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1. Introduction to Electronics 2. Circuit analysis – Review (các công cphân tích mch đint) Electric/electronic circuit Circuit elements: Active elements & Passive KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (1st law) KIRCHOFF’S LOOP VOLTAGE LAW (2nd law) Superposition Theorem (nguyên lý xếp chng) Thevenin’s and Norton’s equivalent 3. Input/Output Impedances TS. Lê Quc Huy, Khoa Đin, ĐHBK-ĐHĐN January 16 1 2

Intro Circuit Analysis

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Page 1: Intro Circuit Analysis

1. Introduction to Electronics

2. Circuit analysis – Review (các công cụ phân tích mạch điện tử)

Electric/electronic circuit

Circuit elements: Active elements & Passive

KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (1st law)

KIRCHOFF’S LOOP VOLTAGE LAW (2nd law)

Superposition Theorem (nguyên lý xếp chồng)

Thevenin’s and Norton’s equivalent

3. Input/Output Impedances

TS. Lê Quốc Huy, Khoa Điện, ĐHBK-ĐHĐNJanuary 16 1

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Page 2: Intro Circuit Analysis

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1947Shockley, Bardeen, BrattainBell Telephone Laboratories

1958Kilby

Texas Instruments(1961: the first commercial IC

Fairchild Corporation) 4

Page 3: Intro Circuit Analysis

Mạch điện tử: gia công, xử lý tín hiệu theo những thuật toán khác nhau

• lọc (filters)

• khuếch đại (amplifiers): BJT, OP-AMP

• điều chế (modulators)

• tính toán (adding, substraction, multiplication, intergration…)

• tách sóng, chỉnh lưu, nhớ, truyền xa…

Tín hiệu (signal): số đo (điện áp, dòng điện) của một quá trình

• sự thay đổi theo thời gian của tín hiệu mang thông tin

Tín hiệu tương tự (analog)

liên tục (thời gian + biên độ)

Tín hiệu số (digital)

rời rạc (thời gian + biên độ)

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• Tín hiệu tương tự (analog): liên tục (thời gian + biên độ)

• Tín hiệu số (digital): rời rạc (thời gian + biên độ)

Quantization(lượng tử hóa)

f(t)ANALOG

Con

tinuo

us-v

alue

(A)

Continuous-time(t)

Discrete-time(t)

DISCRETE (gián đoạn)

Discrete-time(t)

Discrete-value(A)

DIGITAL

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Page 4: Intro Circuit Analysis

Electric/electronic circuit: an interconnection of the elements

Circuit elements: 2 types:

1) Active elements (phần tử tích cực): capable of generating energy• generators, batteries, operational amplifiers

2) Passive elements (phần tử thụ động): not capable of generating energy• resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors

(vòng kín - loop)

(nhánh)

(nút)

(phần tử mạch)

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Circuit elements: 2 types: active and passive

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Page 5: Intro Circuit Analysis

Active elements (phần tử tích cực)

• Ideal independent source (nguồn độc lập): provides a specified voltage or current that is completely independent of other circuit elements

• Ideal dependent (or controlled) source (nguồn phụ thuộc): the source voltage or current is controlled by another voltage or current.

Voltage source(nguồn áp)

Current source(nguồn dòng)

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Passive circuit elements (phần tử thụ động): R, L, C, diodes, transistors…

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Page 6: Intro Circuit Analysis

Passive circuit elements (phần tử thụ động): R

Brown 1%

Green

Blue

Violet

0,5%

0,25%

0,1%

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Passive circuit elements (phần tử thụ động): C

Tụ gốm và tụplastic: nF, pF

Tụ hóa: µF

* Đọc thêm: Tụ điện https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-JN7ei9fLE 12

Page 7: Intro Circuit Analysis

Passive circuit elements (phần tử thụ động): C

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Series (nối tiếp) Parallel (song song)

Rtotal=R1+R2+⋯+Rn

Ltotal=L1+L2+⋯+Ln

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Page 8: Intro Circuit Analysis

Cubic resistive network

* Home Work: tính điện trở của mạch, nhìn từ A-B (gợi ý đáp án: 5/6R)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XclRtunsNsg&list=PLhFjtzzUovr-b9XgHDH3OMVMucTZY7ge515

http://www.rapidtables.com/electric/Ground_Symbols.htm16

Page 9: Intro Circuit Analysis

* HW:

http://hocnghetructuyen.vn/picture/thi/Default.asp?causo1=%203984

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closedsurface

The sum of all currents entering a node is zero (tổng dòng điện đi vào và đi ra mộtnút bằng 0).

