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ppt on switching
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GNIOT GIRLS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(A Unit of Vinayak Education Society)
Approved by AICTE, Ministry of H.R.D.(Govt. of India)(Affiliated to U.P. Technical University Lucknow)
PRESENTED BY
AANCHAL SAXENA
1141631001
EC-1
CONTENTS:
INTRODUCTION WHY SWITCHING? BASIC SWITCHING BLOCK CLASSIFICATION OF SWITCHING TECHNOLOGY CIRCUIT SWITCHING ADVANTAGES OF CIRCUIT SWITCHING DISADVANTAGES OF CIRCUIT SWITCHING PACKET SWITCHING DATAGRAM VIRTUAL CIRCUIT VIRTUAL CIRCUIT v/s DATAGRAM ADVANTAGES OF PACKET SWITCHING DISADVANTAGES OF PACKET SWITCHING MESSAGE SWITCHING
INTRODUCTION
Switching is a process which involves the control consisiting of a mechanical
or elctrical or electronic device for making or breaking or changing the
connections in a circuit.
The switching centers receives the conytrol signals,messages or
conversations and forwards to the required destination,after necessary
modification(link amplifications) if necesssary .
A switching system is a collection of switching elements arranged and
controlled in such a way as to setup a communication path between any two
distant points.
Why Switching?
A
B change
Calling
subscribersCalled
subscribers
P
Fig. A
Called
subscribers
Calling
subscribers
A
B
Fig. B
P
Q
• In Fig. A , the no. of calling subscribers > no. of called subscribers , whereas
• In Fig. B , the no. of calling subscribers = no. of called subscribers.
• Fig. A depicts a practical & real situation , and Fig. B is an ideal situation which is not possible.
We always deal with the former situation , where no. of calling subcribers are more & the resources are less and we cannot provide 1 : 1 service , therefore switching is required.
BASIC SWITCHING BLOCK
UMB
MAU
Exchange
CP ‘A’ CP ‘B’
visible
audible
Alarm Panel
Fig. C Switching Block
Fig. C shows a switching block & its functioning in a telephone exchnge. The block diagram consists of :
• two CP’s (Control Processors), namely CP ‘A’ which is the ‘Executive CP’ & CP ‘B’ is the ‘Hot Standby CP’,
• an UMB(Update & Matching Bus) - updates & matches the data of both the CP’s,
• a MAU(Maintenance Unit) - observes & maintains both the CP’s,and
• an Alarm Panel – in case of any failure gives an alert.
• If CP ‘A’ fails, MAU will sense and send a message to Alarm Panel,and if a fault is acknowledged at CP ‘A’ , the MAU smoothly changes control to CP ‘B’.
• The change is so very seamless & a hot standby is used to make it available alongwith mains.
CLASSIFICATION OF SWITCHING
TECHNOLOGY
Switching technology can be classified as follows :
CIRCUIT SWITCHING PACKET SWITCHING MESSAGE SWITCHING
CIRCUIT SWITCHING
Dedicated communication path between two stations Used in Landline communications Three phases :
• Circuit Establishment• Data Transfer
• Circuit Disconnection Must have switching capacity and channel capacity to
establish connection
Must have intelligence to work out routing
Fig. C Circuit Switching
CIRCUIT ESTABLISHMENT :
• Sub. ‘A’ goes OFF hook-receives a ring back tone.
• Sub. ‘A’ dials telephone no. of Sub. ‘B’ which is received by switching unit.
• If any path is available switching unit connects Sub. ‘A’ to Sub. ‘B’ – Sub. ‘B’ receives a ringing current otherwise Sub. ‘A’ receives an acknowledgement message that the connection has not been established.
• In the former case, Sub. ‘B’ goes OFF hook- a dedicated path has been established.
DATA TRANSFER :
• Now, a dedicated path has been established b/w Sub. ‘A’ & Sub. ‘B’.
• Full duplex(both ways) communication is accounted.
• A counter keeps track of the communication timings in order to generate a bill
• If Sub. ‘B’ goes ON hook-there is a delayed disconnection(usually 1 min).
• If Sub. ‘A’ goes ON hook-immediate disconnection takes place.
CIRCUIT DISCONNECTION :
• NOW, Sub. ‘A’ is ON hook- deallocation of resources takes place.
• The counter stops immediately.• Dedicated path has been diconnected.
ADVANTAGES OF CIRCUIT
SWITCHING
Fixed Bandwidth Dedicated path Lack of buffers in the data path Possibility of all-optical data paths
Higher switching capacity
DISADVANTAGES OF CIRCUIT
SWITCHING
Inefficient• Channel capacity dedicated for duration of connection
• If no data, capacity wasted Set up (connection) takes time Once connected, transfer is transparent
Developed for voice traffic (phone)
PACKET SWITCHING
Digital networking communications method that groups all transmitted data – regardless of content, type, or structure –into suitably sized blocks, called packets
Used in mobile communication Station breaks long message into packets Packets sent one at a time to the network Packets handled in two ways:• DATAGRAM (Connectionless Approach)• VIRTUAL CIRCUIT (Connection-oriented Approach)
Fig. D Packet Switching
DATAGRAM
Each packet treated independently
Packets can take any practical route
Packets may arrive out of order
Packets may go missing
Up to receiver to re-order packets and recover from missing packets
VIRTUAL CIRCUIT
Preplanned route established before any packets sent
Call request and call accept packets establish connection (handshake)
Each packet contains a virtual circuit identifier instead of destination address
No routing decisions required for each packet
Clear request to drop circuit
Not a dedicated path
DATAGRAM v/s VIRTUAL CIRCUIT
Datagram• Circuit setup is not needed• Each packet contains the address of source and destination• Router do not hold state information about connections• Congestion control is difficult
Virtual circuits• Circuit setup is needed• Each packet contains a short VC no.• Each VC requires router table space per connection• Congestion control is easy
ADVANTAGES OF PACKET
SWITCHING
Line efficiency• Single node to node link can be shared by many packets
over time
• Packets queued and transmitted as fast as possible Data rate conversion
• Each station connects to the local node at its own speed
• Nodes buffer data if required to equalize rates Packets are accepted even when network is busy
• Delivery may slow down Priorities can be used
DISADVANTAGES OF PACKET
SWITCHING
Packets may be lost on their route, so sequence numbers are required to identify missing packets
Switching nodes requires more processing power as the packet switching protocols are more complex
Switching nodes for packet switching require large amount of RAM to handle large quantities of packets
A significant data transmission delay occurs - Use of store and forward method causes a significant data transmission.
MESSAGE SWITCHING It was the precursor of packet switching messages were routed in their entirety, one hop at a time
nowadays mostly implemented over packet-switched or circuit-switched data networks
also known as a 'store-and-forward' network-each message is
stored (usually on hard drive due to RAM limitations) before being transmitted to the next switch
Email is a common application for Message Switching
Fig. E Message Switching
THANK YOU