Content

• Industrial revolution

• The beginning of the revolution increase in cities population+ low life style +disease

1. Main characters (positives) mas production which lead to urban redesign for the cities

2. Main (negatives) disease

3. Effect on urban planning how the car changed the design and scale for the cities

Case studies A-Paris

2. The growth of Paris from 508-2015 3. Haussmann renovation of Paris

4. Haussmann renovation of Paris( strategy) 5. boulevard definition

6. examples of the demolition of Haussmann

On the ile de city

Avenue l’opera

7. Public transportation in paris 8. Haussmann plans for the process of renovation.

9. Structural plan and the prosess

• B-London

1. The great fire 1666

2. Sir Wrine plan for London (they did not use it)

3. The growth of London 1659-1950

4. The effect of the revolution on London society

5. examples of the design of john Nash in London

Regent park & street design

6. London transportation system

7. London traffic zones & Congestion charge

4. References

The city growth was very slow, almost imperceptible

BEFORE THE REVOLUTION

• Period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. • transition to new manufacturing processes • transition from hand production methods to machines

• improve the efficiency of water power

• increasing use of steam power • The development of machine tools. • change from wood and other bio-fuels to coal • increasing employment • increase the Value of output and capital invested

• THE USE OF CAR CHANGED THE URBAN FABRIC FOR THE CITY.

BEGINNING

OF THE REVOLUTION

80% of people used to live in the suburbs &20% in the cities but after the revolution and increase of jobs people immigrate to cities

The city design was redesigned (strong renovation)

transportation Revolution

1- road network

2- A canal and waterway network

3- A railway network.

Raw materials and finished products could be

1- Moved more quickly

2- Cheaper than before.

3- Improved transportation also allowed new ideas to spread quickly.

DURING THE REVOLUTION

Disadvantages Category Feature Why

life for the laboring class

Short Because of factories

life for the laboring class

worse than slavery Capitalism

Factories a dangerous place to work 70 hour weeks on a regular basis

Housing for the workers overcrowded and unclean Low income High population low regulations

Housing for the workers typhoid, cholera, and smallpox sick days, and forced themselves to work to provide money

Women & girls No time to clean house Work in factories as women

Families Economic problem Paid too little

• Europe, particularly England, industrial revolution. The growing

industrialized city without design intent

Schinkel’s English travel diary, 1826

Factory buildings in Manchester and

A market hall in Liverpool

• Production, commerce, trade, and distribution of goods expanded rapidly

• New machines were then created and large-scale production became prevalent

• More food and supplies became available so the population began to grow rapidly

• Political aspect • The crown declines • The nobles and landlords decline • Industrial

entrepreneurs emerges as powerful bodies

• Different patterns of settlements starts regional plannin

Paris

• THE GROWTH OF PARIS FROM 508-2015

1223 1589 1618

508 Gallo-Roman wall 1180.

1643.

1705. 1735. 1740. 1750

1870. 1850 1900.

• HAUSSMANN RENOVATION OF PARIS

Six reasons for the ‘Haussmannisation’ Haussmann strategy for

the renovation

Haussmann concept Paris 1853–1870

The Haussmannisation

To make the capitalist instrument of the city more efficient by liberating its circulation (allowing for quicker and more efficient commerce)

to celebrate the monuments and glory of past and present empires by linking focal points with vistas;

to let in air, light and greenery for the bourgeoisie;

to push the poor elsewhere

to turn the boulevard into a social stage;

To use the boulevard as a means of military control (fearing revolutionary uproar, the aim was that barricades could not be easily built any more, and soldiers would be able to shoot straight through the streets).

Issues Demolishing old fortifications: the ‘rings’ around the cities: Increasing accessibility, cutting through the fabric: How to get enough ‘green’ into the city? Parks and public gardens &access

fresh water supply

a sewage system

Parks

Pavement for many streets. By his ruthless cutting through the old city fabric to CHANGED PARIS INTO A MODERN CITY with everything the 19th century considered

Modern

broad straight boulevards, greenery Hygiene.

