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ElEctric vEhiclEs

Group 429.AFTAB ANSARI17.AFSAR ALI22.MOHD MONIS RAZA

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Department of Electrical Engineering

Introduction

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Outlines

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• Electric vehicles• History• Why EVS?• How It works?• Vehicles to grid• Types• Components• Comparison with gasoline

vehicles • Efficiency

• International Status• Methods of Charging• Merits and Demerits• Future development• Conclusion• References

Electric Vehicles

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An automobile powered entirely or partially by electricity

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History

1825Steam Engine Car, British inventor Goldsworthy

1832First electric car was build in Scotland.

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1904 Within a few years, the Electric Vehicle Company

failed

1997-99Manufactures introduced new generation of

electric and hybrid cars

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History

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Electric car by Seimens, 1904

Thomas Edison with a car made by Detroit Electric , 1907-1939

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Tribelhorn, 1902 - 1919

The Henny Kilowatt, 1961

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Vanguard Sebring Citicar, 1974

Saturn EV -1, General Motors, 1996

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Chevrolet Volt, 2007

Tesla Roadster, 2008

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WHY EVS?• 27 % less CO2 than petrol cars.• Reduce greenhouse gas emissions.• Produce no carbon emissions.

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How it Works? • Uses electricity not petrol.• Energy comes from a power outlet via a

cord.• Energy stored in batteries.• Energy powers the electric motor

moving the car.

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V2G

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• Interface between Electric Vehicle (EV) and Electric grid.

• Turn EV into a resource.

• Helps in balancing loads.

• Alternate sources of energy.

V2G• Electric Vehicle (EV) is plugged in

to the grid • EV can charge from grid during

off-peak hours• EV provides power back to grid

during peak hours

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Basic types of EVs

• Connection to generator plants

• Onboard generators

• Onboard storage

Types of Onboard EVs

• Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)

• Plug-in Hybrid

• Full Electric

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Hybrid Electric Vehicles

• Petrol Engine • Motor • Battery

Full Electric• Electric motor • Battery (plugged in)

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Components

• Motor• Controller• Battery• DC/DC Converter• Instrumentation

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Motors

• AC motorsSingle Phase IMThree phase IM• DC motors

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Controller

• Delivers a controlled voltage to the motor• Depending upon potentiometer output. • PWM controls the speed.

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Braking

• Regenerative and conventional braking• Motor as a generator• Converts kinetic to electrical energy

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Batteries

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DC/DC Converters• Uses PWM to step traction • 12V to run car accessories.• Buck converter• Boost converter

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InstrumentationInstrumentation includes:• Traction Pack Voltmeter• Battery Current Ammeter• Motor Current Ammeter• Amp-hour/kWh meter (“E-Meter”)

Efficiency

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Charging Mode 1: Household socket and extension cord

Mode 2: Domestic socket and cable with a protection device

Mode 3:Charging stations

Charging Stations

• Connected to grid• Inductive charging• Non Conventional energy

sources

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International Status

• December 2012, around 50,000 charging points in the U.S., Europe, Japan and China

• March 2013, 5,678 public charging stations in US• December 2013, Estonia is the first and only country of an EV

charging network with nationwide coverage• March 2013, Norway has 4,029 charging points

Battery Swapping

• Replacing battery mechanically• Takes a couple of minutes• Si-air, Al-air and other metal-air fuel cells• More efficient but costly

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EVs VS Fuel Vehicle

MeritsEnvironmental• No tail pipe air pollutants• No O2 for IC• No noise pollution• Less maintenancesStabilization of gridLow running costSaferNo Smell

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Merits

Mechanical• Simple design• Precise control over speed • High efficiency • High starting torque• No Gearboxes• Quiet and smooth run

Demerits• Limited range • Electric energy infrastructures• Non availability of skilled technicians• Low speed• Battery charging • Limited battery life • Charging stations(with high V & I)• EM radiation

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Future Development

• Hybrid Vehicles • Solar Vehicles

Future DevelopmentImproved Batteries • Lithium Polymer. • Zinc Air Batteries. • Lithium Cobalt Metal Oxide. Other Storage methods • Super Capacitors(EDLC)• Flywheel Energy Storage

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Conclusion

• Perfect substitute for oil and gasoline vehicles• Bright future ahead• Enough customers but not ample of

Manufacturers • Eco-friendly • Advantages outweighs its disadvantages

References

• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle• www.transportation.anl.gov• www.howstuffworks.com• www.manzanitamicro.com• Brian Randall Tesla Presentation 2008 • Report T-611-NYTI-21652 on new Technology

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Thank You!