Presented By :

Saurabh Sindhu

USN: 1BI11ME092

B.I.T

Plan Of Presentation

Introduction

History of Ballistic Missile

Types of Missiles

Working Principle

Component

Design & Mechanism

Guidance & Propulsion System

Conclusion & Future Aspects

Referance

Ballistic Missile

A ballistic missile is launched directly into the high layers of the earth's atmosphere. It travels well outside the atmosphere and then the warhead detaches and falls back to earth. It follows the path of a ball thrown upwards which falls down. Since it depends on gravity to reach its target, it's called a ballistic missile.

A ballistic missile is a rocket that follows a ballistic trajectory with objective of delivering one or more warheads to a predetermined target.

A ballistic missile is only guided during relatively brief periods of flight & most of it’s trajectory is unpowered & governed by gravity.

Longe range intercontinental ballistic missile is launched at a steep, sub-orbital flight trajectory & spends most of their flight out of the earth atmosphere.

Short range ballistic missiles stay within the earth’s atmosphere.

What is missile..?

Missile is a weapon or object that is thrown at a target

History

The Chinese, who invented gunpowder, were also the first to employ

explosives to power missiles and the first, in the 1300s, to fire a multi-stage

missile.

V-2 Missile:

the modern ballistic missile was V-2,a single stage, fin stabilized

missile propelled by liquid oxygen and ethyl alcohol to a maximum range

of 200 KM.

R-7 Semyorka : was the first intercontinental ballistic missiles.

Total 30 countries have ballistic missiles technology

There after Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan (Sultan of Mysore in south India)

perfected the rocket's use for military purposes, very effectively using it in

war against British colonial armies.

At the Battle of Seringapatanam in 1792, Indian soldiers launched a huge

barrage of rockets against British troops, followed by a huge massacre of

British forces

Portrait of Tipu SultanSultan of Mysore, present day Karnataka,

India

Unlike contemporary rockets whose combustion

chamber was made of wood (bamboo), Tipu's

rockets (weighing between 2.2 to 5.5 kg) used iron

cylinder casings that allowed greater pressure,

thrust and range (1.5 to 2.5 Km). The British were

greatly impressed by the Mysorean rockets using

iron tubes.

Types of missile

There are two types of missiles.

UNGUIDED OR BALLISTIC MISSILES which moves freely to the target and can’t be controlled

after launching e.g. missiles of tank

GUIDED MISSILES which are guided through

some remote controls e.g. Cruise missile

working principle

FLIGHT

The working of a missile is based on the Newton’s Third Law i.e.

Action and reaction are equal and opposite

The propulsion of a missile is achieved with the help of a rocket

engine. It produces thrust by ejecting very hot gaseous matter,

called propellant.

The hot gases are produced in the combustion chamber of the

rocket engine by chemical reactions.

The propellant is exhausted through a nozzle at a high speed.

This exhaust causes the rocket to move in the opposite direction

(Newton's third law).

Guided missiles are made up of a series of subassemblies.

The major sections are carefully joined and connected to

each other. They form the complete missile assembly.

The major components of a missile are:

WARHEAD

GUIDANCE SYSTEM

PROPULSION SYSTEM

FINS

MISSILE COMPONENTS

Terminology

WARHEADA warhead is an explosive device used in military conflicts, used to destroy enemy vehicles or buildings.

Typically, a warhead is delivered by a missile , rocket or torpedo. It consists of the explosive material, and a detonator.

Types of warhead :-

Explosive: An explosive charge is used to disintegrate the target, and damage surrounding areas with a shockwave.

Chemical: A toxic chemical, such as nerve gas is dispersed, which is designed to injure or kill human beings.

Biological: An infectious agent, such as anthrax is dispersed, which is designed to sicken and kill humans.

Nuclear: A runaway nuclear fission or fusion reaction causes immense energy release.

Fragmentation: Metal fragments are projected at high velocity to cause damage or injury.

Shaped Charge: The effect of the explosive charge is focused onto a specially shaped metal liner to project a hypervelocity jet of metal, to perforate heavy armour.

A nuclear warhead

Propulsion System

TYPES OF PROPULSION

SOLID

LIQUID

PROPULSION MECHANISM

ROCKET ENGINE

ROCKET— Thermal jets include solid propellant, liquid propellant,

and combined propellant systems.

Liquid Propellant - Liquid fuel is used in space vehicles and satellites

and that this fuel is put into the tanks of the space vehicles

immediately before launching. A missile cannot wait to be fueled

when it is needed for defense or offense-it must be ready. That is one

of the reasons why solid propellants have replaced liquid propellants

in most of our missiles.

GENERAL DESIGN

Types of guidance systems

Inertial navigation system

Celestial navigation system

Long-range navigation system

Guidance systems

The purpose of a guidance system

is to direct the missile to target .

Celestial navigation It is a position fixing technique that was devised to help sailors.

The Sun is most often measured. Skilled navigators can use the

Moon, planets or one of 57 navigational stars whose coordinates

are tabulated in nautical almanacs.

Long-range Navigation (LORAN) : This was the

predecessor of GPS and was (and to an extent still is) used primarily in

commercial sea transportation. The system works by triangulating the

ship's position based on directional reference to known transmitters.

Inertial Navigation System:

An inertial navigation system includes

1. a computer and a platform containing accelerometers,

2. gyroscopes,

or

3. other motion-sensing devices.

Accelerometers measure the vertical, lateral, and

longitudinal accelerations of the controlled missile .

Gyroscopes measure the angular velocity of the system.

path followed by ballistic missiles

Advantages

Bright, hot rocket exhaust makes

detection and targeting easier.

Very large geographic

defensive coverage; potentially

continental.

the missile is full of flammable

propellant, which makes it very

vulnerable to explosive

warheads.

Disadvantage

The lack of a human pilot means you can't

re-use the thing, whereas you can get

multiple missions out of a piloted aircraft.

Their low and slow flight means they can be

engaged by a much wider variety of

systems.

The missiles aren't always accurate, they're

expensive..

Conclusion

Currently Balistic missiles are among the most expensive of single-

use weapons, up to several million dollars apiece. However, they

are cheaper than human pilots when total training and

infrastructure costs are taken into account.

Guidance System used in Ballistic missile is a complex system which

involves several systems working in random. it is essential that

guidance system is properly designed for accurate interception of

targets.

Future Aspects

Incremental modernization and sustainment of the current Minuteman III (MM III) force is a cost-effective alternative that should be considered within the Analysis of Alternatives (AoA).

The AoA should focus on the nuclear capabilities necessary to credibly deter attacks from established nuclear powers and to provide an effective counterforce capability against hostile emerging nuclear states in dangerous situations.

The AoA could consider conventional payloads, but only as an option for some ICBM designs should the need arise.

Cost and survivability assessments should limit basing options to existing missile silos and infrastructure for the foreseeable future.

If the number of ICBMs decreases below 300, the Air Force will need to adapt its manpower policies to avoid mismatches within the nuclear specialty career fields.

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