Haussmann's renovation of Paris strategy

Paris is known for the NON-UNIFORMITY of its map.

• The arrangement of ……. Streets……. alleys……. squares……. boulevards…….avenues

• Is a result of a SUPERIMPOSITION of one street plan upon an earlier street plan?

• a PLOT OF LAND was usually divided in a series of long and narrow parallel plots extending to

both sides of a central lateral strip reserved for a passage across it

First phase Second phase

constructing Boulevards encircle a city center new avenues and streets avenues radiate from the center of the city

Size 9.467 kilometers 26.294 kilometers

Purpose Brought air &Light & Healthiness

Create circulation in a labyrinth that was constantly blocked and impenetrable

to connect the interior of Paris with

the ring of grand boulevards the new railroad stations

Cost 278 million francs 180 million francs grow to 410 million

BOULEVARD DEFINITION

A type of large roads.

Usually running through a city.

These roads often replaced obsolete fortifications.

In modern American usage it often means

a wide Multi-lane arterial thorough are divided with a median down the center.

With roadways along each side designed as slow travel and parking lanes and for bicycle and pedestrian usage.

Have an above-average quality of landscaping and scenery.

EXAMPLES OF THE DEMOLITION AND RENOVATION OF HAUSSMANN 1853-1870

1-ON THE ÎLE DE LA CITÉ:

The island became an enormous construction site,

Completely destroyed most of the old streets and neighborhoods.

Two new streets were also built, the boulevard du Palais and the rue de Lutèce.

Two bridges, the point saint Michel and the pont-au-Change were completely rebuilt

Two new government buildings, the Tribunal deCommerce and the Prefecture de

a- Demolition of buildings on bridges b- Bridge building c- Demolition of buildings on shores, leaving an open view from the upper streets. d- Opening of the Boulevard de Sebastopol e- Opening of the Boulevard Saint Michel

Paris, Champs Elysees westward Boulevard_Saint-Germain

The Île de la Cité transformed by Haussmann: transverse streets (red), public spaces(light blue) buildings (dark blue).

The Île de la Cité Transformed by Haussmann: transverse streets (red), public spaces (light blue)

and buildings (dark blue).

2-AVENUE DE L'OPERA

Size and population of Paris

•Paris area in 1860 is 78km2

• Paris area in 1900 is 86.9km2

•Paris area in 1929 is 105km2 after adding Polonya forest.

•Paris urban area in 2014 is 2300km2

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN PARIS

1. The horse-drawn omnibus became Paris' first form public transportation in 1828.

2. The horse-drawn tramway was next to appear in 1871

3. steam-driven trams appeared in 1880

4. replaced by the electric tramway in 1888.

The main streets Haussmann in 1853. First phase 1853-1858

Rivoli nort e street

Midwest proletarian

center west el la bourgeoisie

dual city

Shanzelezah east west

The main streets Haussmann in1853. Structural plan

• the second phase (from 1858 to 1869) • was particularly from main links between • the center and the edges of the city. • The city had to pay considerably more for • this program itself, the final costs were also

• two times higher than planned.

• The third phase was presented by

Haussmann in 1869 and focused in particular on the implementation of the city

annexed territories in the west of the city. it was considered less important than the first

two, the finance also proved extremely

HAUSSMANN PLANS FOR THE PROCESS OF RENOVATION.

• 1971 Avenues and Boulevards brown, boulevards and avenues

that existed before Haussmann’s transformations / in black,

boulevards and avenues constructed following Haussmann’s plan

PARIS SUBURBS

1-The government of France focused on a new

cities in the suburbs of Paris

2-new transportation system from the center

of Paris to the suburbs

3-disease the population of Paris

4-new industrial cities with economic power in

the suburbs

Boulevards and avenues

• Scheme of the green structure of Paris with large parks projected.

