbai Marathon for the first time RFID tags were used in a marathon in Asia to

track each competitor and how fast they were running.


IX

Chapter 7

Specifications

7.1 HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS

Here our main focus is on the reduction of the hardware components. Hence the hardware

that we have used in the project can be given as:

1. RFID reader

2. RFID tags

3. Computer

4. Arduino

7.2 SOFTWARE SPECIFICATIONS

The main focus in our project is to use the software components. The various software that

we will using for the completion of this project are:

1. Visual Studio on C#.NET

2. Microsoft Excel to store data in local and central database

3. Microsoft SQL Server for storing data in Database Server.


X

Chapter 8

WORKING CONCEPT OF OUR PROJECT

Figure 8.1 and figure 8.2 shows the detailed working and the design of our project. In our

project, we have a vehicle equipped with RFID tag and computer connected to Transceiver

positioned at the Toll station. Whenever the vehicle enters into the coverage area of transceiver,

it locates the tag and decodes the code assigned to that particular tag. After receiving the code,

it is forwarded to the computer situated at the Toll station. The computer then recognizes the

code and automatically access the database and if the vehicle has its valid prepaid account at

the toll station, the appropriate toll is deducted from that account and the gate is opened to

allow the vehicle to pass. And if the vehicle doesn’t have a valid prepaid account or it is not a

daily traveller, it will have to pass through a manual check post which will be in another lane.

By using the database we can avoid necessity to transmit entire data from tag thus

enabling us to use tag with very less memory requirement i.e. we store only 4 or 6 digit code

number in the Tag. And this 4 or 6 digit code is related to the database which is related to the

database which is present on the computer. Each Tag has different code number. It also reduces

error probability and saves processing time.

Figure 8.1: Working of automated toll collecting system


XI

8.1 Block Diagram

Figure 8.2: Block Diagram

This is the Block diagram of our project’s working model. Before preparing the Hardware &

Software we had designed the block diagram of working model of our project. It can also be

called as Blueprint of our project. It shows all basic parts required to run our system. And these

basic parts will be explained further in detail.

This consist of 4 main units as shown in the diagram they are,

RFID TAG (On Vehicle).

RFID Receiver.

PC (connected to receiver & gate control).

GATE CONTROL.

8.1.1 RFID TAG (On Vehicle):

This unit has its unique code depending on the type of vehicle i.e. L.M.V

or H.M.V.


XII

8.1.2 RFID RECEIVER:

It consists of transmitter & receiver used to detect the presence of RFID tag in

its range. After the presence of RFID tag is detected the corresponding signal

is given to the computer.

8.1.3 PC (Connected to receiver & gate control):

PC is placed at a distance from the gate. It does the task of

detecting the signal given by receiver and deducting corresponding amount

from the respective account. After deducting amount fro m the respective

account i t gives the signal to open the gate. After detecting that vehicle has

passed it gives the signal to close the gate.

8.1.4 GATE CONTROL:

It does the task of opening or closing the gate when it receives the

corresponding signal from the computer.

Here for the barrier gate we have used a stepper motor. A stepper motor is an electromechanical

device which converts electrical pulses into discrete mechanical movements. The shaft or

spindle of a stepper motor rotates in discrete step increments when electrical command pulses

are applied to it in the proper sequence.

Here in this stepper motor when high signal is passed or 1 is passed, the barrier is lifted and for

the low signal or 0 signal the barrier is pushed down. There are basically four types of stepper

motor. The types of stepper motor can be given as follows:

1. Permanent magnet stepper

2. Hybrid synchronous stepper

3. Variable reluctant stepper

4. Lavet type stepping motor


XIII

Permanent magnet motors use a permanent magnet (PM) in the rotor and operate on the

attraction or repulsion between the rotor PM and the stator electromagnets. Variable reluctance

(VR) motors have a plain iron rotor and operate based on the principle that minimum

reluctance occurs with minimum gap, hence the rotor points are attracted toward the stator

magnet poles. Hybrid stepper motors are named because they use a combination of PM and

VR techniques to achieve maximum power in a small package size.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_reluctance


XIV

Chapter 9

Software Section:

9.1 Introduction to C#.NET:

C# is an elegant and type-safe object-oriented language that enables developers to build a

variety of secure and robust applications that run on the .NET Framework. You can use C# to

create Windows client applications, XML Web services, distributed components, client-server

applications, database applications, and much, much more. Visual C# provides an advanced

code editor, convenient user interface designers, integrated debugger, and many other tools to

make it easier to develop applications based on the C# language and the .NET Framework.

