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INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENTKNIT GARMENTS MARCHANDISING

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Chapter 11.1: IntroductionGarments are produced in the garments factories on industrial basis all the people of aspecific country. Bangladesh is one of the garments producing & exporting country inthe world market. At present there are about 4500 garments factories running inBangladesh. Growth of garments factories started in Bangladesh around 1980.around1980, garment production & export business was unknown to us. Foreign currencyearning through garments export $3.24 million which was not countable in percentageof the total national foreign currency earnings. Afterwards, tremendous growth ofgarment factory, garments productions, garments export, the percentage of foreigncurrency earnings through garments export reached from 0% to around 80% of thenational foreign currency earnings, in 2007-08 financial year.At present Bangladesh is producing & exporting more than 60 items of garments. themost common items are shirt, trouser, jacket, sports wear, T-shirt, polo shirts, ladieswear, sweater, socks, hats etc. this produced items are exported in USA, Canada, Japan,Australia, middle east and many other countries in the world. Bangladesh is one of theimportant & competitive garments exporting country in the world market. Cheapestlabor cost is the biggest advantage for Bangladeshi garments producers & exporters.1.2 scope of the projectBangladesh is a developing country. And a developing country largely depends onforeign currency. Nearly 75%-80% of foreign currency is earned by exporting garments& textile. Merchandiser plays a vital role. At present a large number of merchandisingpersonnel are working in textile & its sub-sector.But one thing is that in our country there have lots of differences between practical joblife & general education life. It could be a problem during the time of service. So we havetried ourselves to establish a combination between our general education line &practical life with various article, documents & calculation. We hope this project willgive a way to learn merchandising which will help in the future to lead our textile &garment sector.

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Chapter 2Process flow chart of merchandising

Process flow chart of merchandisingMerchandiser

Negotiation with buyer & collect order

Costing

Sample making (according to buyer requirement)

Get approval &Placement of order

Getting started (In-house preparation of accessories)

Line balancing

Commencing production

Production Monitoring

Inspection

Buyer’s Inspection (After Finishing)

Preparation of banking & documentation

Shipment/delivery

2.1: Merchandiser

2.1.1: Definition of merchandiserThe main role of a garments merchandiser is to collect garments export order (exportL/C), produce the garments, export the garments and earn profit, to perform thosefunctions successfully needs lot of knowledge, experience & tremendous effort for amerchandiser. The term merchandising is defined as follows:Definition of merchandising

The term merchandising related with trade Trade means buying & selling The person who is involved with trade, he/she is a merchandiser

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And the activities of a merchandiser is known as a merchandising2.1.2: Function of the merchandiser

Activities of Junior Merchandiser (In a factory)

Main task is ”production monitoring” Collect “inventory report” from store Swatch making & getting approval from buyer Arrange preproduction meeting in order to prepare a schedule for smoothproduction Place order to different production unit Collect ”Daily Production Report & Daily Quality Report” If any shortage in store, arrange locally. Arrange final inspection

Responsibilities of Senior Merchandiser

Sample development Price negotiation Order confirmation L/C opening Opening summery Sourcing Material collection Production planning Production monitoring Quality assurance Arrange final inspection Arrange shipment

Qualities of a merchandiser

Language skill Computer skill

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Marketing skill Right consumption knowledge of various goods Costing knowledge of raw materials Order getting ability (That is if the merchandiser is known by actual rate of rawmaterials, so that he can negotiate perfectly with buyer. In this way, thepossibility of getting order is hundred percent.) Sincere & responsible Hard worker

2.2: Negotiation with buyer

2.2.1: Business collaborationThe most critical work is the procurement of garment export order. Normally garmentexport order is found from the potential garment importers called garment buyer.Anybody wants to collect garments export order, should be able to convince the buyer.When the buyer is convinced about garment production, garments quality, garmentscosting and shipment ability of a garments exporter, he or she can think about issuing agarments export order.Without clear confidence among buyer& exporter from both sides, may be a riskybusiness deal. If a garment exporter can continuously deal with only three or four buyerwith buyer’s satisfaction, it will be sufficient enough to run garment production &garment export business smoothly round the year.A successful negotiation outcome does not generally occur through luck, but byfollowing a clear process. The process reflects the different levels of knowledge of thesubject of negotiation, various parties and the way they communicate at various stagesin the negotiation. The following is an outline of steps essential to effective negotiation:1) Researching the needs of both partiesThe greater the knowledge a buyer has of their own and the supplier’s requirements,the better able they are to construct an acceptable solution. The buyer must be clearabout both the department mark-up to be placed on the product cost and the intendedretail selling price so that she or he can judge the viability of the suppliers’ products.2) PreparationEffective preparation is also vital to successful communication. It is essential that thebuyer also has identified the maximum and minimum positions that she will accept for arange of factors including: product price

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order size Lead- time.

