REMOTE SENSINGITS APPLICATIONS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Dr. Anjana Vyas, CEPT University, Ahmedabadanjanavyas@yahoo.com

Lecture delivered at 31st National Convention of Civil Engineers, Ahmedabad on 20th September 2015

REMOTE SENSINGREMOTE SENSING

Remote Sensing refers to gathering and processing of information about earth’s environment and its Natural & Cultural Resources through Aerial photography and Satellite scanning.

1903 - The Bavarian Pigeon Corps1903 - The Bavarian Pigeon Corps

Interactions with medium (atmospheric effect)

Electromagnetic spectrumElectromagnetic spectrum

Measuring Light: BandsMeasuring Light: Bands Human eyes only ‘measure’ visible light

Sensors can measure other portions of EMS

Bands

Remote Sensing through instrumentRemote Sensing through instrument

Various Platforms

Sensors: LISS-III, WiFS, PAN etc

Active and Passive Remote Active and Passive Remote SensingSensing

GEOSTATIONARY ORBITSGEOSTATIONARY ORBITS

                                                   

These satellite appears stationary with respect to the Earth's surface. Generally placed above 36,000 km from the earth.

FOOTPRINTSFOOTPRINTS

Communication Satellites are in GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT

(Geo = Earth + synchronous = moving at the same rate).

This means that the satellite always stays over one spot on Earth. The area on earth that it can “SEE” is called the satellite’s “FOOTPRINT”

A Polar Orbit is a particular type of Low Earth Orbit. The satellite travels a North – South Direction, rather than more common East-West Direction.

Panoramic View of Earth Station at Shadnagar

SWATH OF ADJACENT PATH

DESCENDING PATH

Lat i t

ude

Longitude

15 Orbit Number

1234567891011 121314

SWATH OF ADJACENT PATHSWATH OF ADJACENT PATHDescending ground traces of IRS-1A/1B for one day.

In 24hrs satellite makes 13.9545 revolutions around the earth. The orbit on the second day (15th orbit) is shifted westward from orbit No.1 by about 130 km. The ground traces repeat after every 307 orbits in 22 days.

GREEN BAND WITH BLUE FILTER

STANDARD FALSE COLOUR COMPOSITE

GENERATION OF FALSE COLOUR COMPOSITE

RED BAND WITH GREEN FILTER

IR BAND WITH RED FILTER

0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6

20

40

60

80

Spectral Reflectance curves R

efle

ctan

ce (%

)

Wavelength (m)

VegetationSoilWaterSnow

• Spatial Resolution – The smallest object that can be discerned•Spectral Resolution – No. of bands•Temporal Resolution – Periodicity of data collection•Radiometric Resolution – Quantization levels of data

Resolutions

India’s Earth Observation Missions

INSAT-2E

VHRR, CCD (1 km)

1999

INSAT-1DVHRR

INSAT-2AVHRR

1992

1990

INSAT-2BVHRR

1993

KALPANA-1VHRR

INSAT-3A VHRR,CCD

2003

2002

Geo stationary IRS-1A & 1B

LISS-1&2 (72/36m)

1988/91

IRS-1C/1D

LISS-3 (23/70m); PAN (5.8m); WiFS (188m)

1995/1997

IRS-P4 OCM

(360m), MSMR

1999

2001TES

Step& Stare PAN (1m)

IRS-P6: Resource Sat LISS 3 (23m)

LISS 4 (5.8m); AWiFS (55m)

2003

Sun Synchronous

IRS-P5 PAN-2.5M, Carto-1, 30 km

2005

Carto-2 PAN-0.8M, 11 km

2007

IRS 1C Sensors overview

PAN

LISS III

WiFS

BANGKOK CITY, PAN DATA

PART OF ROME, LISS-III +PAN DATA

SAMPLE IMAGES OF IRS-1C/1D SENSORS

0.6 m Resolution Space Image

1 m Resolution Space Image

Chinnaswamy Chinnaswamy StadiumStadium

MG RoadMG Road

FM Cariappa FM Cariappa Mem.ParkMem.Park

Cubbon RoadCubbon Road

CubbonCubbon

ParkPark

1m1m

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Vegetation/Forests/Agriculture

Kharif-1999 (Sep-Oct) Rabi-2000 (Feb-Mar)

Applic

ation

s

Flood due to cyclone (29th October 1999) off Orissa coast

IRS LISS IIIPre-cyclone (11.10.99)

IRS LISS IIIPost-cyclone (05.11.99)

RADARSATDATA of 2nd NOV

• ROCK TYPES• GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES (LINEAMENT /FAULT/DYKE)• VALLEY FILL WITH VEGETATION• BLACK SOIL COVER• SALT AFFECTED LAND

WHAT CAN BE SEEN FROM SATELLITE IMAGES?

