Panel Data Analysis for Evaluation The Significance of The factors Causing Environmental

Pollution

Prepared by

Abdulsamad Abulhameed Aubaid, Jalal Mustafa Hassan, Zahra Fakhir Ismael

2nd year/ Chemical Engineering Department

Supervised by Prof. Dr. Ibtisam Kamal

Soran University/ Faculty of Engineering - Chemical Engineering Department

27th -28th May 2015

Contents• Introduction• Objectives• Methodology• Data Analysis• Results• conclusions

The Threat of Pollution

Water Pollution Air Pollution Land Pollution

Declining Quality of life

Breaking up the environmentDepletion of natural resources Health hazards Industrial disasters

Our health and future are at risk

Objectives• Identify the significance of factors which affect

environmental pollution.• Suggest relevant prevention and mitigation policies

for environmental pollution reduction in order to build a sustainable society.

Methodology

A questionnaire was designed based on 15 control variables covering (Technological, organizational and social)

factors. A panel of 30 experts from academic institutions and industry filled the questionnaire by placing a numerical

value corresponding to each variables in order of importance (1-15), giving 15 for the most important variable.

Pollution induced Parameters Evaluation

Score

Out of 15

1 Absence of government interventions, namely, inspections and enforcement actions

2 Lack of quantification and monitoring of wastes and pollution

3 Urban Development (compact city structure): loss of green open spaces and increase in traffic and

energy consumption

4 Illegal plant permits and certificates

5 Improper plants construction design

6 Lack of worker skills and technical experts

7 No reports on the negative impacts of pollution ( No claims arising out of pollution or

contamination by the residents)

8 lack of advanced equipment and facilities in industrial processing plants, and using traditional

production processes.

9 lack of Governmental pollution control regulations ( adequate Standards).

10 Plants construction and operation are in communities where people live

11 Incorrect handling and application of fertilizers and pesticides.

12 Plants activities are non-transparent

13 Improper storage and transfer of materials in the industrial plants

14 Most of the industrial plants are non-governmental (privately owned factories}

15 Carelessness of the owners of the non-governmental plants

The Pollution Controlled Variables, Data Obtained and Statistical Analysis Results

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Absence of

government

interventions,

namely,

inspections and

enforcement

actions

Lack of

quantification

and

monitoring of

wastes and

pollution

Urban

Development

(compact city

structure): loss of

green open spaces

and increase in

traffic and energy

consumption

Illegal plant permits and

certificates

Improper plants

construction design

Lack of worker

skills and technical

experts

No reports on the

negative impacts

of pollution ( No

claims arising out

of pollution or

contamination by

the residents)

lack of advanced

equipment and

facilit ies in

industrial

processing plants,

and using

traditional

production

processes.

lack of

Governmental

pollution control

regulations

Plants construction

and operation are

in communities

where people live

Incorrect handling

and application of

fertilizers and

pesticides.

Plants activities

are non-

transparent

Improper storage

and transfer of

materials in the

industrial plants

Most of the

industrial plants

are non-

governmental

(privately owned

factories}

Carelessness of

the owners of the

non-

governmental

plants

( adequate

Standards).

