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How do you say teacher?
Longer teeeeeeeeeeee cher
Highertea
cher
Louder TEA cher
All three combined
TEEEEEEEEEEE
cher
NATURE OF STRESS
stress is the relative prominence of syllalbes
What makes a syllable prominent?Louder in volume: ˈmʌŋki, əˈbaʊt Longer in duration: ɪmˈpɔːtnt, ˈflaʊəHigher in pitchDifferent vowel quality: strong vs weak
vowels
prominenceLoudness Length Pitch Vowel
quality
Stressed syllables
louder longer higher stronger
Unstressed syllables
quieter shorter lower weaker
Level of stress
Primary stress: strongest levelSecondary stress: ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒi
/əˌsəʊʃiˈeɪʃn/
/ˌɔːɡənaɪˈzeɪʃn/
/ˌeksplɔɪˈteɪʃn/Third level: unstressed syllablesNote: unstressed syllables with one of /ə i
u ɪ ʊ/ or a syllabic consonant are less prominent than other unstressed syllables
Level of stress
Unstressed weak syllables
Unstressed strong syllables
Secondary stress
Primary stress
Identify the level of stress
ExploitationOrganisationExplorationElevatorOperationCalculatorInformation
Identify the level of stressExploitation /ˌek.splɔɪˈteɪ.ʃn/
S s P wOrganisation /ˌɔːɡə.naɪˈzeɪ.ʃn/
S w s P w Exploration /ˌek.spləˈreɪ.ʃn/
S w P wElevator /ˈel.ɪ.veɪ.tə/
P w s wOperation /ˌɒp.əˈreɪ.ʃn/
S w P wCalculator/ˈkæl.kju.leɪ.tə/
P w s wInformation /ˌɪn.fəˈmeɪ.ʃn/
S w P w
Note: P = primary stressS = secondary stresss = unstressed strong syllablesw = unstressed weak syllables
Placement of stress within the word
Morphological category: simple or complex (containing prefixes or suffixes) or compound
Grammatical category: noun, verb, adj..Number of syllables: disyllabic, trisyllabic,
polysyllabic.
Eg. /penˈʌl.tɪ.mət/ preante ante penult ult
Phonological structure of the syllables: strong or weak
Pre-ante-penultimate
Ante-penultim
ate
Penultimate ultimate
Noun and adjective stressDisyllabic words: > 80% stressed penult
NounsBalanceFatherAgentChickenCookiesEmpire
AdjectivesCommonAbsentFluentActiveEarlyYellow
exceptionsWeak penult => stressed ultEg. Balloon, brazil, alive, japan.Enough, remote, sincere.Strong penult + strong ultEg. Typhoon, shampoo, okay
trisyllabic and longer nouns
Stress penult if strong TomorrowDiplomaComputerStress antepenult if penult is
weakAnimalBuffaloExperimentHippopotamus
Verbs stress
Stress ult if strongEg. Achieve, digest, interfere, replyStress penult if ult is weakEg. Balance, punish, differ, harvest
exceptions
Advertise, industrialise, organiseIllustrate, alternate, concentrate,
educateRescueMultiplyAnalyse(stress antepentult)
Stress-bearing suffixes
-ade: lemon - lemonade-aire: million – millionaire-ation: realise – realisation-ee: refuge –refugee-eer: mountain – mountaineer-ese: Japan – Japanese-ette: cigar – cigarette-esque: picture – picturesque
Stress-shifting suffixesStress on the syllable immediately preceding the suffix:
-ial: substance – substantial-ian: library – librarian-ical: geography – geographical-icide: insect – insecticide-ic: period – periodic-ify: person – personify-ious: luxury – luxurious-ity: humid – humidity-ual: context – contextual-eous: advantage – advantageous-graphy: photo – photography-ion: perfect – perfection-ive: reflex - reflexive
Stress-neutral suffixes
-able: comfort – comfortable-age: anchor – anchorage-ess: lion – lioness-ful: wonder – wonderful-hood: brother – brotherhood-ing: amaze – amazing-ism: national-nationalism-ist: science – scientist-ize: special - specialise
Stress-neutral suffixes
-less: bottom – bottomless-ly: occasional – occassionaly-ment: entertain – entertainment-ness: happy – happiness-ous: poison – poisonous-some: burden – burdensome-fy: glory – glorify-wise: other – otherwise-ty: certain - certainty
Words with >= 4 syllables-ary, - ator, -mony, -acy, -oryStress on preantepenultEg. Vocabulary, calculator, ceremony, accuracy, category.
Compound nounsN + N: bedroomN + V: rainfall, haircutN + V-ing: bird-watchingAdv + N: bystanderAdv + V: input, outputAdj + N: greenhouse, software,
loudspeakerAdj + V-ing: dry-cleaningV + adv: takeoff, dropoutVing + N: washing machineV + N: cookbook, crossroad
Stress in compound nounsMostly stress on the first partN + N: bedroomN + V: rainfall, haircutN + V-ing: bird-watchingAdv + N: bystanderAdv + V: input, outputV + adv: takeoff, dropout, makeupVing + N: washing machineV + N: cookbook, crossroad
Stress in compound nouns
primary stress on 2nd part, secondary stress on 1st partAdj + nounLoudspeaker, fast food, new moonExceptions: greenhouse, blackboard, background.Adj + ing form: global warming,
central heating
Stress in compound adjectives
Noun + adj: fat-free, sky-high, snow-white
Adj + noun: long-term, high-profile, full-length, first-class, five-star
Adj/adv + pp/N-ed: well-dressed, bad-tempered, old-fashioned, kind-hearted
Adj/adv + ing: easy-going, hard-working, long-lasting, far-reaching
Self as 1st part: self-confident, self-employed
N + pp: wind-powered
Stress in compound adjectivesstress on the 2nd part
Noun + adj: fat-free, sky-high, snow-white
Adj + noun: long-term, high-profile, full-length, first-class, five-star
Adj/adv + pp/N-ed: well-dressed, bad-tempered, old-fashioned, kind-hearted
Adj/adv + ing: easy-going, hard-working, long-lasting, far-reaching
Self as 1st part: self-confident, self-employed
N + pp: wind-powered
Stress in compound verbsBlow-dry, babysit, hand-wash, bad-mouth, handpick, sleepwalkDowngrade, overflow, underestimate, upgrade, overbook
Stress in compound verbsStress on the 1st part:Blow-dry, babysit, hand-wash, bad-mouth, handpick, sleepwalkStress on the 2nd partparticle + V: Downgrade, overflow, underestimate, upgrade, overbook