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NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
HAMIRPUR
Civil Engineering Department
Presentation on
Presented by:
Navsal Kumar
Roll: 15M150
M. Tech. 1st Year (WRE)
Civil Engineering Department
NIT Hamirpur (HP)
CONTENTS
i • Introduction
ii • Background Study
1 • Environmental Impact Assessment – Definition
2 • History of EIA
3 • Purpose & Objectives of EIA
4 • Process of EIA
5 • Concept of EIA in Water Resources Project
6 • Environmental Discourse on DAM construction
7 • Case study – THREE GORGES DAM
8 • Conclusion
• References9
PROJECT/
ACTIVITIES
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC
SOCIAL
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND STUDY
Environment is composed of Biotic & Abiotic
components. There exists a dynamic equilibrium
between these components.
Whenever a project is undertaken, it tends to disturb
these components.
To maintain natural environment, perspectives are
studied about the effects and remedial measures.
Example: Forest ecosystem disturbed due to
construction of roads or dams.
The impact of an activity is a deviation (a change) fromthe baseline situation that is caused by the activity.
Types of impact: Ecological, Physico-chemical & on
Human interests
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a decision-
making process that systematically evaluates the
possible significant (negative or positive) effects that a
proposed project action may exert on the natural, social
and human environment of a particular geographic area
(Lei and Hilton, 2013).
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
– DEFINITION
HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF EIA
EIA was first developed in the US as a result of the
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969(NEPA), for
considering possible impacts prior to a decision being
taken on whether or not a proposal should be given
approval to proceed.
Environmental Impact Assessment concept in India
came in the year 1994.
There have been 3 amendments in the notification.
Recognition of EIA consultant and organization through
“Quality Council of India“ is also one step ahead to stop
entry of unethical people mushrooming as EIA
consultant.
PURPOSE & OBJECTIVES OF EIA
Identification, estimation and assessment of
important effects that the planned project may have
on the environment.
Presentation of data on impacts in the report for the authorities responsible for approving the
realization of the project, as well as for the public
Encouragement of authorities
responsible for approving the
planned projects to include ecological
elements in their decision-making
process
PURPOSE OF EIA
OBJECTIVES OF EIA
To ensure that eventual effects on the environment are considered before the approval of project
To encourage implementation of relevant procedures before finalizing the project
To encourage the creation of procedures for information exchange, reporting and consultation amongst countries
PROCESS OF EIA
THE PROCESS INCLUDES FOLLOWING STEPS:
1. Screening
2. Scoping
3. Impact analysis
4. Impact mitigation
5. Reporting
6. Review
7. Decision making
8. Monitoring
The screening process determines whether a particular
project requires preparation of an EIA or not.
Scoping is a stage, usually involving the public and
other interested parties, that identifies the key
environmental issues that should be addressed in an
EIA.
The type, extent, duration, timing, severity and
significance of the impact is analyzed.
Ensuring that residual impacts are withinacceptable levels and to enhance environmental andsocial benefits.
It is the implementation of measures designed toreduce the undesirable effects of a proposed actionon the environment
Report of EIA is prepared and submitted to theconcerned authority.
A description of the project
An outline of the main alternatives studied by the developer, and an indication of the main reasons for this choice
A description of the aspects of the environment likely to be significantly affected by the proposed project
Measures to prevent, reduce and possibly offset adverse environmental effects
A non-technical summary
An indication of any difficulties (technical deficiencies or lack of know-how) encountered while compiling the required
information
In this step, the report is studied thoroughly for any
deficiencies and corrections are made. Public
participation is the important part of this step.
Involves deciding whether the project is acceptable
or not. The terms and conditions are finalized in this
step.
Involves ensuring the implementation of conditionsattached to a decision, verification of impacts are aspredicted or permitted, confirming the mitigationmeasures are working as expected, taking action tomanage any unforeseen changes.
CONCEPT OF EIA IN WATER RESOURCE
PROJECTS
What are these Projects?