Figure 9.1: C# Framework

Figure 9.1 shows the detailed working chart of C# Project.

9.1.1 Advantages of C# over other languages:

C# has the following features:

1. C# is pure object-oriented, but C++ is a mixture of object-oriented and procedure-oriented.

2. C# is more type safe


XV

3. You need not put much attention on such problems as memory leak, which is troubling

problem for C++ programmer.

4. The Assembly concept solves the versioning control problem well.

5. Ease-to-development, the rich class library makes many functions easy to be implemented.

6. Cross-platform you application will run well only if the machine installed the .NET

framework.

7. Good support for distributed system.

9.2 Microsoft Excel:

Software developed and manufactured by Microsoft Corporation that allows users to

organize, format, and calculate data with formulas using a spreadsheet system broken up by

rows and columns. Microsoft Excel usually comes bundled with Microsoft Office and is

compatible with other applications offered in the suite of products. The first

software program similar to Excel was released in 1982 and was called Multiplan.

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, Mac OS X, and iOS.

It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language

called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these

platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry

standard for spreadsheets. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office.

9.3 Microsoft SQL Server:

Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft. As

a database server, it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving

data as requested by other software applications which may run either on the same computer

or on another computer across a network (including the Internet).

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/software.html

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/developed.html

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/Microsoft.html

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/corporation.html

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/user.html

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/format.html

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/calculate.html

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/data.html

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/formula.html

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/spreadsheet.html

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/system.html

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/column.html

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/bundle.html

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/Microsoft-Office.html

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/application.html

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/product.html

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/program.html

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/call.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_system

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_server

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_product

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_application


XVI

SQL is a special-purpose programming language designed for managing data held in

a relational database management system (RDBMS), or for stream processing in a relational

data stream management system (RDSMS).

Originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus, SQL consists of a data

definition language, data manipulation language, and a data control language. The scope of

SQL includes data insert, query, update and delete, schema creation and modification, and data

access control. Although SQL is often described as, and to a great extent is, a declarative

language (4GL), it also includes procedural elements.

SQL was one of the first commercial languages for Edgar F. Codd's relational model, as

described in his influential 1970 paper, "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data

Banks." Despite not entirely adhering to the relational model as described by Codd, it became

the most widely used database language.

SQL became a standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986, and of

the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1987. Since then, the standard has

been revised to include a larger set of features. Despite the existence of such standards, though,

most SQL code is not completely portable among different database systems without

adjustments.


XVII

Chapter 10

Hardware Section

10.1 Arduino

What is Arduino? Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use

hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on

a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an

LED, publishing something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of

instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming

language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.

Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objects to

complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists,

artists, programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this open-source platform, their

contributions have added up to an incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of

great help to novices and experts alike.

Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast prototyping,

aimed at students without a background in electronics and programming. As soon as it reached

a wider community, the Arduino board started changing to adapt to new needs and challenges,

differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D

printing, and embedded environments. All Arduino boards are completely open-source,

empowering users to build them independently and eventually adapt them to their particular

needs. The software, too, is open-source, and it is growing through the contributions of users

worldwide.

Why Arduino? Thanks to its simple and accessible user experience, Arduino has been used in

thousands of different projects and applications. The Arduino software is easy-to-use for

beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users. It runs on Mac, Windows, and Linux.

Teachers and students use it to build low cost scientific instruments, to prove chemistry and

physics principles, or to get started with programming and robotics. Designers and architects

build interactive prototypes, musicians and artists use it for installations and to experiment with

new musical instruments. Makers, of course, use it to build many of the projects exhibited at


XVIII

the Maker Faire, for example. Arduino is a key tool to learn new things. Anyone - children,

hobbyists, artists, programmers - can start tinkering just following the step by step instructions

of a kit, or sharing ideas online with other members of the Arduino community.

There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms available for physical

computing. Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's BX-24, Phidgets, MIT's Handyboard, and many

others offer similar functionality. All of these tools take the messy details of microcontroller

programming and wrap it up in an easy-to-use package. Arduino also simplifies the process of

working with microcontrollers, but it offers some advantage for teachers, students, and

interested amateurs over other systems:

Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other microcontroller

platforms. The least expensive version of the Arduino module can be assembled by hand, and

even the pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less than $50

Cross-platform - The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux

operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.

Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino Software (IDE) is easy-to-use for

beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well. For teachers,

it's conveniently based on the Processing programming environment, so students learning to

program in that environment will be familiar with how the Arduino IDE works.

Open source and extensible software - The Arduino software is published as open source tools,

available for extension by experienced programmers. The language can be expanded through

C++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical details can make the leap from

Arduino to the AVR C programming language on which it's based. Similarly, you can add

AVR-C code directly into your Arduino programs if you want to.

Open source and extensible hardware - The plans of the Arduino boards are published under a

Creative Commons license, so experienced circuit designers can make their own version of the

module, extending it and improving it. Even relatively inexperienced users can build

the breadboard version of the module in order to understand how it works and save money.


XIX

Chapter 11

Flowchart working:

Figure 11.1: Working Flowchart

The figure 11.1 describes the basic working idea that we have used in our project. We have

designed our project on the basis of the architectural design shown in the above figure.

Figure 11.2: Data Flow Diagram


XX

As shown in the figure 11.2 above is the flowchart of our project. Here as soon as the vehicle

enters the toll booth post, the reader attached at the toll booth tries to catch the signals from the

RFID reader that is attached along with the vehicle. As soon as reader receives the signal from

the RFID tag that is attached with the vehicle, it send the signal information to the pc that it is

attached to. The pc gathers the information of the vehicle from its database and on the basis of

the pre-stored information it detects the vehicle, the size of the vehicle.

On the basis of this data, the tax for the vehicle is calculated and thus the same amount is

deducted from the users account. If the users account has the sufficient balance, then it is

deducted and the barrier is lifted thus allowing the vehicle to pass through. Also the user

receives and e-mail for the transaction.

If the account doesn’t have the sufficient balance then the pc blinks the message for the

insufficient balance thus asking the person at the toll gate to collect it manually. Once the tax

is collected manually the barrier is lifted and the user is allowed to pass through. Here also an

e-mail is sent to the user about his transaction and also alerting him to refill the account.


XXI

Chapter 12

UML Diagrams:

12.1 Use case Diagram:


XXII

12.2 Sequence Diagram:

12.2.1 Admin login

12.2.2 User Registration:


XXIII

12.2.3 Vehicle registration:

12.2.4 Vehicle tracking:


XXIV

12.2.5 Vehicle complaint:


XXV

12.3 Collaboration Diagram:


XXVI

12.4 Activity Diagram:


XXVII

Chapter 13

User Interface Design

The figure below shows the screen-shots of the user interface design of the web page that we

have used for the user to register himself and also to recharge his account. Also the figure below

shows the design of the web pages that will be used by the administrators for registering the

user and recharging his account at the toll booth.

Figure 13.1: Detail page for recharging the user account

Here Figure 13.1 tells about the details that the user needs to enter in order to recharge his

account.


XXVIII

Figure 13.2: Login Page

As shown in figure 13.2, the user has to enter his login details to enter to the web page for the

recharge of his account.


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Figure 13.3: Database of the registered vehicles

The figure 13.3 gives us the information that will be stored of all the vehicles in the central

database of the system. This database will contain the name of the person registered with his

card details, vehicle details and his transaction details.


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Figure 13.4: Updating of Local Database

Figure 13.4 shows the updating of the local database. This database will be at the toll booth.

This database contains the data history of the vehicles passed through that toll station. It will

also contain the data of the non tagged vehicles. Also if registered a complain about any stolen

vehicle then it will contain the detail about that vehicle so that as soon as that vehicle comes in

contact with that toll station it can stop that vehicle there only and can inform the cops.


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Figure 13.5: Record of the vehicles

Figure 13.5 shows the record of the vehicles that has passed through a particular toll station. It

contains the tag number of that vehicle, the name of the vehicle, and other details like the

registered owner of that vehicle and his transaction details along with the balance in his

account.


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Figure 13.6: Transaction E-mail to the user

Figure 13.6 shows the transaction E-mail that will be sent to the user as the user passes by the

toll station. This E-mail contains the vehicle name, the balance reduced and the remaining

balance in the user’s account.


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Chapter 14

Advantages of our project

Human effort and time is reduced.

The technology used does not require line of sight.

Requires no Toll Plazas and investment on the infrastructure of building huge toll plaza

can be saved.

