By : Jyoti

Class : Xl

ID no : 4487

School : Mann Public School

INDEX

Meaning

Water management situation in following countries

1. India

2. Pakistan

3. Somalia

4. Sudan

5. Nigeria

6. UAE

Conclusion

MEANING

Water management is the activity of planning,

developing, distributing and optimum use of water

resources under defined water polices and

regulations. It includes: management of water

treatment of drinking water, industrial water, sewage

or wastewater. management of water resources.

THE SITUATION IN INDIA

Agriculture - 28% of GDP, 67% of employment

Irrigation - higher incomes, more secure livelihoods, reduces poverty

Irrigated area totals 90 million ha - surface water 39%, groundwater 47%, other sources 14%

Growing demands for domestic and industrial water supply

Increasing water scarcity - 9 out of 20 river basins deemed to be water scarce (< 1000 m3 per capita per year)

Groundwater table declining in many states

Gross irrigated area not rising despite continued investment

Poor performance of I&D schemes

Conflicts over water increasing

WUAs (Water Users Associations)established but not performing

AREAS FOR ACTION: •Institutional reform in the water sector

•Engagement with stakeholders

•Re-education of water professionals

•Education of politicians and planners

•Knowledge management

•Improved efficiency and productivity of water

•Demand management, reduction in water use

•Water trading

Threats and opportunities:

•Reducing reserve for development

•Increased risk from droughts

•Climate change

•Management options constrained

•Involvement of stakeholders

•Need for information dissemination

CURRENT ISSUES IN WRM (WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT )

•Historically water resources development has been carried out by the Irrigation Department

•Irrigation has dominated the WR development agenda

•No holistic view - Different agencies have different responsibilities for elements of WRM

•Industrial and domestic demands increasing but allocations controlled by another user –the ID

Action Plan(Form State Water Council )

•Separate the Irrigation Department into three branches:

–Water Resources Branch (WRB)

–Irrigation Services Branch (ISB)

–Irrigation Development Branch (IDB)

•Form River Basin Councils and prepare river basin plans

•Prepare the State Water Resources Management Plan (SWRMP)

•Prepare, consult and enact the draft Water Resources Act

Form the Water Resources Department

•Implement river basin plans

•Implement State WRMP and river basin plans

•Strengthen water resources management in universities and training establishments

ISSUES

Maintenance

–Outdated R&M norms and procedures

–Inadequate funds

Finance

–Water charges a tax, not a service fee. Not linked to needs.

–Low recovery rates

–Outdated fee assessment and recovery procedure

Management policy, processes and procedures

–Focused on construction rather than water management

–Employs mainly civil engineers

–Lack of focus on individual system performance

–Outdated systems, processes and procedures

On-farm issues

–Inadequately organised water distribution

–Low water use productivity

–Little or no planning for conjunctive use of surface and groundwater

–Insufficient uptake of modern technologies

THE SITUATION IN PAKISTAN

SOURCES OF WATER :

There are two types of major resources of water in

Pakistan, natural and artificial.

• Natural resources include rainfall, rivers, glaciers,

ponds, lakes, streams, karez and wells etc.

• Artificial resources consist of the surface water from rainfall and rivers, which is in excess of the

requirements for irrigation and other uses, is stored in

dams and reservoirs.

• The water from these dams and reservoirs is not only

used for irrigation and supplying water for daily

consumption, but also used for hydroelectric power generation.

UTILIZATION OF WATER :

Utilization Of Water Irrigation Out of 240.22 maf, 172.21 maf water is utilized for irrigation purposes.

Drinking Most of the rural and urban water is supplied from ground water through tube wells and hand pumps. Net consumption is normally about 2% of the total water available.

Industry Water is also utilized in Industries basically for cooling purposes and also in manufacturing processes. This utility is less than 1%.

Shortage of water :

As we all know that now a days the country is facing severe shortage of water. There are two main reasons, one natural due to prolong drought, which is beyond the control of a man, and the other due to the gross negligence in the development and miss-management of water resources.