3) OfferThe buyer and supplier can make specific proposals to set the boundaries of thenegotiation.4) DiscussionThere will be areas on which one side can move than more then the other and viceversa. It is important for the buyer to make a note of which ones provide the greatestand least opportunities for flexibility.5) Counter and revised offersThis is the real bargaining where elements of the order, such as number of units,product details, lead-time and so on are being decided in the context of an overall costprice the buyer should make firm proposals.6) Summaries

7) Agree & commit.

2.2.2: Processing of order

Execution of garments export orderAfter receiving the garment export order, without wasting any time, it is essential toprepare a schedule for the jobs to be done for safe execution of the export order. Themain jobs for the execution of an export order are as follows: Details analysis of export L/C Preparation of a time schedule for the export L/C Collection of fabric & accessories for the garment to be exported[source, quantityof the items, cost of the items, receiving data of the items, quality& quantity,Inspection of the items, etc] Distribution of responsibilities for the jobs & duties Production plan Inspection of the produced garments for quality, quantity, packing & otherrequirements of the buyer. Preparation of banking & shipment formalities Continuous follow-up progress

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Others.2.3: Costing

2.3.1 Booking sheet.For required production of garments, yarn and fabric is booked or need to in house infactory. a sample booking sheet is given below:

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2.3.2 Sample Local fabric price listFabricType Finished GSM YarnCount M/C Dia Finished Dia Guage Shrinkage RemarksSingleJersey 110-120 40 s/1 18.5"--34.5" 17"-- 33" 24 GoodSingleJersey 125-135 34 s/1 18.5"--34.5" 18" -- 34" 24 GoodSingleJersey 140-150 30 s/1 18.5"--34.5" 19" -- 35" 24 GoodSingleJersey 160-170 26 s/1 18.5"--34.5" 20" -- 37" 24 GoodSingleJersey 180-190 24 s/1 18.5"--34.5" 20" -- 37" 24 GoodSingleJersey 200-220 20 s/1 18.5"--34.5" 21" -- 38" 24 GoodLycraJersey 170-180 34s/1+40dI 22" / 25" 21" / 24" 24 GoodLycraJersey 190-200 30s/1+40dI 22" / 25" 22" / 25" 24 GoodLycraJersey 210-220 26s/1+40dI 22" / 25" 23" / 26" 24 GoodLycraJersey 230-240 24s/1+40dI 22" / 25" 23" / 26" 24 GoodPicque 170-180 30 s/1 18.5" --34.5" 25" -- 47" 24 GoodPicque 200-210 26 s/1 18.5" --34.5" 25" -- 47" 24 GoodPicque 220-230 24 s/1 18.5" --34.5" 26" -- 48" 24 Good

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Picque 260-270 20 s/1 18.5" --34.5" 28" -- 50" 24 GoodSingleLacost 170-180 30 s/1 18.5" --34.5" 24" -- 45" 24 GoodSingleLacost 190-200 26 s/1 18.5" --34.5" 25" -- 46" 24 GoodSingleLacost 210-220 24 s/1 18.5" --34.5" 26" -- 47" 24 GoodSingleLacost 250-260 20 s/1 18.5" --34.5" 27" -- 48" 24 GoodDoubleLacost 170-180 34 s/1 18.5" --34.5" 25" -- 48" 24 GoodDoubleLacost 190-200 30 s/1 18.5" --34.5" 26" -- 49" 24 Good

2.3.3 CONSUMPTION KNIT GARMENTS

Fabric Consumption Calculation for 1 dozen Men’s T-shirt:

For a Men’s T-Shirt:a) G.S.M (Given by buyer) Body : 145-150Neck/Rib : 175-180

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b) Sewing & seam allowances (Not given by buyer) – 1.50-3cmc) Wastage % (Not given by buyer) – 7%d) Measurement chart (given by buyer)

Measurement Chart:

Parameter Given Estimated with sewingallowancea) Chest 96cm 102cmb) HPS 65cm 70cmc) sleeve length 20cm 25cmd) Arm hole 46cm 49cme) Neck 58cm 61cmf) Neck width 2+2=4cm 7cmg) Bottom hem 2cm

Formula:

Cpd = L x W x 12 x GSM kg10000000

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Where, Cpd = Consumption per dozenL = LengthW = WidthA) Cpd (body) = L x W x 12 x GSM kg10000000= 70 x 102x 12 x 150 kg10000000= 1.28 kgB) Cpd (Sleeve) = L x W x 12 x 2 x GSM kg10000000= 25 x 49 x 12 x 2 x 150 kg10000000= 0.44 kgC) Cpd (Neck) = L x W x 12 x GSM kg10000000= 61 x 7 x 12 x 180 kg10000000= 0.092 kgSo, total Cpd = (A + B+C)= (1.28 + 0.44 + 0.09) kg= 1.81 kgActual Cpd = Total Cpd + 7% wastage

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= (1.81 + 7%)= 1.94 kgSo, the fabric consumption for men’s T-shirt is 1.94 kg per dozen.