Why do we need these projects?
Why is there a need of EIA in these projects?
WATER RESOURCE PROJECTS
Multipurpose river valley projects
Major irrigation projects / canals
Inter-linking of rivers
WHY DO WE NEED THESE PROJECTS?
Our population is growing
The country’s population which was over 1028 million in 2001
is expected to reach a level of around 1400 million by 2025.
Our water demand is growing.
Agriculture
Production of food grains has increased from around 50
million tons in the fifties to about 208 million tons in 1999-
2000. This will have to be raised to around 350 million tons
by the year 2025.
Domestic & Industry
Domestic and industrial water needs have largely been
concentrated in or near major cities. However, the demand in
rural areas is expected to increase sharply as the
development programmes improve economic conditions of
the rural masses.
Power generation
Demand for water for hydro and thermal power generation is
also increasing substantially.
WHAT IS THE NEED OF E.I.A. IN THESE PROJECTS?
As a result, water, which is already a scarce
resource, will become even scarcer in future.
These water resource projects have both beneficial
and adverse effects on environment as well as
socio-economic factors.
To attain sustainability in water resource
developments.
Although there is no global water scarcity as such,
an increasing number of regions are chronically
short of water.
WATER RESOURCE PROJECTS
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
BENEFICIAL IMPACTS
ADVERSE IMPACTS
OPERATIONAL PHASE
BENEFICIAL IMPACTS
ADVERSE
IMPACTS
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
Employment generated
Lesser migration to cities
Development of infrastructure
Compensation given to peoplewho lose their lands
BIOTIC
Compensatory afforestation(green belt created on theperiphery of reservoir in the caseof multi-purpose river valleyprojects)
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
Displacement of people
Loss of livelihood that theyhave been used to
Loss of monuments (somecases)
BIOTIC
Submergence of forest land (inthe case of multi-purpose rivervalley projects)
Effects on flora and fauna dueto construction activity
OPERATIONAL PHASE
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
Irrigation allows for improvedcrop production
Increased power generation
Improved water supplythroughout the year
Flood moderation
Improved groundwaterrecharge
Tourism
BIOTIC
Increased aquatic life inreservoir
Increase in migratory birds
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
Water logging and salinity
Greenhouse gas emissions(methane emissions fromsubmerged forests)
Increase in production of waterintensive crops
Change in sediment loadsthrough the course of the riverand at the delta
BIOTIC
Aquatic life affected due todifferential temperature and flowrates
Change in natural ecosystem
MAJOR CHALLENGES IN EIA AND ENVIRONMENTAL
PLANNING IN WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT
Increase in Population
Climate change
Ill conceived planning
Policies and institutions
TOOLS FOR ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT
Environmental flows assessment.
Allocation of water for ecological water demand
Dam breach analysis
GIS & RS with Simulation models
IWRM integrated with EIA
ENVIRONMENTAL DISCOURSE ON
DAM CONSTRUCTION
In 1947, there were 300 dams.
In 2000, there were 4000 dams.
Currently, there are more than 4500 dams in India.
Large dams in India are estimated to have submerged
around 37500 km2 land area.
About 10 million people have been displaced or affected.
Adverse impacts of dams have spawned resistance
movements, especially after 1980’s.
Negative impacts of river valley projects
CASE STUDY – THREE GORGES DAM
The three gorges dam is built on the Yangtze river which is the
world’s 3rd longest river.
It is the biggest reinforced concrete structure in the world.
It is the world’s largest power station in terms of installed
capacity(22500 MW).
Affected the rotation of earth by 1 sec.
Height – 181 m
Length – 2335 m
Reservoir capacity- 39.3 km2
Sr.
no.
Environmental issues Evidence
1 Displacement 120,000 more resettlers were displaced than the
estimated number in the EIS Report.