Impact on economy / society :

Impact on economy / society Less water means less agricultural yields and to fulfill the food requirements of the nation, we will be dependent on other countries. Due to less production of main crops, which are wheat, cotton, sugar cane and rice, the Industries related to them will suffer adversely.

Less agricultural outputs will compel people to head towards urban areas for jobs, which will increase the unemployment further. The distribution of water is controlled from the center by IRSA (Indus river system authority) as per 1991 agreement between the provinces. Now the shortage of water will cause disputes between the provinces, which may cause harm to the national integrity.

WATER ISSUE BETWEEN

PAKISTAN & INDIA : Water Issue between Pakistan & India Concern is growing in

Pakistan that India is controlling the water flow of rivers that flow

from India into Pakistan.

Pakistan has raised objections to Indian water projects, but a

World Bank-appointed neutral expert rejected most of the Pakistani objections. Pakistani commentators, think that India is

controlling the river waters to strangulate Pakistani agriculture,

which could affect Pakistani exports and increase its

dependency on food imports.

THE SITUATION IN SOMALIA

Water is life. In Somalia, water is crucial as the livelihoods of the

majority of the population depends on agriculture and

livestock. Agriculture is mostly stallholder and subsistence

based and is practiced mainly in the South along the Juba and

Shabelle rivers and in the northern basins and natural oases. It is

susceptible to erratic and irregular rainfall patterns and high

potential evaporation losses leading to high water requirements of crops. Efforts towards relief, reconstruction and development

need to be underpinned by a comprehensive understanding of

the dimension and management of both ground and surface

water resources. SWALIM's primary role is to provide an

information resource for agencies active in the water sector in

Somalia. The project focuses on the areas of water sources (rural and urban), water supply, quality and quantity, irrigation,

river gauging network, climate monitoring and flood and

drought monitoring and early warning.

SWALIM(SOMALIA WATER SOURCES INFORMATION

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM )

SWALIM also undertakes specific field work to develop new data and to close identified information gaps.

Our partners can expect the following from SWALIM:

♦ Access to data collection tools and data management software

♦ Training and capacity-building in data collection and information management

♦ Access to highly developed, relevant information products and archives in a variety of formats through the client service platform

In addition all reports on studies and activities carried out in the water sector can be accessed through the SWALIM Digital Document Repository (SDDR) . Partners can be assured that information in SWALIM's archives is always credited to the original source.

Partners are encouraged to use data collection methodologies and information management tools developed by SWALIM to design water programmes, projects and policies and regularly share their data with SWALIM to ensure that information remains up-to-date.

THE SITUATION IN SUDAN Water resource management in Sudan faces a number of diverse

challenges from overuse and depletion of aquifers in central and

northern parts of the country, to potential contamination from

industrial and urban waste. Some areas are facing chronic

depletion of water resources year-on-year and are running dry.

UNEP in its Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment in 2007

made recommendations centred on developing Integrated Water

Resources Management (IWRM) approaches in Sudan. Today,

water resource management is one of the largest components of

UNEP’s programme in Sudan.

On a practical level, UNEP is working with the UN WASH cluster

and government authorities to monitor and mitigate the depletion

of groundwater in Darfur’s IDP camps and the larger towns. UNEP

is working with the Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources in

monitoring 23 locations where groundwater is potentially

vulnerable in a strategy laid out in the 2008 report, The case for

drought preparedness.

UNEP(UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME)

The Republic of the Sudan's diverse natural resources can help support economic growth and development and can also be valuable assets in helping to rebuild the Darfur region and other parts of the country that have suffered years of conflict.

UNEP is working with Sudanese national, state and local leaders, civil society and the international community to encourage the sustainable development of the country’s natural resources – with the ultimate aim of assisting the people of Sudan to achieve peace, recovery and development on an environmentally sustainable basis.

Sudan’s Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Physical Development is UNEP’s government counterpart. The principal UNEP Sudan donor is UKaid from the Department for International Development.

THE SITUATION IN NIGERIA

Water supply and sanitation in Nigeria, the largest African country

and the continent’s biggest oil exporter, is characterized by low

levels of access to an improved water source and limited access to

improved sanitation. Responsibility for water supply is shared

between three levels of government – federal, state and local.