Consumption Calculation for 1 dozen Polo shirt:

Here,a) G.S.M. (given by buyer) body 145 – 150Collar (12pcs) 400Cuff (12 x 2) 300b) Sewing & seam allowance 1.50 – 3cmc) Wastage % 7%d) Measurement chart (given by buyer)

Measurement Chart:Parts Name Given Estimated

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a) Chest 96 cm 102 cmb) HPS 65 cm 70 cmc) Sleeve length 20 cm 25 cmd) Arm hole 46 cm 49 cme) Collar length 46 cm 46 cmf) Collar width 7 cm 10 cmg) Cuff length 26 cm 10 cmh) cuff width 3 cm 5cmA) Cpd (body) = L x W x 12 x GSM kg10000000= 70 x 102x 12 x 150 kg10000000= 1.28 kgB) Cpd (Sleeve) = L x W x 12 x 2 x GSM kg10000000

= 25 x 49 x 12 x 2 x 150 kg107= 0.44 kgC) Cpd (Collar) = L x W x 12 x GSM kg107= 46 x 10 x 12 x 400 kg107

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= 0.22 kgC) Cpd (Collar) = L x W x 12 x GSM kg107= 46 x 10 x 12 x 400 kg107= 0.22 kgD) Cpd (Cuff) = L x W x 12 x 2 x GSM kg107= 30 x 5 x 12 x 2 x 300 kg107= 0.108 kgSo, total Cpd= A + B + C + D= (1.28 + 0.44 + 0.22 + 0.108) kg= 2.05kgActual Cpd = 2.05 kg + 7%= 2.19 kgSo, fabric consumption for 1 dozen polo shirt is 2.19 kg.

Consumption Calculation for 1 dozen Trousers:

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For Trouser,a) G.S.M. (given by buyer) 180 - 250b) Sewing & seam allowance 1.50 – 3cmc) Wastage % 7%d) Measurement chart (given by buyer)Measurement Chart:

Parts Name Given Estimateda) Waist 112 cm 114 cmb)Side seam (length) 107 cm 114 cmc) Thigh (width 66 cm 72 cmd) Front rise 28 cme) Back rise 36 cmf)Leg Opening(bottom) 46 cm

Cpd = L x W x 12 x GSM kg107= 114 x 2 x 72 x 12 x 200 kg107

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= 3.93 kgActual Cpd = (3.93 + 7%) kg= 4.2 kgSo, fabric consumption for 1 dozen Trousers is 4.2 kg.COSTING:

Coat a price for 1 dozen Men’s T-shirt:

Pre-requisites: Unit price Costing1. Fabric consumption 2 kg/dz $5.0/kg $10/kg2. Accessories $2/dz $2/dz3. CM (cost of manufacturing) $2/dz $2/dzTotal $14

A) Direct cost (raw materials) = $14.0B) Indirect cost (15% to 20% of direct cost)

Indirect cost = $14.0 x 20%= $2.8

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Total = $14.0 + $2.8= $16.8C) Profit @5% = $16.8 x 5%= @0.84

Therefore, total cost = $16.8 + $0.84= $17.64= $18So, the cost for 1 dozen mean’s T-shirt is $18

Cost a price for 1 dozen Polo shirt:Pre-requisites Unit price Cost1. Fabric consumption 2.7 kg/dz $5.0/dz $13.52. Accessories $2.5/dz $2.53. CM $4-6/dz $5Total $21A) Direct cost (raw material) = $21

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B) Indirect cost = 15% - 20% of direct cost= $21 x 20%= $4.2Total cost = A + B= $21 + $4.2= 25.2

C) Profit at 5% = $25.2 x 5%= $26.46= $26.5The total cost for 1 dozen polo shirt is $26.5

2.3.4 Specimen sewing thread consumptionApprox sewing thread consumption of different itemsNo. Product name consumption01 Basic t- shirt 125meter02 Basic polo shirt 17503 Tank top 50meter04 Fleece/Sherpa jacket 250meter05 Kids/girls dresses 300-450meter06 basic long sleeve woven shirt 150meter07 Basic short sleeve woven shirt 125 meter