• HILLY TERRAIN WITH FOREST• AGRICULTURAL LANDS - DELTA• RIVER COURSES• COASTLINE

WHAT CAN BE SEEN FROM SATELLITE IMAGES?

• MANGROVE FOREST • WET LANDS• WATER TURBIDITY

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Mapping and monitoring mangroves, coastal wetlands

PP

PKRISHNA R.

IRS-1B LISS-I IMAGE, 1992

KRISHNA R.

P = Prawn cultivation IRS-1C LISS-III IMAGE, 2000

Gap Detection in Mango Orchards High resolution satellite data 20 February 2000

Shadnagar, Mahbubnagar District, AP(2.5 m)

Natural Resources Inventory

Farm level information in Hirakud Irrigation Command Area

High resolution satellite data(0.60 m)

INDIAN IMAGING CAPABILITY

• EVERY 30 MIN. IMAGING

• 1M+ SCALES

• CLIMATE/WEATHER • EVERY 2 DAYS IMAGING

• 1:250 K SCALES

• OCEAN APPLICATIONS • EVERY 5 DAYS IMAGING

• 1:250 K SCALES

• NATIONAL SURVEYS

• EVERY 22 DAYS IMAGING

• 1:50 K SCALES

• DETAILED RESOURCES SURVEY • EVERY 5 DAYS

IMAGING

• 1:12500 SCALES

• LARGE SCALE MAPPING

• STEREO CAPABILITY

• LOCAL AREA IMAGING

• 1:2000 / 4000 / 8000 SCALES

• STEREO CAPABILITY

INDIAN IMAGING CAPABILITY

0.8m

Elements of Image Interpretation

•Primary•Secondary

•Tertiary

• Higher

::

:

:

Tone / Colour

Size, Shape & TexturePattern, Height & Shadow

Site & Association

AHMEDABAD

CITY

Example:

Visual interpretation on screen vector tracing

Road

AHMEDABAD

CITY

On screen Vector tracing

Road

Builtup land

Vacant land

Waterbody

AHMEDABAD

CITY

ON SCREEN VISUAL INTERPRETATION

SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONSAGRICULTURE• CROP ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION ESTIMATION SOIL RESOURCES• SOIL MAPPING• LAND CAPABILITY, LAND IRRIGABILITY• SOIL MOISTURE ESTIMATION• MAPPING WATER-LOGGED AREAS • SALT-AFFECTED SOILS, ERODED LANDS, SHIFTING CULTIVATION LANDUSE/LAND COVER• LAND USE/LAND COVER MAPPING • WASTELAND MAPPING • URBAN SPRAWL MAPPING GEOSCIENCES• GEOLOGICAL / GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAPPING• GROUND WATER POTENTIAL ZONE MAPPING• MINERAL TARGETTINGFORESTRY AND ENVIRONMENT• FOREST COVER MAPPING• FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN - RS INPUTS• BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION• ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT• GRASSLAND MAPPING

Natural Resources

SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONSWATER RESOURCES• SNOWMELT RUNOFF FORECASTING• RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION

OCEAN APPLICATIONS• COASTAL ZONE MAPPING• POTENTIAL FISHING ZONE (PFZ) MAPPING• CORAL REEF MAPPING

DISASTER ASSESSMENT• FLOOD / CYCLONE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT• AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT ASSESSMENT• VOLCANIC ERUPTION, UNDERGROUND COAL

FIRE• LANDSLIDE HAZARD ZONATION• FOREST FIRE AND RISK MAPPING

INTEGRATED MISSION FOR SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT• SUSTAINABLE WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT

URBAN APPLICATION

ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS

Infrastructure

Creation of 3-D ViewCreation of 3-D View

Study Area

TPS : 19 (Memnagar)

Rasranjan Building

Corresponding Attributes

3-D Visualization3-D Visualization

Walk Through

PANORAMIC VIEWERPANORAMIC VIEWER

Fig. (L) :- Street View on the Golden Gate Bridge on Google Earth

Fig. (R) :- Cylindrical panoramic image in ArcSoft Panoramic Viewer

Street-View in Google EarthStreet-View in Google Earth

An aerial view of a water logged area in

and around Ahmedabad

Monday, July 04, 2005

Sr Sr NoNo Name of catchmentName of catchment

Area of Area of catchment catchment

in Hain Ha

Watershed Watershed runoff runoff

(cum/sec) (cum/sec)

Total pipe Total pipe carrying carrying

capacity (using capacity (using Manning’s Manning’s hydraulic hydraulic

table) table) (cum/sec)(cum/sec)

