“PORTS&HARBOR, BREAKWATER, WHARF, PIER, DOCKHEAD AND MODERN

FACILITIES”

BY:MACALANGCOM, YUSSUF

RAMOS, KRISTEL REJEAN H.VERGARA, BRYAN JOSHUA L.

ENVASE, JOVEL NIKKI D.ILAGAN, JESSIRENE D.

PORTS AND HARBOR

By: MACALANGCOM, YUSSUF

GROUP

Ports a location on a coast or shore containing one or more harbors where ships can dock and transfer people or cargo to or from land.

Harbor or harbour a part of a body of water along the shore deep enough for anchoring a ship and so situated with respect to coastal features, whether natural or artificial, as to provide protection from winds, waves, and currents.

TYPES OF PORTS• Inland port

An inland port is a port on a navigable lake, river (fluvial port), or canal with access to a sea or ocean, which therefore allows a ship to sail from the ocean inland to the port to load or unload its cargo. An example of this is the St. Lawrence Seaway which allows ships to travel from the Atlantic Ocean several thousand kilometers inland to Great Lakes ports like Duluth-Superior and Chicago

TYPES OF PORTS• Fishing port

A fishing port is a port or harbor for landing and distributing fish. It may be a recreational facility, but it is usually commercial. A fishing port is the only port that depends on an ocean product, and depletion of fish may cause a fishing port to be uneconomical. In recent decades, regulations to save fishing stock may limit the use of a fishing port, perhaps effectively closing it. Sample: Navotas Fish ports

TYPES OF PORTS• Dry port

A dry port is an inland intermodal terminal directly connected by road or rail to a seaport and operating as a centre for the transshipment of sea cargo to inland destinations.

TYPES OF PORTS• Seaport

A seaport is a facility which can accommodate ships which go out to sea. Seaports can be found in natural and artificial harbors along many coastlines in the world, and they have a variety of fixtures including cranes to help ships handle cargo, and docks for ships to attach to.

TYPES OF PORTS• Cruise Home Port

A cruise home port is the port where cruise-ship passengers board (or embark) to start their cruise and disembark the cruise ship at the end of their cruise. It is also where the cruise ship's supplies are loaded for the cruise, which includes everything from fresh water and fuel to fruits, vegetables, champagne, and any other supplies needed for the cruise. Sample: Tianjin International Cruise Home Port,

WORLD’S MAJOR PORTS• AFRICA

Port Said - The busiest port in Africa (Egypt).

WORLD’S MAJOR PORTS• ASIA

The port of Shanghai is the largest port in the world in both cargo tonnage and activity

WORLD’S MAJOR PORTS• EUROPE

Europe's busiest container port and biggest port by cargo tonnage by far is the Port of Rotterdam.

WORLD’S MAJOR PORTS• OCEANIA

The largest port in Australia is the Port of Melbourne.

Harbor vs PortsHARBOR

• Harbor can be a man-made or a natural feature connecting a piece of land with a large water body that is mainly used to provide shelter to ships and vessels from bad weather. Harbors are used for safe anchorage of ships. Natural harbors are surrounded by land on most sides but have an entrance point to the sea.

PORTS

• Ports are commercial places along the coastline that are used for import and export of goods and cargo from one country to another.

• Ports are mostly man made and are bigger and have many facilities.

Breakwaters

By: RAMOS, KRISTEL REJEAN H.

GROUP

What is breakwater ?• “Breakwaters are structures constructed on coasts as part of

coastal defense or to protect an anchorage from the effects of both weather and long shore drift.”

• “ A structure protecting a shore area, harbor, anchorage or basin from wave disturbance.”

• “A barrier that breaks the force of waves, as before a harbor.”

What’s the Need of Breakwater?

• “Built to provide shelter from waves to manipulate the littoral/sand transport conditions and thereby to trap some sand entrance inside the Anchorage Area”

• “Built to reduce beach erosion”.

• “It is designed to block the waves and the surf. Some breakwaters are below the water's surface (a submerged breakwater)”.

• “Usually built to provide calm waters for harbors and artificial marinas”.

Types of Breakwaters-Detached breakwater -Head land breakwaters-Nearshore breakwaters-Rubble mound breakwater-Vertical breakwater

DETACHED Breakwater

- breakwaters without any constructed connection to the shore. This type of system detached breakwaters are constructed away from the shoreline, usually a slight distance offshore .they are designed to promote beach deposition on their leeside appropriate in areas of large sediment transport.

HEAD LAND breakwaters(HB)

- a series of breakwaters constructed in an “Attached” fashion to the shoreline & angled in the direction of predominant waves -the shoreline behind the structures evolves into a natural “crenulate” or log spiral embayment.