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08 basic long trouser/pant 350meterMachine wise sewing thread consumption/inch1.plain m/c 1 needle 2.5 inch2.plain m/c 2 needle 5 inch3.over lock 3 thread 13.25 inch4. over lock 4thread 16.75inch5.over lock 5 thread 18.75inch6.flat lock 3 thread 16.75inch7.flat lock 5thread 22.25inch8.bar tack stitching Per operation Generally 7 inch

2.3.5 Some conversion unit

Conversion system1 Yard = 0.9144 Meter1 Foot = 0.3048 Meter1 Foot = 30.48 cm1 inch = 2.54 cm1 Meter = 1.09 Yard1 Meter = 3.28 Foot1 CM = 0.032 Foot1 CM = 0.393 Inch1 Square Inch = 6.45 Square CM1 Square Meter = 0.836 Square CM

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2.3.6 Specimen local accessories price listLocal accessories suppliers are available in Bangladesh. Qualities are varying accordingto market place & price. Some companies are BUYER nominated.For example: 1) Plastiform2) Bright trim etc.Approx. price range

AccessoriesHanger : 1.65-2.50 dollarPapers hang tag : 10 cent-1 dollar.Price tag : 10 cent-60 centPoly bag : 30cent-1dollar (Depending on size & thickness)Carton : 65 cent- 1.5 dollar(Note: price is varying according to market price)

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Trims

Sewing thread : 70-85 cent ( per cone)Button : 1.2-2.5 dollar/grows (144 pcs=1 grows)Rivet : 80 cents-1.5 dollar/growsHole button/chock button: 6 dollar- 8 dollar/gg (1728pcs=1gg;greater grows)Zipper : 1.20dollar-3.50dollar/dozen (pant)7 dollar-12 dollar (jacket)(Note: the price is depend on the basis of zipper quality that is cotton, nylon, polyesteretc)2.3.7Packing Accessories

The Accessories which are used for garment packing during garment shipment to buyerare called packing accessories. Packing accessories are depended on garment packingand folding etc which is instructed by buyer.Poly bag, packing board, tissue paper, hanger, scotch tape, gum tape, carton etc are partof packing accessories.

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Packing should be varying (as per buyer garment packing instruction) in differentorders as per instruction of buyer garments packing. , The number of one cartongarments it is weight on depend carton quality.Understand quality of carton follow 3 ply, 5 ply, 7ply.The number of carton is high ply number it is very much it is hard and strong.The sea frights depend on dimension of the export carton and the air frights depend ondimension of the export carton or gross weight of the carton.CARTON

TYPE OF CARTON:

1. DEPEND ON PAPER : 1. Khaki Carton Or Brown Carton2. Duplex Carton3. Box Carton2. DEPEND ON STITCHING : 1. Stitching Carton2. Now stitching /Gum Pasting Carton Or Metal FreeCarton3. DEPEND ON PLY : 1. 3 Ply Carton2. 5 Ply Carton3. 7 Ply Carton4. DEPEND ON LINER : 1. Both Side Liner Carton2. out Side Liner Carton5. DEPEND ON SIZE : 1. Master Carton2. Inner Carton

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CARTON MEASUREMENT:FORMULA (1) = (L+W) (W+H)X2 in cm (Without Wastage)100X100FURMULA (2) = (L+W+6) X (W+H+4) X 2/10000 (Include Wastage)PRICE = (L+W) (W+H) X 2 x Rate per Square Meter100x100= Rate/PcExample: Here, L=30, w=40, H=20,From (2) = (30+40+6) X (40+20+4) X2/10000= 0.97 Square Meter.Rate for 7 PLY = .55 USD [For GMTS Export Natural 7 Ply Used5 PLY = .39 USD (.55X 5/7) (Less Wt Master Carton)3 PLY = .23 USD (It is used as inner carton)NOTE: Some time some buyer wants top & bottom inside in the carton. It should bein 3 Ply.CARTON:

Carton should be made of 7 ply to be exported. Carton is tested by carton bursting machine.

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"BUTTON"

40 Line =1 inch =2.54 cm=25.4 mm1 line =0.635 MM

TYPE : 1. Pearl button2. Horn button: It is also polyester button3. Chalk "4. Logo "5. Polyester "6. Imitation leather7. Polyester imitation button:8. Nylon button9. Alloy button10. Brass fashion button11. Jeans button12. Snap button: 2 ports & 4 ports13. Press button14. ABS button15. Polymat button : It is made of polyester & metal.16. Cord button : It is made of cord.17. Handicraft button :18. Fabric Covered button:19. Coconut button :20. Wooden button :21. Real horn button :

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22. Real Shell button :23. Rhine stone button : It is made of metal & stone"ZIPPER"

TYPE OF ZIPPER:

1. DEPEND ON END 1. Open end Zipped:(a) Right insertion of sleeve & left puller (Men’s)(b) left insertion of sleeve & Right puller (Women’s)

