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Allen [email protected]
I. PhD Student
VU University, Amsterdam
Prof. Mark van Vugt
II. My focus
Evolution of leadership
Face perception
Charismatic leadership
Prosociality
Religiosity
I. Independent Variables
I. Economic Context: Crisis or Prosperity?
ProsperityCrisis
I. Independent Variables
I. Economic Context: Crisis or Prosperity?
II. Facial Appearance: Masculine or Feminine?
Masculine Feminine
Feminine Masculine
Feminine Masculine
Feminine Masculine
I. Informed Consent
II. Independent Variables
I. Economic Context: Crisis or Prosperity?
II. Facial Appearance: Masculine or Feminine?
III. Dependent Variables
I. Leader Preference: Who do you prefer?
II. Leader Attributions: Which face looks more ___?
I. Leadership Preferences:
Who do you prefer?
I. Attributions:
Which face looks more _____?
Attractive
Competent
Dominant
Charismatic
Healthy
Leader-like
I. Political Orientation
II. Gender
III. Age
I. Evolutionary Leadership Theory How have leadership and followership evolved?
II. Adaptive Domains When do we need leaders?
III. Facial Appearance What can we learn from their faces?
IV. Congruency / Heuristics Are our preferences still being shaped by these heuristics?
Leader Attribute Facial CuesAdaptive
Domains
Follower
HeuristicExamples
Dominance
Masculinity
Conflict, WarFollow dominant
individual
Military,
CEO major
companyHeight to Width Ratio
Trustworthiness
FemininityCooperation,
Peace
Follow prosocial
individual
Politician,
NGO,
Hospital directorEthnicity
Competence
AgeKnowledge
(Social, Physical)
Follow informed
individual
Scientist,
Statesman,
EntrepreneurBabyfacedness
Attractiveness, Health
Symmetry / FAPhysical
Challenge
Follow healthy
individual
Sports Captain,
ExplorerSkin Coloration
Table 1. Facial Appearance and Leadership: An Evolutionary Framework
Facial cues may serve as inputs into an adaptive followership psychology
Domain-specific follower mechanisms
Example: “If threatened, follow a strong
individual” or
“If don’t know, follow an experienced individual”
I. A set of psychological adaptations which allow organisms to successfully negotiate the various challenges and opportunities of group life
II. Has allowed our increasingly larger groups to coordinateand take collective action (for good or bad)
III. Occurs spontaneously in nearly every context
IV. Strongly influenced by both contextual factors and biological cues
To gain access to greater resources
To allow us to migrate to new environments
To maintain social stability within our groups
To regulate intergroup relations
1
• Is this person a potential leader?
• Global traits
2
• In what domain?
• Coordination Problems
3
• Who is the prototypical leader?
• Specific domain-relevant traits
I. Masculinity / Femininity Masculinized faces preferred for intergroup conflict
Feminized for intragroup peacekeeping
II. Age Younger faces preferred for promoting change
Older faces preferred for maintaining stability
III. Height Taller individuals seen as more dominant, healthy, intelligent