NEARSHORE Breakwaters

-Nearshore breakwaters are detached, generally shore- parallel• structures that reduce the amount of wave energy reaching a protected area.

They are similar to natural bars, reefs or nearshore islands that dissipate wave energy.

RUBBLE MOUND breakwater• Rubble mounds are frequently used structures which consists of

armor layer, a filter layer & core.

• It is a structure, built up of core of quarry run rock overlain by one or two layers of large rocks. Armor stone or precast elements are used for outer armor layer to protect the structure against wave attack. Crown wall is constructed on top of mound to prevent or to reduce wave

Layout of rubble mound breakwater

RUBBLE MOUND breakwater

• “These type of breakwaters dissipate the incident wave energy by forcing them to break on a slope and thus do not produce appreciable reflection.”

VERTICAL BREAKWATER• A breakwater formed by the construction in a regular and

systematic manner of a vertical wall of masonry concrete blocks or mass concrete, with vertical and seaward face.

• Reflect the incident waves without dissipating much wave energy.• Wave protection in port/channel• Protection from siltation, currents• Tsunami protection• Normally it is constructed in locations where the depth of the sea

is greater than twice the design wave height.

WHARF

By: BRYAN JOSHUA L. VERGARA

GROUP

Wharf• Structures erected on the margin of Navigable Waters

where vessels can stop to load and unload cargo. • A platform built out from the shore into the water and

supported by piles; provides access to ships and boats. • A structure or platform of timber, masonry, iron, earth,

or other material, built on the shore of a harbor, river, canal, or the like, and usually extending from the shore to deep water, so that vessels may lie close alongside to receive and discharge cargo, passengers, etc.

• A Wharf is a man-made structure on a river or by the sea, which provides an area for ships to safely dock. Some are very intricate, with multiple types of berth over a large area, and navigable channels, and others are more straightforward. A Wharf can contain quays and piers and will normally have buildings within it to service the ships. Because of their abundance of unusual buildings and ready-made water features, unused wharfs are often converted into expensive retail and housing areas.

There are public and private wharves. Public wharves, which can be used with or without paying a fee, ordinarily belong to a government organization, such as a city or town. Private wharves are owned or leased by individuals for their own private use. Such a wharf may be opened to the public in exchange for a one-time payment or a rental fee. If the public is allowed to use the private wharf, it becomes a quasi-public facility that is open to all who are able to pay the charges. Whether a particular wharf is public or private depends mainly on its use, rather than on its ownership.

Several terms peculiar to wharves:Wharfage - in its most general sense refers to the

use of a wharf in the usual course of navigation for such practices as loading and unloading goods and passengers.

Wharfinger - is an individual who maintains a wharf for the purposes of receiving goods for hire.

Dock - refers to an enclosure for the reception of vessels as well as a place where ships are built and repaired.

5 of Best: Wharves

Matiatia WharfOcean View Rd, Waiheke

Sandy Bay WharfRakino Island

Puhoi Historical WharfPuhoi Rd, Puhoi

Herne Bay WharfHerne Bay Road, Herne Bay

Cornwallis Wharfoff Huia Road, Manukau

PIER

By: ENVASE, JOVEL NIKKI D.

GROUP

• A pier is a raised structure typically supported by well-spaced piles or pillars. Bridges, buildings, and walkways may all be supported by piers. Their open structure allows tides and currents to flow relatively unhindered, whereas the more solid foundations of a quay or the closely spaced piles of a wharf can act as a breakwater, and are consequently more liable to silting.

PIER

TYPES OF PIER

WORKING PIER• Working piers were built for the handling of

passengers and cargo onto and off ships or canal boats.

PLEASURE PIER• Providing a walkway out to sea, pleasure piers often include

amusements and theatres as part of the attraction. Such a pier may be open air, closed, or partly open, partly closed. Sometimes a pier has two decks.

FISHING PIER• Free Piers are often primarily used for

fishing.

Docks and their classification

By: ILAGAN, JESSIRENE D.

GROUP

Docks are enclosed areas for berthing the ships to keep them afloat at a uniform level to facilitate loading and unloading cargo.

A dock is a marine structure for berthing of vessels for loading and unloading cargo and passengers.

DOCKS

CLASSIFICATION OF DOCKS:

Docks can be classified into following two categories:

Wet docks. Dry docks.

• Dry docksThe docks used for repairs of ships

are known as dry docks.• Wet docks

Docks required for berthing of ships or vessels to facilitate the loading and unloading of passengers and cargo are called wet docks. These are also known as harbor docks.