LONDON • THE GREAT FIRE OF LONDON IN 1666

burnt for five days and destroyed much of the City of London and its timber buildings.

• 80% of Londoner was destroyed.

• SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN

he completed a plan for rebuilding London and submitted it to King Charles II.

A combination of

• Renaissance planning and large-scale French garden design.

• The plan's central streets connect public squares and landmarks,while a narrower street grid fills the

residual space.

• The plan refused because.

• Rebuilding was financed by private enterprise.

• The desire was to rebuild quickly.

• No heavy government involvement to carve new roads across existing building plots and ancient routes

• The properties owners refuse to lose their locations.

• The King Charles II was afraid to lose his position.

• Much of the ancient layout of the City remained, but

• Rebuilt in brick and stone.

• Twelve interconnecting squares and piazzas as the central design of the New London.

London 1643 fire area in London 1666 void from the fire 1666

London was transformed into the world's largest city and capital of the British Empire.

Its population expanded from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later.

During this period, London became a global political, financial, and trading capital

London & other cities population.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IMPACT ON LONDON SOCIETY

Georgian era from 1714-1837,

the people thought in terms of status when describing their own place in society.

The emphasis is on a person's birth, being directly linked to their relationship to the social hierarchy.

Victorian era 1837-1901

The emphasis of a person's birth becomes less important to social hierarchy.

The new emphasis shifted to one's economic group. The industrial revolution crushed the

traditional Georgian society and contributed to the new Victorian society.

The industrial revolution was the driving force behind social change between the 18th and 19th centuries.

It changed nearly all aspects of life through

• new inventions.

• new legislation.

• new economy.

Change of Family structure

The traditional marriage of the laboring class during the Georgian society, women would marry

men of the same social status

1659 1750 1850 1950

LONDON CITY GROWTH FROM 1659-1950

Living Standards

The Industrial Revolution created terrible conditions, which had sparked the increase of interest to health and specialized hospitals. More than 70 different specialized hospitals were founded

from 1800 to 1860

Improvements in Transportation

Progress in the textile industry spurred other industrial improvements.

The first such development, the steam engine, stemmed from the search for a cheap,

Convenient source of power.

As early as 1705, coal miners were using steam powered.

LONDON, CA. 1800: PICTURESQUE PLANNING FOR THE CITY, JOHN NASH VISION FOR REGENT

PARK.

The development of Regent’s Park and Regent Street to connect them with the centre of power and government at Westminster a mile away, was […] as much a product of market forces as

original design intent.

As Nash’s vision of a dense development of terraces of houses arranged in a double circus at the heart of Regent’s Park gave way to a handful of generously spaced villas, an important prototype for the modern urban park as a public amenity came into existence thanks more to lacklustre [=dull] housing-market than to civic-mindedness.”

Regent Street Cumberland Terrace,

Marylebone

LONDON TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

Regent mosqe

– Metro and Light rail

– 1.1 London Underground

– 1.2 docklands Light Railway

– 1.3 Tramlin

– 1.1 LONDON UNDERGROUND -TUBE

– Carrying nearly 50% of London's commuters,

– the Tube is the most heavily used mode of public

transport in the area.

– the London Underground was the first rapid

transit system in the world

– begun operations in 1863.

– 3 million passengers travel in it every day

– 1 billion passenger journeys per year

– 1.2 docklands Light Railway

– It serves Docklands area(east London)

– 101 million passengers a year

– 1.3Trim link

– Light rail/tram system south London

– It has 39 stations

– it carried over 28 million passengers2011

– up from 18 million in 2001

– The system runs on its own right of way

– mixed use rails and with street traffic.

– The network has connections with

– the London Underground

– the London Overground

– the National Rail system

• London Underground tube

• London Underground tube map

Docklands Light Railway

•

Trim link

• New Trim link design in london

•

• 2 Heavy rail

• 2.1 radial commuter railway

• 2.2. London Overground

• 2.3. Airport services

• 2.4 operator

• 2.5 national inter city

• 2.6 international

• 2.1 RADIAL COMMUTER RAILWAY

• The majority of commuters TO central London

(about 80% of 1.1 million)

• arrive by either the Underground (400,000 daily)

• Or surface railway into these termini (860,000 daily).

