optimal integrated operation strategy for highway toll collection system with wireless technology

Agenda

GoalExisting SystemProjected SystemBlock DiagramBlock ExplanationSchematic Advantages ConclusionReferences

Goal

Electronic toll collection (ETC), an adaptation of military aims to eliminate the delay on toll roads by collecting tolls electronically.

Existing System

Entering data’s through manualIt takes more time for further process

Projected System

Vehicle takes less time for entering data as well as pay

Effective communication facilities

Block Diagram

Power SupplyUnit (+5V)

RF Module Transmitter

(433.92MHZ)

EncoderUnit

Vehicle Section:

RF Module Receiver (433.92MHZ)

DecoderUnit

Micro Controller Section (AT89s51)

Power Supply Section

ActuatorUnit

GateSection

Serial Communication (RS-

232)

Transaction pc

Toll Gate Section:

Block definition

Project consists of vehicle section and toll gate section In vehicle section, each vehicle having its own RFID In Tollgate section, vehicle id to be received by the RFID

receiver, which is transferred to the microcontroller through decoder

Then microcontroller performs data storage and also which compares availability of the amount in the money card

And also details about vehicle stored into the database of the computer through serial communication

Then gate section which opens automatically In case person has not having money, then gate will not

open Database which contains entire database about the vehicle

Hardware Tools

Power Supply UnitMicrocontroller AT89S51Encoder/DecoderRF moduleSerial communication RS232,Max232

Power supply

AC Input(Transform

er)

AC Input(Transform

er)Rectifie

rRectifie

r

Bridge Rectifie

r

Bridge Rectifie

r

Voltage Regulator(LM7805)

Voltage Regulator(LM7805)

MCUMCU

Power Supply Circuit

V D D

V D D

C 70 . 1 u F

J P 2

2 2 0 V A C

12

- +

D 1

14

32

U 27 8 0 5

1

3

2V I N

GND

V O U T

C 61 0 0 u F

C 54 7 0 u F

R 42 2 0 o h m

D 2

L E D

Power Supply

• The operation of power supply circuits built using filters, rectifiers,

and then voltage regulators. Starting with an AC voltage, a steady

DC voltage is obtained by rectifying the AC voltage

• Then filtering to a DC level, and finally, regulating to obtain a

desired fixed DC voltage.

• The regulation is usually obtained from an IC voltage regulator

Unit, which takes a DC voltage and provides a somewhat lower

DC voltage, Which remains the same even if the input DC

voltage varies, or the output Load connected to the DC voltage

changes.

Need of Microcontroller

A microcontroller (also MCU or µC) is a functional computer system-on-a-chip. It contains a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals.

Microcontrollers include an integrated CPU, memory (a small amount of RAM, program memory, or both) and peripherals capable of input and output.

Features of MCU• 4K Bytes of In-System Programmable

(ISP) Flash Memory• 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz• 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM• 32 Programmable I/O Lines• Two 16-bit Timer/Counters• Six Interrupt Sources• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel• Low-power Idle and Power-down Mode• Watchdog Timer , Dual Data Pointer

Serial communication

ATMEL microcontroller and write the code to initialize the UART and use it to send and receive data

Data you need to transmit and it will do the rest. It transmits data at standard speeds of 9600,19200 bps

etcThe advantage of hardware UART is that you just need to

write the data to one of the registers of UART and your done, you are free to do other things while UART is transmitting the byte.

UART automatically senses the start of transmission of RX line and then inputs the whole byte and when it has the byte it informs you(CPU) to read that data from one of its registers

Voltages

The USART input/output uses 0V for logic 0 and 5V for logic 1.

The RS-232 standard (and the COM port) use +12V for logic 0 and –12V for logic 1.

To convert between these voltages levels we need an additional integrated circuit (such as Maxim’s MAX232).

MAX232V D D

R X

TX T2 O U T

R 2 I N

U 1M A X2 3 2

1 38

1 11 0

1345

2

6

1 291 47

1615

R 1 I NR 2 I NT1 I NT2 I N

C +C 1 -C 2 +C 2 -

V+

V -

R 1 O U TR 2 O U TT1 O U TT2 O U T

VC

CG

ND

C 1 1 0 u F

C 41 0 u F

C 31 0 u F

C 21 0 u F

RS232 pins

UART pins in AT89S51

The UART always transmits data on pin P3.1/TX

The UART always receives data on pin P3.0/RX

The RS-232 standard defines lots of other signals other than TX and RX used for handshaking.

RF TRANSMITTER

The transmitter output

is up to 8mW at 433.92MHz with a range of approximately few meters

It accepts both linear and digital inputs

It can operate from 1.5 to 12 Volts-DC

It is approximately the size of a standard postage stamp.

HT-12E ENCODER

Features Operating voltage:2.4V~12V for the HT12E Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology Minimum transmission word’s of 4 words for the HT12E Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor Data code has positive polarity Minimal external components HT12E: 18-pin DIP/20-pin SOP package

RF RECEIVER It also operates at 433.92MHz, and has a sensitivity of 3uV.

It operates from 4.5 to 5.5 volts-DC,

It has both linear and digital outputs.

HT12D DECODER

Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology Low standby current Capable of decoding 12 bits of information Binary address setting Received codes are checked 3 times Address/Data number combination - HT12D: 8 address bits and 4 data bits Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor Valid transmission indicator Easy interface with an RF transmission medium Minimal external components Pair with Holtek's 212 series of encoders 18-pin DIP, 20-pin SOP package

Software Tools

Keil C compilerOrcad Tool for Circuit DesignFlash programmer

Keil software

Flash Programmer

Advantages

It helps in Time Management ie by avoiding long wait on the high for the collection of toll bill .

Applications

TollgateLicense recognition

Conclusion

By application of this project into real time we can avoid malfunctions , Time maintenance system, and long wait on the Highways can be avoided.

References through Books

Council of Europe, “Legal, Operational And Technical Standards For E-voting”, Recommendation Rec(2004)1130th of September 2004, Council of Europe Publishing, 2004.

Federal Election Commission, “Voting System Standards.Volume I: Performance Standards”, U.S. Federal Election Commission, 2002.