Investments are mainly financed by foreign donors and fall short of

what is needed to achieve a significant increase in access.

According to the World Bank, in 2010 water production

facilities in Nigeria were “rarely operated to capacity due to

broken down equipment, or lack of power or fuel for

pumping.” The operating cost of water agencies is pushed

up by the need to rely on diesel generators or even having

to build their own power plants, since power supply is erratic.

Equipment and pipes are poorly maintained, leading to intermittent supply and high levels of non-revenue water.

Water supply and sanitation are not provided efficiently in Nigeria.

NATIONAL POLICIES AND INITIATIVES

Nigeria's National Water Supply and Sanitation Policy, approved in 2000, encourages private-sector participation and policy reforms at the state level. As of 2007, only four of the 37 states - Lagos, Cross River, Kaduna and Ogun States - began to introduce public-private partnerships (PPP) in the form of service contracts, a form of PPP where the responsibility of the private sector is limited to operating infrastructure without performance incentives. The capacity of local governments to plan and carry out investments, or to operate and maintain systems, remains low despite efforts at capacity development. The national policy focuses on water supply and neglects sanitation.

In 2003 a “Presidential Water Initiative (PWI): Water for People, Water for Life” was launched by then-President Olusegun Obasanjo. The initiative had ambitious targets to increase access, including a 100 percent water access target in state capitals, 75 percent access in other urban areas, and 66 percent access in rural areas.

In 2011 the government voted in the United Nations in favor of a resolution making water and sanitation a human right. However, it has not passed legislation to enshrine the human right to water and sanitation in national law. The country is not on track to reach the Millennium Development Goal for water and sanitation.

Since 2008 community-led total sanitation has been introduced in six states, including in Cross River State, with the support of UNICEF and the EU. While not being a national policy, apparently this grass-roots initiative has met with some success. More than 17,000 latrines have been built in 836 communities, and more than 100 of these communities have attained the goal of being declared free of open defecation.

THE SITUATION IN UAE The United Arab Emirates is among the top water-scarce

countries in the world. However the country has one of the world’s highest per capita water consumption of 550 liters per day. The country is experiencing a rapid increase in population which has in turn resulted in huge demand for water. In 2009, the total water demand in UAE was estimated at 4.5 billion m3 (BCM) which was met by groundwater (72%), desalinated water (21%) and retreated water (7%).

One of the largest contributors to water consumption is the use of air conditioning systems which is in widespread use because of high temperatures almost throughout the year.

Industries consume around 9 percent of all water consumption in the country.

Agricultural sector is responsible for two-thirds of all water consumption in the Emirates.

The government has made sufficient arrangements for supply of clean and drinkable tap water from desalination plants.

WAYS TO RESOLVE THIS PROBLEM

Replace old pipelines to stop water contamination.

Enforce a law requiring landlords to clean storage tanks.

Hire professionals to assist in tank cleaning.

Hire experts to carry out surprise inspections.

Incentivize people to use tap water by increasing bottled water prices.

Educate people about the benefits of consuming tap water.

Initiatives Motivate farmers to install drip irrigation systems.

Provide subsidy for installation of drip irrigation systems.

Educate farmers on how to operate and maintain drip irrigation systems.

Educate farmers and general public about long-term effects of water scarcity on agriculture.

CONCLUSION

The problems faced by the water sector in the country are many, acute and serious. Therefore, building of more reservoirs and an effective management strategy are the needs of time. Also implementation of the recommendations will enable the country to meet the challenges, and achieve the objectives of integrated, efficient, environmentally and financially sustainable development and management of limited water resources. At the same time it will enable us to utilize every drop of our water for our bright future.

The field of water resources management will have to continue to adapt to the current and future issues facing the allocation of water. With the growing uncertainties of global climate change and the long term impacts of management actions, the decision-making will be even more difficult. It is likely that ongoing climate change will lead to situations that have not been encountered. As a result new management strategies will have to be implemented in order to avoid setbacks in the allocation of water resources.

THANK YOU