Dry dock

Wet dock

Shape of docks and Basins

Shape of dock or basin should be straight to facilitate the ships to stand along them

The following are the shapes may be adopted as per site conditions: Rectangular dock Diamond dock Inclined Quay type

Rectangular dock: The length and breadth should be

adjusted in such a way as to give maximum quayage Diamond Dock: For the same perpendicular distance

between long sides, the long side could be extended conveniently.

Inclined Quay dock: It consists of a number of projecting

quays into the dock or basin.

Classification of Dry docks: Dry docks are classified in the following five

categories: Graving or dry docks. Floating dry dock. Marine railway dock. Ship lift dry docks. Slip ways.

• Dry or graving dock: A dry dock is also known as graving dock. It is

long excavated chamber, having side walls, a semi circular end wall and a floor. The open end of the chamber is provided with a gate and acts as the entrance to the dock.

Floating dry dock: It may be defined as a floating vessel, which

can lift ship out of water and retain it above water by means of its own buoyancy. It is a hollow structure made of steel or R.C.C consisting of two walls and a floor with the ends open.

Dry Or Graving Dock

Floating dry dock

Marine railway dock: The marine railway or slip dock or slip

way is an inclined railway extending from the shore well into the water as the off there. This railway track is used to draw out a ship needing repair out of the water.

Marine railway dock

• Lift dry dock: This is a constructed platform capable of

being lowered into and raised from water. Lowering and raising is achieved by means of hydraulic power applied through cylinders supporting the ends of cross girders carrying the platform.

Ship lifts: As the name suggests, in the ship lift, the

ships are lifted bodily out of water. The ship lifts may be either electric, hydraulic. These lifts are used for launching as well as for dry docking the ships.

Ship lifts

Slipways

This technique is used for repairs as well as for building of vessels. In its simplest form a slip way consists of a inclined path of timber or stone laid on a firm ground.

MODERN FACILITIES

GROUP

By: RAMOS, KRISTEL REJEAN H.

Nowadays facilities.

STORAGE FACILITIESMINISTERIAL ORDINANCEARTICLE 45“The performance requirement for the storage facilities shall be such that the storage facilities satisfy the requirement specified by the Minister of Land, Infrastructures, Transport and tourism so to enable the safe and appropriate storage of cargo in consideration of geotechnical characteristic, meteorological, sea states and or other environmental condition as well as the conditions of cargo handling.”

• A storage facility is a place or shelter where any kind of shipped goods are placed in intermediate storage along a shipping route, usually at a point of transfer such as an air, rail, trucking, or shipping cargo terminal.

STORAGE FACILITIES

AGED… CURRENT…

CARGO SORTING FACILITIES

MINISTERIAL ORDINANCEARTICLE 41“The performance requirement for cargo sorting facilities shall be such that the facilities have stability against self weight, waves, earthquake ground motions, impose load, wind and/or other actions.”

CARGO SORTING FACILITIES

AGED… CURRENT…

FACILITIES FOR SHIP SERVICES

MINISTERIAL ORDINANCEARTICLE 89“The facilities shall installed at appropriate locations, corresponding to the condition of use by ships. The facilities shall have structure which is capable of preventing water pollution and the water hydrants shall be maintained in a sanitary condition.”

FACILITIES FOR SHIP SERVICES

AGED… CURRENT

MOVABLE PASSENGER BOARDING FACILITIES

MINISTERIAL ORDINANCEARTICLE 49“The performance requirement of the fixed and movable passenger boarding facilities shall be as specified in the subsequent items for the safe and smooth embarkation and disembarkation of passengers. Damage due to self weight, ground motions, imposed load, winds or other actions shall not adversely affect the continued use of the fixed or movable passenger boarding facilities and not impair their functions .”

MOVABLE PASSENGER BOARDING FACILITIES

CURRENT… AGED…

Reference:JSCE: Civil Engineering Handbook, Part11, Ports and Harbours, Giho-do Publishing, pp.1606http://portesbjerg.dk/sites/default/files/files/documents/6906_port_facilities_web.pdfhttp://www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?searchfrom=header&q=breakwater+ppthttp://www.adelte.com/news-events/tag/passenger-boarding-bridges/page/7www.pfri.uniri.hr/~bopri/documents/14-ME-tal_001.pdfhttp://www.rubbusa.com/markets/port-warehousing.htmwww.ocdi.or.jp/tec_st/tec_pdf/tech_913_980.pdfhttp://cruise.damenshiprepair.com/https://www.wikipedia.org/