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UNIT 2
START OF THE MODERN AGE
IN SPAIN & AMERICA3ºESOTeacher: Rocío Bautista
1st Millenium BC
PRE-ROMAN PEOPLE:
- Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, Tartessians.
- Iberians, Celts.
3rd Cent. BC – 476 AD
ROMAN HISPANIA
476 – 711
VISIGOTH KINGDOM
711 – 1492
Coexistence of...:
- AL-ANDALUS (south)
- CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS
(north)
1479 – 1516
CATHOLIC MONARCHS
(dynastic union of the Crowns of Aragon & Castilla)
1516 – 1700
HABSBURG DINASTY:
16th Century:- Carlos I- Felipe II
17th Century:- Felipe III- Felipe IV- Carlos II
Chronological axis Spanish history
ANCIENT HISTORY MIDDLE AGES MODERN AGE
KINGS OF SPAIN DURING THE MODERN AGE (UNTIL 1700)
THE HABSBURGS
(“LOS AUSTRIAS”)
AUSTRIAS MAYORES
(16th Century)
AUSTRIAS MENORES
(17th Century)
“the sun never
sets on the
Spanish empire”
Have you ever heard this saying?What do you think it means?
1. The reign of the Catholic Monarchs
1469: marriage between Isabel I of Castilla & Fernando II of Aragon
Isabel proclaimed herself Queen of Castilla in 1474 when her brother (Enrique IV) died, and consolidated her position in 1479 (Treaty of Alcaçovas end war against Juana la Beltraneja: Castilla for Isabel & hegemony in the Atlantic for Portugal).
Fernando became King of Aragon in 1479 when his father (Juan II) died.
1479: dynastic union of Castilla and Aragon:
Each had their own institutions, laws, currencies…
They only had in common the monarchs & some common aims.
Catholic Monarchs took the 1st steps
towards the Spanish hegemony in
Europe (consolidated in the 16th century
by Carlos I & Felipe II).
ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS THAT STRENGTHENED THE STATE
TERRITORIAL UNITY
· Annexation of Granada (1492) & Navarra (1512).
· Preparation of a future union with Portugal through marriage alliances (not effective until 1580 with Felipe II)
THE CAPITULATION OF GRANADA(Boabdil el Chico, the last emir of Granada, hands over the keys of the city to
the Catholic Monarchs on the 2nd of January 1492)
ARRANGEMENT OF STRATEGIC POLITICAL MARRIAGES BY THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS
ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS THAT STRENGTHENED THE STATE
RELIGIOUS UNITY
· Creation of the Tribunal of the Inquisition.
· Forced Jews (1492) & Muslims (1502)to convert to Christianity or leave.
TERRITORIAL UNITY
· Annexation of Granada (1492) & Navarra (1512).
· Preparation of a future union with Portugal through marriage alliances (not effective until 1580 with Felipe II)
ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS THAT STRENGTHENED THE STATE
RELIGIOUS UNITY
· Creation of the Tribunal of the Inquisition.
· Forced Jews (1492) & Muslims (1502)to convert to Christianity or leave.
TERRITORIAL UNITY
· Annexation of Granada (1492) & Navarra (1512).
· Preparation of a future union with Portugal through marriage alliances (not effective until 1580 with Felipe II)
STRONG FOREIGN POLICY to conquer
territories and enlarge their dominions
CASTILLA ARAGON
• Territories in Africa (Melilla, Algiers…)
•Canary Islands
•America
•Rousillon & Cerdanya(counties in S. France).
•Naples
•Sicily
•Sardinia
MEDITERRANEAN & ATLANTIC EXPANSION OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS. THEIR STRONG FOREIGN POLICY SET THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE SPANISH EMPIRE
MARRIAGE ALLIANCES + FOREIGN POLICY basis for the future Spanish Empire
ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS THAT STRENGTHENED THE STATE
RELIGIOUS UNITY
· Creation of the Tribunal of the Inquisition.
· Forced Jews (1492) & Muslims (1502)to convert to Christianity or leave.
ESTABLISHMENT OF AN AUTHORITARIAN MONARCHY
· IMPOSED THEIR AUTHORITY...- Reducing power of nobles (no armies), clergy (bishops
appointed by kings) & autonomy of cities (Corregidores).- Summoning the Cortes as little as possible.
· IMPROVED THE ADMINISTRATION...- Creating Councils (made up of experts in different
topics chosen by the king) to advise him.- Collecting taxes regularly.- Organizing a professional & modern army (tercios) &
creating the Santa Hermandad (police for countryside).
TERRITORIAL UNITY
· Annexation of Granada (1492) & Navarra (1512).
· Preparation of a future union with Portugal through marriage alliances (not effective until 1580 with Felipe II)
STRONG FOREIGN POLICY to conquer
territories and enlarge their dominions
CASTILLA ARAGON
• Territories in Africa (Melilla, Algiers…)
•Canary Islands
•America
•Rousillon & Cerdanya(counties in S. France).
