WINDOWS

• The most common types of windows are double-hung and hinged (or casement) windows

• All windows consist of two parts, the frame and the sash.

• The double-hung window (Figure 8-14) is made of upper and lower sashes that slide vertically past one another.

• Screens can be located on the outside of a double-hung window without interfering with its operation.

• Ventilators and window air conditioners may be placed with the window nearly closed. However, for full ventilation of a room, only one-half of the area of the window can be used.

• Casement windows (out-swinging or in-swinging) may be hinged at the sides, top, or bottom. Casements have the advantage of catching a parallel breeze and slanting it into a room.

· Out-swinging. The casement window that opens out requires the window screen to be located on the inside with a device cut into its frame to operate the casement.

· In-swinging. In-swinging casements, like double- hung windows, are clear of screens, but they are extremely difficult to make watertight, particularly against a driving rainstorm.

WINDOW FRAMES• Window frames are made of four basic parts: the

head, the jambs (two), and the sill. (The sash is the framework that holds the glass in the window.)

• Where openings are provided, cut away the studs and for equivalent strength, double the studs on each side of the opening to form trimmers.

• Insert a header at the top. If the opening is wide, the header should also be doubled and trussed.

• At the bottom of the opening, insert the rough sill.• Sills have a usual slope of 1 to 5 inches so that they

shed water quickly. They are wider than frames, usually extending about 1 1/2 inches beyond the sheathing. They also form a base for the outside finished casing.

WINDOW SASHES• A window is normally composed of an upper anda lower sash. There are two ordinary types

ofwood sashes: fixed or movable.• Fixed sashes are removable only with the aid of a carpenter.

• Movable sashes may slide up and down inchannels in the frame (double-hung), or they may swing in or out and be hinged at the side(casement type).

• Sliding sashes are counterbalanced by sashweights that weigh half as much as the sash.Sashes are classified as single or divided,according to the number of pieces of glass (or lights).

Window terminology

Window terminology

Extruded aluminum frame assembly

Extruded aluminum frame section

Vinyl window section

Vinyl-clad wood windows

IRONMONGERY

IRONMONGERY

• Ironmongery is a general term which is applied to builders hardware and includes such items as nails, screws , bolts, hinges, locks, window and door fittings

IRONMONGERY

Nails• Nailing is the most basic and most commonly used

means of attaching members in wood frame construction.

• Usually, nailing is used as a structural connection and appearance is not a factor.

• Exceptions to this are nails used for cladding, decking and finish work, where care in the selection of the type of nail can lead to enhanced appearance.

Types of Nails

• ROUND WIRE NAIL - This is used for general work. It is not attractive in shape and it can split wood when hammered in position

• OVAL WIRE NAIL - This is a long nail and care must be taken when it is hammered into the wood. It is unlikely to split the wood.

Types of Nails

• LOST HEAD NAIL - This is ideal if it is necessary to hide the head of the nail as a punch can be used to hammer the head beneath the surface level.

•• PANEL PIN - A very popular way of joining

woods although glue is usually included as part of the join

Types of Nails

• TACK - Can be used for fixing textile materials to wood for example, fixing upholstery to furniture.

• SPRIG - This no head and is generally used for fixing glass to glass in wood frames.

Types of Nails

• ANNULAR NAIL - The teeth of this nail hold it in place firmly. Therefore, it is used for fixing plywood and other materials.

• HARDBOARD PIN - The diamond shaped head is hidden when used in materials like hardboard

Nail Types

ScrewsScrews

• Screws rely on their threads to develop resistance towithdrawal.

• Nails are faster to install but rely mainly on friction to resist withdrawal.

• For this reason, designs should ensure that nails are loadedlaterally and that withdrawal loads are kept to a minimum.

• Wood screws are usually used for finishing rather than for structural framing.

• Screws find some applications in structural framing as in the case of floor sheathing which is glued and screwed to the joists or the positive attachment of gypsum wallboard to support members.

• They are higher in cost than nails because of the machiningrequired to make the thread and the head.

• Screws are designed to be much better at resisting withdrawal than nails.

Types of Screws

COUNTERSUNK - SLOT HEAD:• This can be used for general

woodworking for example fitting hinges to doors. Because the screw is countersunk it can be tightened 'flush' to the surface of the material.

POZIDRIV HEAD:• Used with special screw

drivers which will not slip when pressure is applied. This is ideal when using screws in corners or confined spaces.

ROUND HEAD SCREW:• These are used for fixing pieces

of material together where countersunk holes are not being used. Round head screws can look quite decorative especially if they are made of brass.

RAISED HEAD SCREW:• Used to fit door handle

plates and decorative features that must look good.

DOME HEAD SCREW:Can be used for fitting fixtures such as

mirrors. The 'cap', which is the dome shape is usually chromed or made from brass and this can be a good feature. It also makes the head of the screw safe as the doom has no sharp edges to catch and cut hands/fingers.

CHIPBOARD SCREWS:• The thread on this type

of screw extends all the way along the length. It is best used with chipboard

SELF-TAPPING SCREWS:• these are normally used to cut a

thread in metal. A hole is drilled in the metal, a fraction smaller than the width of the screw. The self-tapping screw is then turned into the hole cutting a thread

Ironmongery

Cavity Fixings• Various fixing devices are available for fixing

components to thin materials of low structural strength such as plasterboard and hardboard.

