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MORPHOLOGYMORPHOLOGY

2012 2012 –– Term Term 1 1

By:

Dr. Shadia Y. Banjar

/://SBANJAR.kau.edu.sahttp

http://wwwdrshadiabanjar.blogspot.com

9WORDSWORDS

10/11/20111 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

•Words are genuine linguistics units.

•In written texts, words are recognized by the white

spaces between them.

•In linguistic analysis, we are interested in spoken

words.

A. A. Definition of “word”

words.

•“A word’ is a free morpheme or a combination of

morphemes that together form a basic segment of speech” . Norman C. Stageberg

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Definition of “word”

“A word is…any segment of a sentence

bounded by successive point at which

pausing is possible”Charles F. Hockett

cont.,

Charles F. Hockett

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Words can be identified by the pauses

between them:

p p p p

p p p p p p p

Since the streetlamp is out, I must

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p p p p

call up our councilman.

•English words may be classified on the

basis of the kinds and combinations of

morphemes of which they are composed.

B. Simple and Complex Words

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WORDS

Classification of English Words

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Simple Words

Complex Words

Compound Words

1. Simple words consist of a single

free morpheme.

EXAMPLES: flea, long, spirit

2. Complex words contain, as their

immediate constituents (ICs), either

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immediate constituents (ICs), either

two bound forms or a bound and a

free form.

EXAMPLES: televise ,telephone

| visetele

Complex Words contain two Bound

Forms:

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Complex Words contain Bound and

free Forms:

| phone tele

ereras |

C. Compound Words

• Compound words have free forms, usually

two as their ICsICs::

��green green | | househouse

��out out || sideside

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��out out || sideside

• A small number of compound words have

three or four free forms as coordinate ICs.ICs.

Example: Example: happyhappy||--gogo||--luckylucky

spic|| and|| span

Compounds words resemble grammatical

structures in that they imply, though they do

not state, a grammatical relationship.

cont.,cont., Compound Words

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WordsWords

No.Implied Grammatical

StructureExamples

1. Subject + verb earthquake (…earth quakes)

2. Verb + object killjoy (kills joy)

Implied Grammatical Structure

Sample

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2. Verb + object killjoy (kills joy)

3. Verb + adverbial stopover (stops over)

4. Subject + be + adjectival highchair (chair is high)

5.Adjective modified by

prepositional phrasecarefree (… free from care)

Compound words can be distinguished from

grammatical structures in three ways:

1. Compound words cannot be divided by the

insertion of intervening materials between

the two parts, but grammatical structures can

Compound Words cont.,cont.,

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the two parts, but grammatical structures can

be so divided.

COMPARE:

�She is a sweetheart.

�She has a sweet heart.

22. . A member of a compound word cannot participate

in a grammatical structure. COMPARE: hard ball to base | | ball

modifier noun compound word

cont.,cont., Compound Words

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modifier noun compound word

‘very’ can be added:

� It was a very hard ball.

but not but not

� ** It was a very baseball.

3. Some compound nouns have different

stress patterns than grammatical structures.

Blúebìrd blûe bírd

cont.,cont., Compound Words

Example: Example:

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Blúebìrd blûe bírdCompound Word Grammatical Structure

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