•Naples
•Sicily
•Sardinia
COUNCILS TO ADVISE KINGS IN DIFFERENTS ASPECTS (“POLISINODIAL SYSTEM”). THEREFORE, THE “CORTES” INCREASINGLY LOST
IMPORTANCE.
The Spanish “Tercios”: Spanish military units composed of 3,000 soldiers. They were based on the combination of different weapons: musket (mosquete), harquebus (arcabuz) & pike(pica).
Isabel & Fernando reigned together until her death (1504). From that year onwards:
Aragon continued to be ruled by the king Fernando.
Castilla ruled by Juana la Loca (daughter of the Catholic Monarchs) & Felipe el Hermoso (son of the German Emperor, Maximiliano I of Austria). When Felipe died (1506), Juana was declared mentally ill and confined in a castle in Tordesillas (Valladolid), and her father Fernando ruled Castilla in her name until he died (1516).
1. The reign of the Catholic Monarchs
LA REINA DOÑA JUANA "LA LOCA", RECLUIDA EN TORDESILLAS CON SU HIJA, LA
INFANTA DOÑA CATALINA
(1906, Francisco Pradilla. Prado Museum)
Activity 1:
Who took the first steps towards the Spanish hegemony in Europe and the creation of the Hispanic Empire? When was it consolidated?
How did the Catholic Monarchs achieved the territorial unity? And the religious unity?
Define:• Dynastic union• Tribunal of the Inquisition• Santa Hermandad• Councils (“Consejos”)• Tercios
P. 36 exercises 1, 4
The reign of the two first Habsburgs (Carlos I & Felipe II)
meant the hegemony of Spain: it became the most powerful
country in Europe with dominions all over the world.
2. The Hispanic Monarchy
Carlos I of Spain and V of Germany
1516: became king of Spain
when his maternal
grandfather, Fernando el
Católico, died.
1519: became German
Emperor when his paternal
grandfather, Maximiliano I,
died.
He accumulated a huge
inheritance!!!
Carlos I of Spain and V of Germany
INHERITANCE OF CARLOS I:
From his maternal grandmother
(Isabel I of Castilla)
Castilla
Navarra
New territories in Africa & America
From his maternal grandfather
(Fernando II of Aragon)
Aragon
Naples
Sicily
Sardinia
Rousillon & Cerdanya
From his paternal grandmother
(María of Borgoña)
Low Countries (Flanders)
Luxembourg
Franche-Compté (Franco Condado)
From his paternal grandfather
(Maximiliano I of Austria)
Territories in Austria
Title of German Emperor
Activity 3: design a genealogical tree of Carlos I. Include: his grandparents, his parents, his wife (Isabel de Portugal)
and his heir.
Activity 2: colour in a map of the inheritance of Carlos I. Include a legend
to specify which territories were inherited from each of his grandparents.
Carlos I of Spain and V of Germany
In Castilla
Revolt of the
Comuneros.
In Aragon
Revolt of the
Germanías.
France
Turks (Ottoman
Empire)
Protestants
INTENAL CONFLICTS EXTERNAL CONFLICTS
Carlos I of Spain and V of Germany
a) INTERNAL CONFLICTS:
When he arrived in Spain (1517), he was seen as a
foreigner:
Born and raised in the Low Countries.
Couldn't speak Spanish.
Chose Flemish councillors for high posts, instead of Spaniards.
Increased taxes to finance foreign issues.
1520-23: the discomfort with the new foreigner king led to 2 revolts:
In Castilla Revolt of the Comuneros
In Aragón Revolt of the Germanías
Popular revolts aroused in Castilla & Aragon due to the disagreement with the new king.
“Execution of the Comuneros of Castilla” (Antonio Gisbert, 1860).
Depicts the beheading of the leaders of the revolt (Juan de Padilla, Juan Bravo y Francisco Maldonado), who were defeated in the battle of Villalar (1521)
Carlos I of Spain and V of Germany
b) EXTERNAL CONFLICTS:
Carlos I was in constant war against...
EXTERNAL CONFLICTS OF CARLOS I
The Turks(OttomanEmpire)
TheProtestants
France
Battle of Pavía(1525).
The king of France (Francisco I) was
defeated and Carlos I annexed
Milan to his empire.
VS France: Carlos I fought against
France which was surrounded by
Habsburgs’ territories. They fought over
control of north Italy Carlos I
annexed Milan.
Carlos I annexed Milan to the Spanish Empire (1525)
The Conquest of Tunis (1535), then under the control of the Ottoman Empire, by the
Spanish Empire.