1 8 9 7 1 5 10 4 11 3 12 14 6 15 13 2

2 5 9 7 2 4 10 12 6 3 8 11 1 13 14 15

3 5 8 9 2 6 12 10 14 11 7 13 1 4 15 3

4 6 9 8 3 5 11 10 13 4 7 12 2 14 15 1

4 7 9 8 2 3 11 10 6 5 12 1 13 14 15 2

6 7 9 8 2 4 10 13 5 3 11 12 14 15 6 1

7 5 9 7 1 4 10 12 6 3 8 11 2 15 13 14

8 5 9 7 2 10 4 6 12 3 11 8 1 14 15 13

9 7 8 9 3 2 10 11 5 6 12 2 14 13 15 1

10 7 5 4 11 8 12 10 9 6 2 3 13 1 15 14

11 7 6 4 11 5 2 15 12 8 9 3 1 9 14 10

12 15 12 13 2 3 11 4 5 14 6 1 9 8 7 10

13 15 12 13 5 10 3 9 6 7 4 14 8 11 1 2

14 3 10 9 4 11 11 5 7 4 6 2 8 8 10 9

15 10 8 8 7 9 11 5 6 11 6 7 9 10 4 12

16 6 5 2 3 7 8 4 8 5 8 8 3 9 4 5

17 5 2 1 5 3 7 8 6 4 9 7 5 7 8 8

18 15 14 12 4 10 4 6 2 1 7 3 8 9 11 13

19 7 6 5 3 8 9 4 10 2 11 13 14 15 12 1

20 14 12 13 11 10 5 7 6 9 15 1 8 3 2 4

21 7 3 4 6 8 9 10 5 11 12 13 2 15 14 1

22 15 10 3 8 14 7 1 6 9 11 5 2 4 12 13

23 10 8 7 9 6 5 4 11 13 3 15 14 2 1 12

24 14 13 15 15 12 12 15 15 15 15 8 9 9 8 15

25 15 15 15 7 10 12 14 15 15 5 10 12 12 12 15

26 15 15 15 1 1 15 15 1 15 1 1 1 1 1 1

27 12 11 10 10 11 10 8 9 12 7 9 8 9 10 9

28 14 15 12 8 10 13 9 11 11 10 10 8 10 8 10

29 11 8 5 6 2 5 4 10 4 0 6 5 5 2 8

30 15 12 3 4 5 13 6 2 11 1 10 9 8 7 14

Sumation 287 281 243 158 206 272 251 240 228 236 233 210 282 284 238

Average 9.57 9.37 8.10 5.27 6.87 9.07 8.37 8.00 7.60 7.87 7.77 7.00 9.40 9.47 7.93

SDV 4.13 3.36 4.01 3.69 3.45 3.33 3.91 3.80 4.42 4.01 4.61 4.62 4.48 4.95 5.34

variance 14.76 18.05 8.36 1.24 5.83 16.45 9.94 8.83 5.05 7.42 4.99 2.82 12.08 10.22 3.36

Max 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 14.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 14.00 15.00 15.00 15.00

Min 3.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

C of V 0.43 0.36 0.50 0.70 0.50 0.37 0.47 0.47 0.58 0.51 0.59 0.66 0.48 0.52 0.67

C of V% 43.20 35.85 49.53 70.15 50.26 36.74 46.71 47.46 58.19 51.04 59.31 66.05 47.71 52.25 67.35

Factors

No.

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Me

an

Fig. 1 : The mean; the single value that attempts to describe the set of data for each independent variable

• Identifying the central position within that set of data. As such, measures of central tendency or central location.

Results

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Co

eff

icie

nt

of

Var

iati

on

%

Fig. 2: The coefficient of variation of each set of data for each independent variable.

2

6

1

7

8

13

3

5

10

14

9

11

12

15

4

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

% c

oe

ffic

ien

t o

f va

riat

ion

Fig. 3 : The % Coefficient of variables related to each data set for the correspondinginvestigated independent variable.

Recommendations

According to our findings, the following recommendation may be useful

Improving the environment is the responsibility of every citizen

Government should do more to promote and encourage a better environment

The regulatory factors shaping environmental performance at individual polluting facilities should

be studied and analyzed in particular the influence of actual government interventions, namely,

inspections and enforcement actions performed at each facility.

More frequent stopping and checking for car emissions even if it causes traffic delays.

Recycling programs should be put in place and promoted across the country.

Industry should market their “state-of-the-art” management and facilities

The problems of over-use of fertilizers and pesticides, carelessness, and the improper disposal of

waste should be paid more consideration.

There is need for the authorities in Kurdistan government to continue its policy on funding

research in science, engineering and technology to support research in exposure, effects, risk

assessment, risk management and environmental pollution control.

Mitigation of pollution by developing of taxes on waste gases emissions and wastewater and

waste solid production in processing facilities as enforcement actions performed to undertake

better environmental management that in turn should lead to environmental compliance.

Conclusion

Based on the results estimated from our survey analysis, it has

been indicated that

The most three significant parameters affected environmental

pollution seemed to be : Lack of quantification and monitoring of

wastes and pollution, lack of worker skills and technical experts,

and absence of government interventions, namely, inspections and

enforcement actions respectively .

Our result has also indicated the importance of government

expenditure to pollution abatement and control processes and

waste management in particular for pollution prevention and

reduction.

Thank You For Your Attention