VulnerabiliVulnerabilityty

11 Vasna catchment areaVasna catchment area 280280 23.4323.43 16.4716.47 HighHigh

22 Paldi catchment areaPaldi catchment area 238238 18.918.9 12.6612.66 HighHigh

33 Ellisbrige catchment areaEllisbrige catchment area 210210 20.3320.33 14.8914.89 HighHigh

44Navrangpura catchment Navrangpura catchment areaarea 142142 12.1212.12 12.6012.60

LowLow

55Gandhigram catchment Gandhigram catchment areaarea 179179 15.1415.14 17.8517.85

MediumMedium

66 Stadium catchment areaStadium catchment area 155155 12.8512.85 11.7511.75 LowLow

77 Naranpura catchment areaNaranpura catchment area 301301 23.7523.75 22.6022.60 MediumMedium

88 New wadaj catchment areaNew wadaj catchment area 425425 21.0921.09 24.9024.90 MediumMedium

99Near old wadaj catchment Near old wadaj catchment areaarea 111111 23.6423.64 22.8022.80

LowLow

1010 Sabarmati catchment areaSabarmati catchment area 286286 22.3922.39 21.8021.80 MediumMedium

FLOOD VULNERABILITY OF CATCHMENTS

The maximum height is 57.5 meters and the minimum height is 42 meters from mean sea level.

The study area is plain, dry and sandy. It covers an area of 3844 Ha.

CONTOUR MAP OF STUDY AREA (AMC)

DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL (AMC)

DEM is a digital representation of a continuous variable over a two dimensional surface by a regular array of ‘Z’ value represented to a common datum

less than 5 percent slope

Rational method has been used for computing surface runs off

Q = CIA/360

Where: Q = maximum rate of runoff (cum/sec)

C = runoff coefficient representing a ratio of runoff to rainfall

I = average rainfall intensity for a duration equal to the tc (mm/hr)

A = drainage area contributing to the design location (ha)

Percentage coefficients of runoff for the Catchments characteristics: Densely built up area of cities with metalled road—0.80 Residential areas not densely built , with metalled road—0.60 Ditto, with unmetalled roads --- 0.20 – 0.50 Lightly covered --- 0.50 largely cultivated--- 0.30 Suburbs with gardens, lawns and macadamized roads—0.30 Sandy soil, light growth—0.20

C O

N S T

A N

T S

ESTIMATION OF SURFACE RUNOFF USING RATIONAL METHOD

ESTIMATING STORM WATER DRAINAGE

CARRYING CAPACITY BY MANNING’S METHODThe Manning Formula is an empirical formula for flow driven by gravity. It was developed by the Irish engineer Robert Manning.

The available head in the storm water drain is utilized in overcoming internal resistance.

The Manning Formula given below is commonly used for such design.

The Manning’s Formula states:V = 1/n (3.968 * 10-3) D2/3 * S1/2

Q = 1/n (3.118 * 10-6) D8/3 * S ½

where:

V= velocity in mt per second

Q = Discharge

S = slope of hydraulic gradient (generally slope in SWD)

D = Internal diameter of pipeline in mm

n = Manning’s coefficient of roughness

Area of catchments:- 80 Ha Total Built up Area:- 55 Ha Runoff Coefficient:- 0.8 Main Storm water drain length in

the catchments area:- 274 mt Average size of SWD drain:- 600

mm Storm Water carrying capacity of

existing SWD line:- 2.65 (cum/sec) Runoff of catchments:- 7.11

(cum/sec)

CATCHMENT NO 1

Runoff = CIA/360 = 80*0.8*40*1/360 = 7.11 cum/sec

SOUTH NARANPURA CATCHMENT AREA

L_Section of existing SWD in Naranpura catchment area

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Chainage in mt.

Ground level

Invert level

North Naranpura Catchments area

Area of catchments:- 1400Ha Runoff of catchments:-23.22 (cum/sec) Main Storm water drain length in the

catchments area:-3100mt G.L at start point:-60.46mt G.L at end point:-60.38mt I.L at start point:-58.48.26mt I.L at end point:-50.50mt Average size of SWD drain:-900mm Storm Water carrying capacity of

existing SWD

line:-22.60(cum/sec)

land useArea in hectares

Area in %

road footpath 206.57 15.16

COMMERCIAL 213.99 15.70

RESIDENTIAL 886.45 65.06

open plot 55.36 4.06

Total 1,362.37

Runoff=886.45*0.8*40*1/360+213.99*0.85*0.4*1/360+55.36*0.4*40*1/360+206.57*0.9*40*1/360= 23.22 cum/sec

PALDI CATCHMENT AREA

L_Section of existing SWD in Ellisbrige catchment area

34

36

38

4042

44

46

48

Chainage in mt.