• Cavity fixings are designed to spread the load over awide area of the board. Such fixings are :

Steel spring togglesSteel gravity togglesRubber cavity fixings

Steel Spring Toggles• Available in small, medium and large.• For fixing ceiling lights, radiators and book

shelves in plasterboard and lath and plaster.• Also suitable for general electrical fittings

intoplasterboard, etc.

Steel Spring Toggles• Spring –actuated wings open out when the

toggle fixing has been inserted through a hole in the board and spread out on the reverse side of the board.Spring toggles are specially suited to suspend fixtures from a ceiling.

Spring Toggle

Steel Gravity Toggles• When inserted horizontally into a hole in the

board , the long eng of the toggle drops and is pulled against the reverse side of the board when the screw is tightened.

Rubber Cavity Fixings• A rubber , in which a nut is embedded is

inserted horizontally through a hole in board , the tightening of the screw causing the sleeve to compress and grip the reverse side of the board. This fixing device forms an airtight, waterproof and vibration resistant fixing.

Hinges• Hinges are devices used to attach doors

,windows and gates to a frame,lining or postso that they are able to pivot about one edge.

• Hinges are classified by their function,length of flap and material used.

Hinges

Material used for hinges are :• Steel• Brass• Cast iron• Aluminium• Nylon with metal pins.

HingesTypical Examples of Hinges commonly used are :• Steel butt hinges• Steel double flap butt hinge• Rising butt hinge• Parliament hinge• Tee hinge• Band and hook• Butterfly hinge• Flush hinge• Barrel hinge• Concealed hinge• Continuous hinge

Hinges

Steel butt hinges• Comes in a range of

sizes from 13mm to 150mm and is normally used for cabinet doors. They are very strong but cannot be adjusted once they are fitted.

Hinges

Steel Double flap butthinge

• Same as the butt hinge but made from two steel strips to give extra strenght.

Hinges

Rising Butt hinge• Used to make the door level rise as it

opened to clear carpets and similar floor coverings.

• The door will aslo act as a gravity self closing dorr when fitted with these butts which are sometimes called skew butt hinges.

Rising Butt Hinge

Hinges

Parliament Hinge• A butt hinge with a

projecting knuckle and pin enabling the door to swing through 180 degrees.

Hinges

ed

Tee Hinge• used mainly for

hanging matchboard (batten) doors where the weight is distribut over a large area.

Hinges

Band and Hook• A stronger type of tee hinge made from

wrought steel and used for heavy doors and gates.

Hinges

Butterfly Hinge• This is often used on

light-weight doors and different shapes and patterns are available. They are generally easy to fit.

Hinges

Flush Hinge• This type of hinge does

not require a recess to be cut. They are not as strong as butt hinges but can be used for light-weight doors and small box construction.

Hinges

Barrel Hinge• This comes in two parts.

The threaded part of the hinge is screwed into a pre-drilled hole. They are easy to fit and the hinge can be dismantled.

Hinges

Concealed Hinge• These normally come in

two sizes (25mm and 36mm. The hinge is adjustable once fitted and is designed with chipboard.

Hinges

Continuous Hinge• This is a hinge that comes in different

lengths and can be bought in brass or steel. It is ideal where a long hinge is required such as a desk top or a cupboard door. Small countersink screws are normally used to fix it in position.

Casement Window Furniture

• In the casement window, there are two major parts required for the opening of sash which are :

1. Fasterner – is the security device2. Stay – which holds the sash in the opened

position.

• Fasterner operate by the blade being secured in a mortice cut into the frame or by the blade locating over a projecting wedge or pin fixed to the frame.

• Casement stay can be obtained to hold the sash open in a number of set positions by using a pin fixed to the frame and having a series of locating holes in the stay or they can be fully adjustable by the stay sliding through a screw down stop fixed to the frame.

Casement Fastener

Casement Stay

Internal Fixings and ShelvesInternal Fixings• These includes fixings such as :1. Skirting2. Architraves3. Dado rails4. Picture rails5. Cornices6. Cupboard fittings7. Shelves

Skirting• Is a horizontal member fixed around the

skirt or base of a wall primarily to mask the junction between a wall finish and a floor .

• This skirting can be an integral part of the floor finishes such a tiles or made from timber.

Architraves• These a mouldings cut and fixed around door

and window openings to mask the joint between the wall finishes and the frame. Like skirting ,the usual material is timber but metal or plastic mouldings are avaible.Architraves are fixed with nails to the frame or lining and to wall.

Typical wood trim details

Dado Rails• These are horizontal mouldings fixed in a

position the walls from being damaged by the backs of chairs pushed against them.

• They are very seldom used today since modern chairs design renders them unnecessary .If used, they are fixed by nails directly to the wall or plugs inserted in the wall.

Picture Rails• These are moulded rails fixed horinzontally around

the walls of a room from which pictures may be suspended and are usually positioned in line with the top edges of the door architrave.

• They can be of timber or metal and like the dado rail are very seldom used in modern domestic buildings.Here the nail is aslo used to fix it.

Cornices• Cornices are timber or plaster ornate

mouldings used to mask the junction between the wall and ceiling.

Cupboard Fittings• Usually supplied as a complete fittings• Only requires positioning in site• The cupboard needs to be plugged and

screwed to the wallShelves• Shelves is part of a cupboard fitting

Shelves and Supports

Shelves and Supports

Kitchen Fittings• The cupboards and drawers are

manufactured and preassembled.• Then fixed using metal brackets and purpose-

made plastics.• The materials vary such as chipboard,plywood

or timber.• In the fittings , accessories such as wine ,plate

and glass racks can be installed.