6540: iiiIBNode

43210: iiiiIANode

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887), German physicistLaws found in 1845

1. Current into node (vào): +2. Current leaving node (ra):

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Page 10: Intro Circuit Analysis

In a closed loop, the sum of all voltage drops is zero(tổng điện áp rơi trong một vòng kín bằng 0)

1. Current travels from higher potential to lower

2. Positive current flows from + to – inside a voltage source

021

2

11

1

Ri

V

Ri

V

Thus in the loop,

due to (2)

due to (1)

due to (2)

due to (1)

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211 RR

VVi

+

+

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Superposition Theorem: for linear circuits with independent sources:(nguyên lý xếp chồng: cho mạch tuyến tính – chỉ có R và nguồn độc lập)

“ the response of a system to a number of simultaneous sources is the sum of the responses to each source applied separately“

* Linear circuit: independent/dependent sources + resistors: described by linear equations

* To evaluate the separate currents to be combined:

• replace all other voltage sources by short circuits (ngắn mạch nguồn áp)

• replace all other current sources by open circuits (hở mạch nguồn dòng)

I = I’ + I’’

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Page 11: Intro Circuit Analysis

Superposition Theorem:

• Example: calculate i12 Ω

=+

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Superposition Theorem:

* HW1: calculate i, v

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Page 12: Intro Circuit Analysis

Superposition Theorem:

Iload = 6.623 mA

* HW2: calculate the load resistor's voltage drop and current

* HW3: calculate the voltage drop and current for each resistor

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Superposition Theorem:

* HW4: calculate the voltage drop and current for each resistor

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Page 13: Intro Circuit Analysis

“black box”

Any linear circuit of resistors and sources (voltage, current)|||

single voltage/current source and resistor

Norton’s equivalent(mạng Norton)

Thevenin’s equivalent(mạng Thevenin)

VTh = VocRN = RTh

IN = VTh/RN

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Thevenin’s equivalent : find RTh

* Method 1: deactivate all independent sources:(loại trừ các nguồn bên trong mạch)

1) Inspection

2) connecting a test sourceRTh = Vs/Is

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Page 14: Intro Circuit Analysis

Thevenin’s equivalent : find RTh

* Method 2: sources are not deactivated (giữ nguyên các nguồn bên trong mạch)

1. Find Voc (open-circuit)

2. Find Isc (short-circuit)RTh = Voc/Isc

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1) ETh = open circuit voltage between A and B VAB = V1R3/(R1+R3)

2) RTh is the resistance “seen” between A and Bwith all sources shorted RTh = R2 nt (R1 || R3) = R2+(R1R3)/(R1+R3)

RTh

VTh

RNiN

1) iN = VAB /RN

= [V1R3/(R1+R3)]/ RN

2) RN = RTh

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Page 15: Intro Circuit Analysis

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Compare results obtained by Norton’s equivalent and by Superposition ?

* Answer: i = 1 A

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Page 16: Intro Circuit Analysis

Input/Output Impedances (trở kháng vào/ra): input impedance is load seen by driver

output impedance is source impedance

ZIN

CircuitInput Output

ZOUT

iOUTiIN

Impedance between input terminals(ZIN - input impedance)

Impedance between output terminals(ZOUT - output impedance)

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Impedance matching (phối hợp trở kháng:

Vmeasured

Imeasured

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Page 17: Intro Circuit Analysis

Impedance matching (phối hợp trở kháng:

* How to have:

• Vout max on load ?

• Pout max on load ?

• Iout max on load ?

• Rin >> Rs Rout << RL

• Rin = Rs Rout = RL

• Rin << Rs Rout >> RL

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Impedance matching:

* Hint: find Thevenin’s equivalent of the circuit seen from A and B.

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Page 18: Intro Circuit Analysis

Impedance matching (phối hợp trở kháng): maximum power transfer

Maximum power transfer occurs when source & load impedances are equal

* HW2: when PL = Pmax

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