2. DEPEND ON TEETH SIZE: 1. 3 SIZE2. 4 SIZE3. 5 SIZE4.It depend on teeth length it 3 mm then size 3.3. DEPEND ON TAPE: 1. Polyester2. Cotton

4. DEPEND ON PULLER: 1. Double puller2. Single5. DEPEND ON SLIDER LOCK: 1. Auto lock2. Semi lock3. Non lock

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6. DEPEND ON TEETH MATERIAL: 1. LYLON (COIL)2. VISLON /PLASTIC ZIPPER3. Metal1. NYLON: SHINY RAINBOW, SHINY GOLD, SHINY SILVER, ANTIC BRASS.2. METAL: BRASS, ANTIC BRASS, NIKEL BRASS, ALUMINIUM, PEWTER.3. PLASTIC ON DERLIN: IVORY, TRANSLUCENT, SHINY GOLD, SILVER RAINBOW.

QUALITY:-

1. AZO Free2. NICKEL Free3. Non magnetic.4. Non toxic5. Zipper teeth is not shrink so zipper tape S/B shrink free.6. FBRIC S/B max 3% Shrinkage otherwise garment7. like wavy & difficult for the zipper Slider8. To go up and down .

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HHH ZIPPER COMPANY SYSTEM

1. Types of zipperThe type and name of zipper is given on the basis of the material used inzipper teeth .Teeth size is expressed by # 3, #10 and on words .

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# 3 representing Smaller size teeth and # 10 the larger.PZ : Plastic zipper .CZ : Polyester Zipper , coil zipper (previously Known as Nylon Zipper)MZ: Metal ZipperGK: Antique Brass ZipperGB : Golden Brass ZipperAL : Aluminum Brass ZipperNI : Nickel Zipper.2. FUNCTION : 0(0/E) : OPEN -ENDC (C/E) : CLOSED -ENDM(2 WAY) : 2 WAY OPENEDEXAMPLE :PZC # 5: Plastic Zipper No 5 , Closed endPZM # 8: Plastic Zipper No 8 , Way Open EndGKO # 5: Metal ,Antique Brass No .5 Open-EndOpen -end zipper are used generally in the front of garments closed-ends in pockets,hoods legs of garments.3. POSITION OF SLIDER:L/S: Left Slider (Same as R/H-Right Hand) Men’s When a Jacket in Opened the Sliderremains at the left Side of the user.R/S: Right Slider (Same as L/H-left hand)USE: L/S: IN Europe & Asia both male & female -IN USA Generally female.R/S: IN USA, Canada, South American Countries

SOME SPECIAL ZIPPER:-1. REFLECTIVE ZIPPER2. INVISIBLE zipper : In this type teeth are not show frontout .3. 2 way slider zipper :1. 0 Type : Two end is closed so when two slider come toward then it shape like "0 ".

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2. x Type : Two end is open so when two slider come toward then it shape like x.3. R Type : One End is closed other is open when two slider come towards then it shapelike R.2.3.8 Price break downSAMPLE price break down for basic t- shirtbuyer:nameorder no:style/art no:ITEM: BASIC T- SHIRT

SL# MATERIAL DESCRIPTION CONSUMPTION/PC($)MAT. UNITPRICE

TOTALPRICE/PC

1 FABRIC(100% COTTON JERSEYKNIT,180GSM .20KG 4.5/KG $0.902 NECK RIB .008KG 5.5/KG 0.443 COMPOSITION LABEL 1PCS .02/PCS 0.024 SEWING THREAD5 HANG TAG6 PRICE TAG7 BAR CODE STICKER8 POLY BAG9 GUM TAPE10 SCOTCH TAPE11 P.P- BAND12 METAL CLIP13 CARTON14 COST OF MAKING

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15 TOTAL PRODUCTION COST16 OVERHEAD COST 4%17 PROFIT 10%TOTAL PRICE FOB CHITTAGONG.

NOTE:

GUM TAPE=1 ROLL=50 YDS

SCOTCH TAPE=1 ROL=25 YDS

METALCLIP=1 BOX=200PCS

ALPIN=1 BOX=500PCS

TISSUE PAPER=1 BUNDLE

G.G=GREAT GROSS=1GG=1728PCS

CONE=1 CONE=500METERS

2.4: Sample makingAccording to buyer requirement the sample is developed in sample section. The sampleshould be accurate to get approval.

