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History of major events in special education.
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Taunya Hopkins
SPE/514 Survey of Special Populations
November 17, 2014
Professor Imani Akin
8 Major Events
Key Factors
Terminology
Restrictive Environment
Society’s Views
Significance of Event
Overview
(Tangent, LLC, 2014)
Terminology
Segregation & Emotional Impact
Restrictive Environment?
Environment denied
Society’s View
Exclusion is the current presiding rule
Significance
Gateway for Civils Rights Movement in Education
Segregation deemed unconstitutional in schools
Brown v. Board of Education -1954
(Tangent, LLC, 2014)
(Kinshasa, 2006)
Terminology
Mandated v. volunteered
Restrictive Environment?
High restriction still in place
Society’s View
World events drew attention to improving education for all students
Significance
First Federal program to support education for children with disabilities
State funded programs established
Bureau of Education for Handicapped - 1965
(Jeffers, 1993)
Terminology
Due Process Clause & Equal Protection Clause
Restrictive Environment? Access to education still denied by majority
Society’s View Viewpoint that children with disabilities are unable to
learn or fit in with ‘mainstream’ peers
Significance Case finding: placement in regular classroom is
preferable to special education classroom
PARC v. Pennsylvania -1972
(Friend &Bursuck, 2012)
Terminology
Due Process Clause & Sufficient Funds
Restrictive Environment?
Students with disabilities denied public education
Society’s View
Schools chose to deny students based on lack of funding
Significance
Established precedence- schools cannot deny education due to
funding issues
Mills v. D.C. Board of Education - 1972
(Gargiulo, 2012)
Terminology
Individualized Education Program (IEP)
Restrictive Environment?
Students must be placed in the least restrictive environment possible
Society’s View
States v. Federal gov’t disputed over the implementation and extent of rights and services
Significance
Schools receiving federal funding must provide free education for children with disabilities
Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) - 1975
Terminology:
CAT (computerized adaptive tests)
Cognitive disorders defined
Restrictive Environment?
Mandate required students with disability participate in state assessments
Society’s View:
Schools did not value students with disabilities because their ability could not be measured academically
Significance
Parents given right to sue if child’s services not met
State assessment allowed to be modified
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)- 1990
(Turnball, 2005)
Terminology
Permanent v. transitory
Restrictive Environment?
Creating accommodations such as wheelchair access
Society’s View
Initial unacceptance of making modifications in society
Significance
Right to attend public school
Protects the rights of all individuals with disabilities
Americans with Disability Act 1990
(Wrightslaw: Special education law, 2004)
Terminology:
Standards-based Education Reform
Restrictive Environment?
The standards test scores are all inclusive, but not necessarily the environment
Society’s View
Schools felt this standards-based requirement unrealistic
Significance
Mandates that ALL students reach proficiency levels in reading and math by 2014
No Child Left Behind- 2001
(Kossar, Mitchem, & Ludlow, 2005)
Summary
8 Major Events
Key Factors
Terminology
Environment
Society’s Views
Significance of Event
(Weebly, n.d.)
Friend, M., & Bursuck, W. (2012). Including students with special needs: A
practical guide for classroom teachers. (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Pearson
Gargiulo, R. M. (2012). Special education in contemporary society: An introduction to
exceptionality (4th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook
Collection database
Jeffers, J. T. (1993). An analysis of selected federal court decisions regarding special
education administration: Public policy and principles. (Order No. 9333179,
The University of Alabama at Birmingham). ProQuest Dissertations and
Theses, , 719-719 p. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview
/304046057?accountid=458. (304046057)
References
Kinshasa, K. M. (2006). An appraisal of brown v. board of education, topeka KS.
(1954) and the montgomery bus boycott. Western Journal of Black Studies,
30(4), 16-23. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/
200338638?accountid=458
Kossar, K., Mitchem, K., & Ludlow, B. (2005). No child left behind: A national study
of its impact on special education in rural schools. Rural Special Education
Quarterly, 24(1), 3-8. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/
docview/227212540?accountid=458
References (part II)
Tangent, LLC. (2014). Individuals, groups, & institutions. Retrieved from http://
wccushistory2.wikispaces.com/Individuals,+Groups,+%26+Institutions
Turnbull, H. R. III (2005). Individuals with disabilities education act reauthorization:
Accountability and personal responsibility. Remedial and Special Education, 2
6(6), 320-326. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.
com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/236325852?accountid=458
Weebly. (n.d.). Inclusive classrooms: A tool for teachers. Retrieved from http://tools
forinclusion.weebly.com/
Wrightslaw: Special education law. (2004, Spring). Palaestra, 20, 55. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/213173656?accountid=458
References (part III)