VS the Turks (Ottoman Empire): who
were a threat in Central Europe & the
Mediterranean. Carlos I annexed Tunis
VS the Protestants: some German
princes converted to Lutheranism,
and demanded autonomy from
Charles I. After many years
fighting, Carlos I recognised
religious freedom in
Germany (Peace of Augsburg,
1555)
PEACE OF AUGSBURG (1555)Representatives of the German estates at the Augsburg conference discuss the possibilities of a religious peace.
The front page of the treaty: each prince
could chose the religion in his dominions
Carlos I of Spain and V of Germany
1556: tired of so many conflicts,
Carlos I abdicated the throne and
retired to Extremadura (Monastery
of Yuste) where he died in 1558.
The Spanish Empire (Spain, Spanish
territories in America, the Low
Countries, Naples, Sicily…) to his
son Felipe II
German Empire to his brother
Fernando.
”Abdication of Carlos V” (L. Gallait, 1841). It depicts the abdication of Carlos V on the 25th of October 1555 in the imperial palace of the Low Countries (Brussels).
Activity 4: match the following dates & events, and draw a chronological axis with them:DATES: 1516 / 1517 / 1519 / 1520-23 / 1555 / 1556 / 1558EVENTS:• Peace of Augsburg.• Carlos I becomes emperor of the German Empire.• Death of Carlos I.• Abdication of Carlos I.• Fernando II dies and Carlos I becomes king of Spain.• Popular revolts in Castilla & Aragón (Comuneros & Germanías).
• Carlos I moved from the Low Countries to Spain where he isn’t well received.
Activity 5: explain the main external conflicts that Carlos I had to confront, and the territorial/political consequences that they had.
Felipe II
1556: inherited the Spanish
Empire (Spain, Spanish
territories in America, the Low
Countries, Naples, Sicily…)
from his father.
Since he wasn’t the German
Emperor, he governed in
Spain’s benefit. To do so, he
established a permanent court
in Madrid (1561), which
became the capital of Spain.
Felipe II
Revolt of the Moriscos
(“Revuelta de las
Alpujarras”)
France
Turks (Ottoman Empire)
Protestants in the Low
Countries
England
Annexation of Portugal
INTERNAL CONFLICTS EXTERNAL CONFLICTS
a) INTERNAL CONFLICTS:
1568 Revolt of the Moriscos (“Revuelta de lasAlpujarras”) in Granada
Cause: the “Pragmatic Sanction” that pressured the Moriscos(Muslims converted to Christianity) to abandon their culture:
Forbid Arab culture (language, clothes, music, baths, names…).
Forced them to learn Spanish.
Consequence:
Felipe II put an end to the revolt.
The Moriscos who survived were dispersed to other cities of Spain to avoid new revolts.
Felipe II
Places where the “moriscos” rebelled against the Pragmatic Sanction.
b) EXTERNAL CONFLICTS:
Felipe II was also in constant war against...
EXTERNAL CONFLICTS OF FELIPE II
England
Portugal (external issue,
not conflict)
The protestants in the Low Countries
The Turks(OttomanEmpire)
France
Felipe II
BATTLE OF SAN QUINTÍN (1557)France VS Spain
France: the French invaded
Naples, so the Spanish army
in the Low Countries
counterattacked invading
France. The French were
decisively defeated in the
Battle of San Quintín.
BATTLE OF SAN QUINTÍNFrance VS Spain
It ended the 10th of August 1557, festivity of San Lorenzo (a saint who was
burned to death in a grill).
To conmemorate this victory, Felipe II built the “Monastery of San Lorenzo de El
Escorial”...
Noticed that it has the shape of a grill?!?
VIDEO: BATTLE OF
LEPANTO (1571)
Catholics (Holy League)
VS
Ottoman Turks
Do you know who
“El Manco de Lepanto”
is?
VS the Turks (Ottoman Empire): Felipe II
allied with Venice & the Pope and formed
a fleet (“Holy League”) which defeated the
Turks at the Battle of Lepanto.
The protestants in the Low
Countries: Felipe II seen as a
foreigner by the Flemish (born in
Spain, court in Madrid...) +
expansion of Protestantism...
Flemish rebelled demanding
autonomy (1566). It was the
beginning of the 80 Years War.
In 1579 the northern Low
Countries declared themselves
independent forming the United
Provinces, but the war
continued.
EIGHTY YEARS WARSpain
VS
United Provinces (northern Low Countries)
In 1579 the northern provinces of the Low Countries, mostly Protestant, declared themselves independent creating the
“United Provinces” (Union of Utrecht).
The southern provinces, mostly Catholic, remained loyal to Felipe II (Union of Arras)
in order to receive protection against Protestants’ attacks.
However, the war between Spain & the protestants of the United Provinces
continued until 1648. (Eighty Years War: 1566-1648. Felipe IV recognized their independence in the
Peace of Westfalia).