2 Sedimentation The volume of sediments averaged 142 million tons (Mt)
per year, being equivalent to 40% of the estimated 355 Mt
per year in the EIS Report.
3 Soil erosion in reservoir
area
Both the extent and severity of soil erosion in the TGRA
are smaller than the estimates of the EIA Report.
4 Water quality
(Eutrophication)
Eutrophication and algal bloom in many bays of the
reservoir has become a prominent issue
5 Downstream river bed
erosion
The annual erosion rate from October 2002 to October
2010 averaged at 108.8 million m³, which was much
greater than the average 6.25 million m³ per annum in
1975-2002.
6 4 major domestic fish
species
The stock of four major domestic fish species dropped
dramatically between 2005 and 2010, reducing by 78.2%
on the 1981 level, compared to the estimated reduction of
50-60% in the EIS Report.
7 Reservoir bank stability On average, 31 bank collapses occurred per year in the
reservoir in 2003-2007, compared to 19 bank collapses in
the Jing jiang section of the middle Yangzi in 2001-2003.
Sr.
No.
Environmental issues Evidence
9 Air Temperature Annual mean temperature in the TGRA increased by 0.2-
1.0℃ over the 2003-2009 period, compared to the average
level in 1996-2002.
10 Precipitation Annual mean precipitation in the TGRA increased by 2-9%
over the 2003-2009 period, compared to the average level
in 1996-2002.
11 Fog The number of foggy days per annum in the TGRA in
2003-2009 decreased slightly, compared to incidences in
1980-2002.
12 Downstream Flooding
Risk
The TGP has substantially improved flooding control
capacity in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangzi
River. The Three Gorges Dam withstood catastrophic
floods in July, 2010 and 2012.
13 Lake in middle reaches The impact of the TGP on Lake Boyang was little
addressed in the EIS Report.
The effect of the TGP on water and sediment exchanges
between the Yangzi and the lake Dongting is close to the
estimate from the EIS Report.
14 Wildlife Forest cover reduced from 20 to 10%. Near extinction of
Yangtze river dolphin. Destruction of wetlands for Siberian
crane. More than 3000 species critically endangered.
15 Reservoir induced
seismicity
Reservoir-induced seismicity shows a high frequency and
low intensity pattern, lying within the range as indicated by
the EIS Report.
CONCLUSION
Environmental impact assessment must be made
mandatory for all water resources projects so as to
ensure sustainability in development.
EIA should be incorporated in Integrated water resource
management.
Public Participation must be encouraged at all levels in
the implementation of EIA for a project.
Use of advanced techniques like GIS & RS and
Simulation Models as a component of EIA for effective
and efficient data collection
Proper policies and institutions must be drafted and
formed for quick and firm decision making.
REFERENCES Lei, L., and Hilton, B. (2013). A Spatially Intelligent Public Participation System for the
Environmental Impact Assessment Process. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-
Information 2: 480-506
NA. Siddiqui, R.N. Shukla and Akbar Ziauddin(2008). Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) for a Water Resource Project. Ecology, Environment and Conservation Paper,
Vol.14, Issue 04, Page No.(707-711).
Presentation by Mr. Pradeep Kumar, ex-Director, National Water Academy, Pune
Water Supply Engineering; Prof. S.K. Garg; Khanna Publishers.
S.K. Sharma, A. Kaushik (2007). Impacts of Water Resources Development Project with
Special Reference to Dams and Reservoirs. International Conference on Small
Hydropower - Hydro Sri Lanka
Tena Bekele Adgolign and Srinivasa Rao GVR(2014). Environmental Impact Assessment
in Sustainable Water Resources Development: Major Issues of Consideration. Science,
Technology and Arts Research Journal, April-June 2014, 3(2): 180-189
Xu, Xibao; Tan, Yan; Yang, Guishan(2013). Environmental impact assessments of the
Three Gorges Project in China: issues and interventions, Earth-Science Reviews, 2013;
124:115-125
Three gorges dam (Wikipedia Article)