• 2.2. LONDON OVERGROUND

• metro system with high-frequency services

• around a circular route with radial branch lines

• designed to reduce stress from the INNER-CITY TUBE

• By allowing commuters to travel ACROSS LONDON.

• Without going through the central Zone 1.

• 2.3. AIRPORT SERVICES

• Heathrow Gatwick and Stansted airports

are served by

• dedicated train services

• Standard commuter services.

• 2.4 operator

• a single system owned and operated by Transport for London

• It’s a free market owned by different organizations to have

competition.

• 2.5 national inter city

Long-distance intercity services

• do not depart from all termini

Airport services •

London Overground

•

• radial commuter railway

Operator •

• but each terminus provides trains to a particular part of the country

• 2.6 international

• International services are provided with intermediate stops.

• This new link, brought into service on 2007 cuts journey times by some 20–25 minutes compared with services previously routed Paris 2 hours 15 minutes from London Brussels 1

hour 51 minutes from London

• Road

• 3.1 Major routes

• 3.2 Distributor and minor routes

• 3.3 Congestion charge

• London has a hierarchy of roads ranging from major radial and orbital trunk roads down to minor "side streets.

• INTELLIGENT TECHNOLOGY,

• which works in conjunction with a GPS,

• enables drivers to select an option where acceleration is stopped automatically at the speed limit specific to any road in London ,

• The unit can be disabled at the touch of a button

• 3.1 MAJOR ROUTES

• There are many major routes in London

• There are also three ring roads linking these routes.

• The innermost

• the Inner Ring Road

the congestion charging zone in the city center.

• 3.2 DISTRIBUTOR AND MINOR ROUTES

• The major roads are supplemented by a host of standard main roads

• They linked suburbs with each other

• deliver traffic from the ends of the major routes into the city center.

• These non-strategic roads only carry local traffic.

3.3 CONGESTION CHARGE

• a radical scheme to charge motorists £5 per day for driving vehicles

• within a designated area of central London during peak hours

• London Congestion Pricing

• Abstract

DATE ,February 2003

LOCATION ,city of London

REGULATION charged a fee for driving private automobiles

ZONE central area

TIME during weekdays 7:00 am and 6:30 pm

REASON to reduce traffic congestion

EXEPTIONS motorcycles,

1. licensed taxis,

2. vehicles used by disabled people 3. some alternative fuel vehicles

4. buses 5. emergency vehicles

6. area residents receive a 90% discount on annual passes.

Background

• A basic economic principle is that consumers should pay directly for the costs they

• impose as an incentive to use resources efficiently.

• Urban traffic congestion is often cited as an example:

• if road space is unpriced traffic volumes will increase until congestion limits further growth.

Example

• Singapore

• California

• Trondheim , Oslo, Bergen (Norway)

Central London is particularly suitable for congestion pricing because of its limited road

• capacity (the streets network in the core area is hardly expanded)

heavy travel demand result in severe congestion

relatively good travel alternatives, including walking, taxi, bus and subway services, which are

used by most travelers.

ONLY ABOUT 10% OF PEAK-PERIOD TRIPS WERE MADE BY PRIVATE AUTOMOBILE.

(15%) discounts if the driver pay weekly or monthly

If driver didn’t pay they sent a £80 fine. ‘This fine is reduced to £40 if paid within two weeks, and

increases to £120 if not paid after a month

Signs and Symbols Entering the Charging Area

4 CYCLING

• Over one million Londoners own bicycles but 2 per cent of all The Barclays Cycle Hire scheme at 2010

• Aims to provide 6,000 bicycles for rental.