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2.5: Production report

Daily Production reportThe production report is placed hourly in the production report board according toachieve production. This report is followed by the factory manager whether it is good orbad. One production report is given below:

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2.6: Inspection

2.6.1 Fabric inspection

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2.6.2Knowledge about faults

Barre : occurs in circular knit. Caused by mixing yarn on feed into machine. Fabric willappear to have horizontal streaks.Broken Color Pattern: Usually caused by colored yarn out of place on frame.Color Out: the result of color running low in reservoir on printing machine.Crease Mark: differs from crease streak in that streak will probably appear for anentire roll. Crease mark appears where creases are caused by fabric folds in thefinishing process. On napped fabric, final pressing may not be able to restore fabric ororiginal condition. Often discoloration is a problem.Drop Stitches: results from malfunctioning needle or jack. Will appear as holes ormissing stitches.End Out: Occurs in Warp knit. Results from knitting machine continuing to run withmissing end.Hole: caused by broken needle.Knots: caused by tying spools of yarn together.Missing Yarn: Occurs in warp knit. Reuslts from wrong fiber yarn (or wrong size yarn)placed on warp. Fabric could appear as thick end or different color if fibers havedifferent affinity for dye.Needle Line: Caused by bent needle forming distorted stitches. Usually a vertical line.Pin Holes: Holes along selvage caused by pins holding fabric while it processes throughtenter frame.Puckered Selvage: Usually caused by selvage being stretched in finishingSlub (Knit fabric): Usually caused by a thick or heavy place in yarn, or by ling gettingonto yarn feeds.Soiled Filling or End: Dirty, oily looking spots on the warp or filling yarns, or onpackaged-dyed yarn.

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2.6.3 Care instructions

Machine Wash CycleIcons: What it means:

Regular/Normal Cycle with regular agitation and spin speedmay be used.Use Permanent Press/Wrinkle Resistant washer setting (whichhas a cool down or cold spray before the reduced spin).Use Gentle/Delicate washer setting (slow agitation and/orreduced wash time).Hand washes only.Do not wash.Do not wring by hand or use rollers on wringer washer. Hangdry, drip dry or dry flat.Water Temperature

Icons: What it means:

Maximum water temperature 200°F/95°C.Maximum water temperature 160°F/70°C.Maximum water temperature 140°F/60°C.

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Maximum water temperature 120°F/50°C.Maximum water temperature 105°F/40°C.Maximum water temperature 85°F/30°C.Tumble Dry Cycle

Icons: What it means:

Machine dry.Use Normal Cycle setting.Use Permanent Press/Wrinkle Resistant Cycle setting.Use Gentle/Delicate Cycle setting.Do not tumble dry.

Heat SettingIcons: What it means:

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Set dryer at any heat.Set dryer at High heat.Set dryer at Medium heat.Set dryer at Low heat.No heat/air.Do not dry (used with do not wash).

Special InstructionsIcons: What it means:

Line dry/hang to dry - hang damp from line or bar and allow todry.Drip dry - hang wet on plastic hanger and allow to dry withhand shaping only.Dry flat - lay garment on flat surface.Dry in the shade.

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Bleach SymbolsIcons: What it means:

Use any bleach (when needed).Use only non-chlorine bleach (when needed).Do not bleach.

Iron - Dry or SteamIcons: What it means:

Iron - Ironing is needed.Iron using High temperature setting.Iron using Medium temperature setting.Iron using Low temperature setting.Do not iron or press with heat.

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No steam - iron without using steam.Dryclean - Normal CycleIcons: What it means:

Dryclean.Dryclean using any solvent.Dryclean using any solvent except trichloroethylene.Dryclean using Petroleum solvent only.Do not dryclean.Special Dryclean Instructions

Icons: What it means:

Low heat.Short cycle.Reduce moisture.No steam finishing.

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2.6.4 PURPOSE OF QUALITY CONTROL. It will affect the sale ability of the product. It will affect the service ability of the product It improves the manufacturing quality It will help to certify the performance of the company. It will help to maintain total commitment to organized design. It will help to reduce wastage of goods It will help to get better order from buyer.

2.7: Banking & shipment documents

2.7.1 Types of L.C

L.C. (Letter of Credit)

The whole system of merchandising is depending on L. C. It is the main stem ofthis trade.Types of L.C.Various types of L.C. are present in business system. Some recognized processesare1) MASTER /MOTHER L.C2) BACK TO BACK L.C3) SIGHT L.C4) DEFFERED L.C5) revocable l / c6) irrevocable l / c

(Note: in Bangladesh sight l. c OR irrevocable l / c is mainly used) In this trade initially cash money is not used. L. c is the main process for buying &selling. When a business deal is made for buying & selling between buyer &merchandiser then the buyer gives permission to his bank to open an L.C. ofapprox amount & send it to merchandiser’s bank. Then this bank informed tomerchandiser that an L.C. is accepted. This l .c is called MASTER L.C.