At presently available manual toll plazas there are high chances of

cheatings to be conducted. But in case of computerized toll station, the

cheating is completely eliminated because the control is over the main

server and there is no human interface in the collection of the charges at

the toll plazas.

Without the interruption in the flow of tr affic, this system can efficiently

work 24 hours a day.

Helps to trace the illegal vehicles.

Since most of the working is software based hence hardware cost is

saved.

Also due to most of the working being software base, the chances of the

system failure is less.


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Chapter 15

Limitations of our project

As every coin has its two sides, our system also has its ADVANTAGES & few LIMITATIONS

which can be overcome easily. They are,

We have to invest in dedicated computers which run 24X7 for each lane for fast service.

We have to make provision for UPS for uninterrupted service.

If RFID tag is destroyed the information in it is lost & we will have to make separate back-

ups for every tag.

So basically investment cost is only the main limitation factor.


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Chapter 16

Future Scope

As of in future we are planning of making this system more accurate. Also we will be

probably implementing the facility of post charging the users account. Also we will be

looking to send user a sms about his transaction details. Apart from these all the major

modification that we are planning is to directly link the users’ toll account with his bank

account. Hence the toll tax will be directly deduced from the user’s bank account instead of

his toll account. Also in future we are looking to add a feature that will allow the government

cars to pass through without collecting their tax.


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Chapter 17

Conclusion

Times are changing and even this Manual Technique for Taxation at toll station has to change

and seeing a change in mind set of every individual this technology would also be taken whole

heartedly. And we would see that paying Toll at the Toll station won’t be that time consuming

and much accurate and preferred across every nook and corner of the globe wherever there

would be a toll station. And as described above about the merits of this Toll station we don’t

think that its not that far enough when we would see this technology being used in India and in

terms benefiting the whole society as well as the company whose is involved in Toll taxation.

RFID is a powerful technology, and it is likely to see world-wide deployment within

the coming years. Continuous technological advancements of RFID have resulted in reduced

cost of installation and maintenance of devices across different market segments. Comparing

advantages and limitations of our system we can conclude that our system is beneficial for

daily travellers and Toll station authorities to lessen the burden.

And finally, while RFID may seem to be a fairly simple and innocuous technology on the

surface, a wide range of issues and choices need to be explored and resolved for its successful,

wide-scale deployment. We are seeing great promise and signs that the RFID and future

upcoming sensor network technologies will help to change the way we think about our

manufacturing processes and the interactions with the people and customers.

On the concluding node we can say that we have successfully implemented one of the phase of

our project but still have some improvements and advancements to be done.


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References:

[1] Sachin Bhosale,Dnyaneshwar Natha Wavhal. “Automated Toll Plaza System using RFID”

IJSETR, Vol 2,Issue 1, Jan 2013.

[2] Janani SP, Meena S, Automatised Toll Gate System Using Passive RFID and GSM

Technology, Vol. 5. Issue ECIA2012-3 Journal of Computer Applications, February 10,2012.

[3] Asif Ali Laghari, M. Sulleman Memon and Agha Sheraz Pathan, “RFID Based Toll

Deduction System,”I.J. Information Technology and Computer Science, 2012, 4, 40-46

[4] Aniruddha Kumawat, Kshitija Chandramore, “Automation Toll Collection System Using

RFID”, Vol. 2, Issue 2, April-June 2014

[5] Asif Ali Laghari, M. Sulleman Memon, Agha Sheraz Pathan, “RFID Based Toll Deduction

System”, I.J. Information Technology and Computer Science, April, 2012

[6] Janani S P, Meena S, ”Automatised Toll Gate System Using Passive RFID and GSM

Technology”, Journal of Computer Applications, Vol. 5, Issue 12-3, February 10, 2012

[7] Pranoti salunke, Poonam Malle, Kirti Datir, Jayshree Daluke, “Automated

Toll Collection System Using RFID” IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE),

Vol 9 Issue 2, Feb 2013

[8] AungMyint Win, Chaw MyatNwe, KyawZinLatt, “RFID Based Automated Toll Collection

Plaza”, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 4, Issue 6, June

2014


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http://www.nyu.edu/projects/jerschow/pubs.html

http://www.ewek.com/category

http://www.ftc.gov

http://www.rfidjournal.com

http://www.nyu.edu/projects/jerschow/pubs.html

http://www.ewek.com/category

http://www.ftc.gov/

http://www.rfidjournal.com/