Center London congestion charging zone area of extension main roads within charging zone west London railway line areas boundaries

• Bikes are available at a number of docking stations in Central London

• Trade-off of benefits to harm for cycling in central London: effects by age and sex, per million populations (although few older people used cycle hire). Benefits come through impacts on

diseases related to physical activity, harms come from exposure to road traffic injuries

• 5 BUSES AND BUS RAPID TRANSIT

• The red double-decker is internationally recognized as British icon

• every weekday carrying about six million passengers on over 700 different routes.

• for local journeys, it carries more passengers than the Underground.

• Also 100-route night bus service is also operated, providing a 24-hour service.

• 6 TAXIS

• The iconic black cab remains a common sight.

• They are driven by the only taxicab drivers in the world who have spent at least three years learning the city's road network to gain

• 6.2 HORSE-DRAWN VEHICLES

• More than 70 years after horse-drawn carriages were restricted from the West End, Westminster City Council has announced that it will consider supporting applications to

reintroduce them for sightseeing tours across the city

• 7 AIRPORTS

• London is the best served city by airports in the world with almost 150 million passengers.

• Heathrow

• Gatwick

• Stansted

Proposal bike rout in London

•

Weekday journey bike rout in London

•

bike rout in London

•

• Luton

• London City

• London Southend Airport

• 8.1 RIVER THAMES

• the river was one of London's main transport arteries.

• Although this is no longer the case,

• passenger services have seen something of a revival since the creation in 1999 of London

River Services

• 8.2 CANALS

• These canals were originally built in the Industrial Revolution for the transport of coal. raw

materials and foods.

• Although they now carry few goods, they are popular with

• private narrow boat users and leisure cruisers

• a regular "water bus" service operates along the Regent's Canal during the summer months.

• 8.3 CARGO

• Some bulk cargoes are carried on the Thames, this use. London's port used to be the country's

busiest when it was located in Central London and east London's Docklands

References

• The Condition, Improvement and Town Planning of the City of Calcutta and contiguous area (by Richards report)

• Hanson, Neil (2001). The Dreadful Judgement: The True Story of the Great Fire of London. New York: Doubleday. For a review of Hanson's work, see Lauzanne, Alain. "Revue pluridisciplinaire du monde anglophone". Cercles. Retrieved 12 October 2006.

• Hanson, Neil (2002). The Great Fire of London: In That Apocalyptic Year, 1666. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. A "substantially different" version of Hanson's The Dreadful Judgement (front matter).

• Leasor, James (1961, 2011). The Plague and the Fire.

• Morgan, Kenneth O. (2000). Oxford Illustrated History of Britain. Oxford: Oxford.

• Pepys, Samuel (1995). Robert Latham and William Matthews (eds.), ed. The Diary of Samuel Pepys, Vol. 7. London: Harper Collins.

• First published between 1970 and 1983, by Bell & Hyman, London. Quotations from and details involving Pepys are taken from this standard, and copyright, edition. All web versions of the diaries are based on public domain 19th century editions

and unfortunately contain many errors, as the shorthand in which Pepys' diaries were originally written was not accurately transcribed until the pioneering work of Latham and Matthews.

• Porter, Roy (1994). London: A Social History. Cambridge: Harvard.

• Reddaway, T. F. (1940). The Rebuilding of London after the Great Fire. London: Jonathan Cape.

• Transport in London From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

• T&E (2003), Congestion Pricing in London, A European Perspective, European Federation for Transport and Environment (www.te.nu/Factsheets/2003/14-2-03-CongestionBriefing.PDF

• London Congestion Pricing Implications for Other Cities 24 November 2011 by Todd Litman Victoria Transport Policy Institute

• Travel in London TfL. Retrieved 9 August 2014.

• Martin, Andrew. Underground, Overground a Passenger's History of the Tube. London: Profile.

• Transport for London (2011). Casualties in Greater London during 2009 and 2010

• Department for Transport, central government department overseeing the national railway network