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THEN MERCHANDISER takes decision about the manufacturer for collecting rawmaterials .when merchandiser choose supplier then he tell the supplier to send apro-forma invoice. After getting p .I. merchandiser tell to his bank to open an l .csend to the supplier’s bank. This l. c is opened from mother l .c which is given tomerchandiser. This l .c is called back to back or b to b l.c. When supplier sends the products to merchandiser, then he send a acceptancecopy to his bank & a copy to the supplier. Then the supplier can able to get cashfrom his bank. At the same way merchandiser send the product to the buyer orafter shipment he also able to get cash from bank. Shipment of goods is done byB.L (bill of leading).this system is called SIGHT L.C.SIGHT L.C. consists of MASTER& B TO B L.C.

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2.7.2 Specimen local accessories pro-forma invoice

Pro-forma invoice

An invoice presented by one company to another for payment for goods prior to theirdispatch. This method of invoicing is to ensure payment is received and is often the casewhen two companies have not traded before. If future trading is anticipated it will thenbe usual for an account to be set up for the purchasing company with credit facilitiesIt is known as P.I. Pro-forma invoice is taken by merchandiser from the supplier ormanufacturer. Where everything is listed that is product amount, price, carton size andthe total cost of required production and received by the merchandiser from supplier.Sample pro-forma invoice type

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2.7.3 Documentation for shipment.

Documentation for shipment Packing list U.D Commercial invoice ERC(export registration certificate) Bank account. Bill of Lading.

FOB : FREE ON BOARD (Free on Board) is simply the Supplierdelivers the goods to his nearest Port and hands them over to the FreightForwarder nominated by the Buyer. Buyer then pays the freight andarranges Insurance CNF : CLEARING & FORWADING CIF : COST INSURANCE & FREIGHT (Cost Insurance Freight)means that the Supplier delivers the goods to his own Freight Forwarderwho then ships the goods to the destination Port. Seller pays freight andinsurance. From a Buyer's point of view, CIF is better as he does not haveto worry about arranging shipping from Supplier to his home Port. DDP : DELIVERED DUTY PAID DDU : DELIVERDED DUTY UNPAID TERMS OF TRADE

C&F (cost and freight)

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The seller/supplier agrees to contract the freight and pay "cost andfreight" for loading the goods, cleared for export, on board a vesseland the charges to ship the goods to destination. The buyer bearsthe risk of the goods from the time they pass the ship's rail at theport of shipment and pay for the insurance coverage, and for theunloading costs at the port of destination.CIF (cost, insurance, freight)

The seller's price includes all charges, freight and insurance up tothe point where the ship carrying the goods arrives at the port ofdestination; the goods must be cleared for export by the seller.From that point the buyer has to bear all charges and risks,including unloading costs.CM

This refers to the manufacturing cost and this term means "cut andmake". The buyer supplies all the materials to the manufacturer.CMQ

This term means "cut, make and quota" and is similar to 'CM'except that the manufacturer has to supply the quota as well.CMT

The term means "cut, make and trim". The buyer provides thefabric, and the supplier makes the garments.CMTQ

The term means "cut, make, trim and quota". The buyer has toprovide the fabric and the manufacturer makes the garments aswell as provides the quota.FOB

This term means "Free On Board". The supplier is responsible forall charges (including export licences, export taxes, etc.) and risksuntil the goods have passed over the ship's rail at the port ofshipment; the merchandise must be cleared for export. The buyer

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contracts and pays for the freight and bears all risks for loss ordamage to the goods as soon as the merchandise passes the ship'srail. The buyer also pays for all import duties and clears the goodsthrough customs at the point of destination.FOB Airport (FOA)

This is similar to the term FOB except that the mode oftransportation is an air carrier. The supplier fulfills his obligationsafter he has delivered the goods to the air carrier. The goods mustbe cleared for export by the supplier.Export Licence

In Hong Kong, export licences are needed for all garments andtextile products. The licences are issued by the Trade Department.Packing List

This is a document that indicates the contents of each individualcarton/ package in the container. The packing list includes the cubicmeasurement of the cartons/package, the weight, the number ofcartons/packages, the breakdown of the goods by size/colour/quantity.This document is prepared by the seller or the ship owner, and thebuyer can specify which information should be included.

