Physical Science

The Universe Around Us

How does it Work?

What is it made of?

How does it affect us?

Astronomy

The Oldest Science

navigationcalendar systems

agriculture

Babylon & Egypt

Planetary motion

North Celestial Pole

Aristotle

Geocentrism

Perfect circles

Finite

Natural motion

Ptolemy

Retrograde motion

epicycles

Retrograde motion

Copernicus

Heliocentrism

Galileo

His evidence for Copernicanism:

Lunar valley shadowsSunspotsVenus’ phasesJupiter’s moons

Lunar Shadows

Sunspots

Venus’ Phases

Jupiter’s Moons

Planetary orbits = Ellipses

Johannes Kepler

Skywatching

The Reason for Seasons

Lunar phases

Lunar Orbit vs. Earth’s Orbit

Solar Eclipse

Solar Eclipse

Lunar Eclipse

Lunar Eclipse

Common Orbital Planes

Zodiac constellations

Planetary paths

The 7 day weekEnglish Sunday Monday Tuesda

yWednesday

Thursday Friday Saturday

French dimanche

Lundi Mardi Mercredi Jeudi Vendredi

samedi

Spanish

Domingo

Lunes Martes Miercoles Jueves Viernes

sabado

Italian Domenica

Luedi Martedi Mercoledi Giovedi Venerdi

sabato

German

Sonntag Montag Dienstag

Mittwoch Donnerstag

Freitag Samstag

Dutch Zondag Maandag

Dinsdag

Woensdag

Donderdag

Vrijdag

Zaterdag

Ecliptic = Sun’s path

Sun’s Path

Celestial Sphere

Circumpolar Constellations

Constellations

Modern Constellations

Ursa Majorvs.

“Big Dipper”

Legend of the Bear

Hibernation?

The Solar System

Beginning of the Solar System

Origins of the solar system

Solar nebula

Frequentcollisions

Many fragments

The Sun

Chief energy source(photosynthesis)

Nearest star

Mainly hydrogen & helium

Photosphere

Corona

1,000,000 K+

Highly ionizedGases

The Solar Wind

Aurora Borealis(northern lights)

Mercury

Smallest (4880 km)

88 day year

Synchronous orbit

Synchronous Rotation

Mercurian Magnetic Field

Messenger

Venus

“sister” of Earth

243 days = year

Atmosphere(100x Earth)

Venusian Atmosphere

Greenhouse effect

“Backward” Rotation

Previous Collision??

Mars

Red planet (rust)

686 days = year

Weak atmosphere(mainly CO2)

Martian Ice?

Martian Moons

Phobos & Deimos

Jupiter

12 years = year

10 hours = day

Volume = 1400Earths

Made of H, He

Great Red Spot

400+ year storm

Jupiter’s Interior

No solid surface

Galilean Moons

Saturn

29 year cycle

10 hour day

rings

Titan

Largest moon

Methane atmosphere and lakes

Solid water on surface

Uranus

First modern planet

discovered 1781

84 year cycle

Another collision victim

Neptune

Discovered mathematically (1846)

164 year cycle

Great Dark Spot

Pluto

Jan 23, 1930

Jan 29, 1930 Tombaugh

Pluto’s orbit

Plutonian Moons

Charon

Nix

Hydra

Kuiper Belt

Kuiper Belt objects

Oort Cloud

Comets

Meteors

Asteroid Belt

Ceres (1801)

Bode’s Law (1768)

Anleitung zur Kenntniss des gestirnten Himmels

“Let the distance from the Sun to Saturn be taken as 100, then Mercury is separated by 4 such parts from the Sun. Venus is 4+3=7. The Earth 4+6=10. Mars 4+12=16. Now comes a gap in this so orderly progression. After Mars there follows a space of 4+24=28 parts, in which no planet has yet been seen. Can one believe that the Founder of the universe had left this space empty? Certainly not. From here we come to the distance of Jupiter by 4+48=52 parts, and finally to that of Saturn by 4+96=100 parts.”

Planetary orbits = Ellipses

Johannes Kepler

Bode’s LawPlanet K Bode’s ActualMercury 0 0.4 AU 0.39 AUVenus 1 0.7 0.72Earth 2 1.0 1.00Mars 4 1.6 1.52

8 2.8 2.77Jupiter 16 5.2 5.2Saturn 32 10 9.54

Asteroids

Irregular shape

Cratered

small

Milky Way Galaxy

Celestial Distances

Earth - Moon 3.84 x 105 km

Earth-Sun 1.5 x 108 km

Sun-Pluto 5.9 x 109 km

Nearest Star

Proxima Centauri:

3.97 x 1013 Km

Light Year

C = 3 x 108 m/s

(3 x 108m/s) x (60 s/min) x

(60 min/hr) x (24hr/d) x (365.25 d/yr)

= 9.46 x 1015 m/yr

= 9.46 x 1012km/yr

Galaxies

Elliptical, spiral, irregular

Milky Way Galaxy

Stellar Characteristics

Brightness(magnitude)

Color(temperature)

Magnitude

Luminosity

Color

Star Sizes

Hertzsprung Russell diagram

Star Evolution

Star “Nursery”

Dust+

Gas+

Energy

Protostar Development

Fusion

4 1H -> 4He

Equilibrium

Brown Dwarf

Failed Star?

Red Giant

Triple Alphaprocess

3 He -> C

Planetary Nebula

Residual“Smoke ring”

White Dwarf

Sun Sized Star

Star Evolution

Supergiant Star

Betelgeuse

Supernova

SN1987A

105415721604

Crab Nebula

Pulsar

LGM project

Neutron Star

Black Holes

Evidence for Black holes

X-ray source

Spacetime distortion

Local Cluster of Galaxies

Red Shift

Hubble’s Law

V = H d

Steady State Model

Big Bang Theory

Evidence

Red shift

Hubble time (age)

Cosmic Backgroundradiation

Leftover Energy

The Future?

The Speed of Light

C = 3 x 108 m/s

Relativity

E = m c2

thus at c,

E = m

Relavitity

All motion is relative

Time Dilation

Time is relativeTwin paradox

Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction

€

L' = Lo 1−v2

c2

Relativistic Mass

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m' = mo

1−v2

c2

Relativistic Time

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to = t'

1 - v2

c2

Gravity Effect