Ground level

Invert level

Area of catchments:- 168 Ha Runoff of catchments:-15.03(cum/sec) Main Storm water drain length in the

catchments area:-1850 mt G.L at start point:-44.66mt G.L at end point:-43.87mt I.L at start point:-43.50mt I.L at end point:-39.42mt Average size of SWD drain:-450mm Storm Water carrying capacity of existing SWD

line:-14.89(cum/sec)

Land Use Area in HaArea in %

Roads 5.0 2.96

Commercial 8.27 4.90

Residential 154.05 91.39open plot/Vegetation/lake 1.24 0.74

Total 168.56

Total runoff = 154.05*0.80*40*1/360 + 8.27*0.85*40*1/360 + 5*0.90*40*1/360 + 1.24*0.40*40*1/360 = 15.03 cum/sec

The areas of Vishwakunj char rasta, near shantivan pumping stations, near Kochrab ashram, near jivraj hospital, near yogeshwarnagar, which include many of the important business and Government offices of the city, suffered most.

FLOOD VUNERABLE ZONE AMC

EXISTING STORM WATER DRAINAGE OF STUDY AREA

PROPOSED STORM WATER DRAIN OF STUDY AREA

FLOOD VULNERABILITY

Vulnerability Total Area (Ha) Total Area (%)

Very Low Vulnerable

Zone

149 4%

Low Vulnerable Zone 422 11%

Moderate Vulnerable

Zone

1112 29%

High Vulnerable Zone 1453 38%

Very High Vulnerable

Zone

707 18%

GIS BASED EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM

Facilities in High Vulnerable Zone Slum Locations in High Vulnerable Zone

Facilities in Low Vulnerable Zone

NOAA’s LIDAR Image of Ground Zero of World Trade Center in New York City

COLOR Value (meters) Value (feet)

Dark Green -9.272 to 0 -30.42 to 0

Green 0 to 30 0 to 98.43

Yellow 30 to 100 98.43 to 328.08

Magenta 100 to 150 328.08 to 492.12

Red 150 to 201.19 492.12 to 764.59

GROUND PENETRATING RADAR(GPR)

Planning Scenario for a Major Earthquake in Ahmedabad City Anup Karanth [EP 0101]

M 6

M 6.5

M 7

damage area

Location of buildings in groups where there is possibility of maximum damage to buildings from the scenario earthquake.

EARTH QUAKE

Planning Scenario for a Major Earthquake in Ahmedabad City Anup Karanth [EP 0101]

Overlap showing the damage buildings for magnitude M7 with the existing land use

Planning Scenario for a Major Earthquake in Ahmedabad City Anup Karanth [EP 0101]

Urban Sprawl

Urban Sprawl

JAN 1999 JAN 2009 JAN 2011

MAY 1999 MAY 2009 MAY 2011

SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF LULC

Non builtupBuilt up Vegetation Waterbody AMC Zones

* C – Central, E – East, S – South, N – North, W – West, NW – New west

URBAN HEAT ISLANDS

JAN 1999 JAN 2011

MAY 1999 MAY 2009 MAY 2011

SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)NDVI: (NIR - RED)/(NIR + RED)

0.2 – 0.4-0.5 – 0.2 0.4 – 0.6 0.6 – 0.75JAN 2009

Grass land Dense vegetationBarren/rock sand/ScrubBuilt up

Pirana, Landfill site, Kharicut canal and Narmada Canal are the sources for agriculture practice

JAN 1999 JAN 2009 JAN 2011

MAY 1999 MAY 2009 MAY 2011

SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE

GRID LEVEL ANALYSIS OF LST WITH LULC DURING JANUARY 1999 GRID LEVEL ANALYSIS OF LST WITH LULC DURING JANUARY 1999 AND 2011 AND 2011

JAN 1999

JAN 2011

Vegetation

Non built up

Built up

Waterbody

AMC Zones

2 Km Grid

•For a comfortable, normally dressed adult, the weighted average temperature of the bare skin and clothed surfaces is about 80°F (27°C). Source: Human comfort & Health requirements, Radiation,Pg:10

< 26◦C: Lower risk to UHI impact (8.6 km2)26◦C - 28 ◦C : Moderate risk to UHI impact (208.2 km2)

> 28◦C : Higher risk to UHI impact (233.2 km2)

(Considering an area of 450 km2)

Weighted Sum Overlay Analysis For LST( 1999,2009, 2011)Weighted Sum Overlay Analysis For LST( 1999,2009, 2011)

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Hands on with GPSHands on with GPS

Recording The Tree’s Position

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““Mobile MappingMobile Mapping””

Integrates GPS technology and GIS software

Makes GIS data directly accessible in the field

Can be augmented with wireless technology

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Solutions need vision…Solutions need vision…

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But may be easier than we But may be easier than we think…think…

to use Technologyto use Technology

THANK YOU