2.7.3.1 B/L (Bill of lading)

Bill of Lading

Bill Of Lading (BoL)

It is a major document if the goods are dispatched by sea.The document represents:1. A formal receipt for the goods2. The evidence of the contract of carriage of the goods between theshipper of the goods and the shipping company3. The document of title to the goodsA bill of lading may include the following details:

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a description of the goods in general terms not inconsistent with that in the letterof creditidentifying marks and numbers, if anythe name of the carrying vesselevidence that the goods have been loaded on boardthe ports of shipment and dischargethe names of shipper, consignee (if not made out "to order"), and name andaddress of the "notifies" party if anywhether freight has been paid in advance or is payable at destinationthe number of original bills of lading issuedthe date of issuethe departure date of carrying vessel or aircraft

Types of B/L

STRAIGHT BILL O LADING NON NEGOTIABLE BILL OF LADING.CONSIGNED DIRECTLY TOIMPORTER. CONSIGNED DIRECTLYTO THIRD PARTY.MEMO BILL OF LADING NEEDED FOR DOCUMENTS AND.REVENUE PURPOSE.SHORTSHIPMENT AND ADVANCE.EXPRESS BILL OF LADING NON NEGOTIABLE OF LADING.CONSIGNED DIRECTLY TO THIRDPARTY. HARD COPY IS NOTREQUIRED BY SHIPPER.

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SHIPPING TERMS

Consignee

The person whose name appears on the bill of lading or airway bill as theparty to whom the goods are to be delivered by the carrier.FCL (full container load)

A fully loaded container which may be in weight or cubic measurementterms, contracted by one shipper, and conveyed to one consignee and toone destination.LCL (less container load)

A consignment of cargo which does not fill a full container, grouped withother consignments for the same destination.Shipper

This is the person whose name appears on the bill of lading or airway billas the party who has contracted the carrier to dispatch the goods.Shipping Marks

These are marks essential to identifying cargo and linking that cargo withspecific documents. Because these marks are important as identifiers, themarks and numbers should be as simple as possible. Shipping marksinclude the abbreviated name of buyer, reference number, destination,package number, and container number (if applicable).Garment on Hangers (GOH)

The garments are packed into the container on hangers.

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Flat Packed

The goods are packed into cartons.Reedisha Knitex ShipmentsImport Genius: Search millions of import - export records

OCEAN BILL OF LADING

BILL OF LADING NO.SYSASYL000684SHIPPERREEDISHAKNITEXLTDDHANUA,NAYANPUR,SREEPUR GAZIPUR BDCONSIGNEESTRATEGICDISTRIBUTION L.P.13576 DESMOND STREET,PACOIMA,CA 913 CALIFORNIA CANOTIFY PARTYVOYAGE NO.00167VESSEL NAMEARRIVAL DATE2006-01-12PORT OF LOADINGCHITTAGONGPORT OF DISCHARGELOS ANGELESDECLARATION OF GOODSROUND NECK T SHIRT EMPIRE WISEPARTICULARS (1)CONTAINER NO. QTY. MARKS (2) CARGO WEIGHT COUNTRY OF ORIGIN

521 STRATEGIC DISTRIBUTION L.P 2547 KG BANGLADESH(NOTES)(1) As declared by Shipper and not acknowledge by Carrier(2) Said to contain

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SIGNED BY/ON BEHALF OF CARRIER

CHAPTER3.DISCUSSIONS

Actually merchandising field is a large area where a lot of business work is done by a lotof ways. The most important thing is that, we have needed to choose the better & easierway to do our work. For example if I want to say about L/C, that which types of L/C isthe best for business? By knowing about the L/C it seems to me that irrevocable is thebest .revocable L/C, where no terms and condition is present. All rights reserved forbuyer or bank that opened it. He can stop it any time without any notice. But inirrevocable L/C, there have terms and conditions for opening l /c. once the l /c isopened for beneficiaries & accepted, buyer or banker never reserve any right to close it.So it will help for both parties.Another important thing is fabric consumption. During the time of measurement, it isnecessary to take highest part of the garments that is chest, body length etc. it will helpto find out the right consumption for garments & help in costing. Costing is importantfor a company. Right costing helps to get better profit for company. So it should be madecarefully.Another thing is that merchandiser should take over all view on fabric faults during thetime of production & inspection. Because it seems to me that a merchandiser caneverything for his company. That’s why merchandiser should take better inspectionprocess during the time of final inspection.CHAPTER 4.

CONCLUSIONBangladesh is a developing country .in this country unemployment problem is slightlyovercoming by our garments or apparel sector. A huge number of people are working inthis sector. Initially, the situation of this sector is not so good but now a day this sectoris earning a lot of foreign currency, around 75%-80% of our total economic growthwhich is making our economic sector very strong. And merchandisers are those peoplewho are working here day to night in order to develop this sector. Merchandisers’ goalis to collect order, execute, develop the best & supply the best.

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REFERENCE BANGLADESH APPAREL GROUP, BUYING HOUSE, UTTARA,DHAKA. CPM KNIT COMPOSITE LTD, SAVAR. REEDISHA KNITEX LTD, SREEPUR, GAZIPUR. SHARA FASHIONS, BUYING HOUSE, UTTARA, DHAKA. SAJID KNITWEAR, NARAYANGONJ. www.textile today.com www.fiber2fashion.com www.bkmea.com