“LA RENDICIÓN DE BREDA”(DIEGO VELAZQUEZ, 1634)
The Siege of Breda (1624–25) occurred during the Eighty Years' War. The siege resulted in Breda (a Dutch fortified city) falling into the control of the Spanish Army of Felipe IV.
The Siege of Breda is considered one of Spain's last major victories in the Eighty Years' War. Spanish armies regained the formidable reputation they had held in the past century.
England: due to the English support to the Dutch, English piracy
against Spanish ships that came from America & Anglicanism.
The Spanish Armada wasn’t able to invade England due to the bad weather, it wasn’t possible to pick up the soldiers
from the Low Countries (which were suffering the Protestant rebellion), food rotted (since the wood was still humid)…
Felipe II planned the invasion
of England by sending the
“Armada Invencible”
Spain’s first major defeat.
The Spanish Empire under Felipe II after the annexation of Portugal (1580)
Another important event was the Annexation of Portugal (1580)
1598: the died in the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El
Escorial, being succeeded by his son Felipe III.
Felipe II
“Last moments of
Felipe II”.
Francisco Jover y
Casanova
Activity 6:
• Define:- Battle of San Quintín- Battle of Lepanto- Revolt of the Alpujarras
• Explain why did the “Armada Incencible” failed.
SPANISH CONQUEST
OF AMERICA
What do we celebrate on this date??
“Día de la Hispanidad” (Spain)
“Columbus Day” (US) every 2nd Monday of October.
VIDEO:
https://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=aF_unlvjccA
http://www.theguardian.com/co
mmentisfree/2014/oct/13/christ
opher-columbus-slaughter-
indigenous-people-history
Exploration & Conquest
Discovery took place during the
reign of the Catholic Monarchs
(1479 – 1516)
Exploration & conquest of
territories occurred mostly during the
reign of Carlos I (1516-1556)
Famous explorers:
Vasco Nuñez de Balboa
Magallanes & Elcano
Famous conquistadors:
Hernán Cortés
Francisco Pizarro
Vasco Nuñez de Balboa
1513: Crossed the Panama
isthmus and discovered the
Pacific Ocean
Magallanes and Elcano
1519-1522: Magellan and Elcano first circumnavigated the
world (demonstrated with certainty that the Earth was round)
Magellan was killed in battle in the Philippines
The Conquest of America:
characteristics
Rapid process:
Superior WEAPONS:
• Firearms (musket, harquebus)
• Metal armours
• Horses
Conquistadors were
identified as GODS
Traditionally, it has been widely held that the Aztecs initially believed the landing of Hernán Cortés in 1519 to
be Quetzalcoatl's return.
However, this view has been questioned by historians who argue that there is little proof of the Quetzalcoatl-Cortés connection, which is not found in any document that was created
independently of post-Conquest Spanish influence. Most documents expounding this theory are of entirely Spanish origin (e.g.: Cortés's letters to Carlos I, in which Cortés goes to great pains to present
the naive trustfulness of the Aztecs in general as a great aid in his conquest of Mexico).
Quetzalcóatl
-
Hernán Cortés
Another factor that made the conquest easier were
the diseases.
Mainly due to European diseases: smallpox (viruela),
measles (sarampión)…
Native population dropped hugely.
The Conquest of America:
characteristics
Mercenary army
Few number of soldiers
(compared to indigenous armies)
Low-nobility & commoners who
wanted to become rich.
The Conquest of America:
characteristics
The conquest of America was not undertaken
directly by the State. It was based on
Capitulations:
Contract where the Crown & an explorer
fixed the terms under which an enterprise of
conquest was to be carried out.
The explorer had to pay the expedition.
In exchange, the explorer would receive different
benefits:
Become governor of the territory
Big extensions of lands
Part of the riches. Usually 20% had to be given to the
Crown (“El Quinto Real”)
The Conquest of America:
characteristics
a) Conquest of Mexico
Hernán Cortés
b) Conquest of Peru
Francisco Pizarro
c) Other conquests
The Conquest of America:
phases
Hernán Cortés
1519 – 21: conquered the Aztec
Empire (centre & South of
modern-day Mexico)
Hernán Cortés identified with the
god Quetzalcoatl.
Spaniards made alliances with
rival tribes, and captured king
Moctezuma who was later killed
by an Aztec revolt.
The Spaniards finally seized &
conquered Tenochtitlan (capital)
in 1521.
Model of the Aztec City of Tenochtitlan (National Museum of
Anthropology in Mexico City)
Francisco Pizarro
1531 – 33: conquered the Inca Empire
(Modern-day Perú & parts of Ecuador,
Bolivia…).
Pizarro identified with the god
Viracocha.
They captured the king Atahualpa, who
offered a room full of gold & 2 full of
silver for his freedom. The Spaniards
accepted, but executed him a bit later.
Then the incas started internal disputes
over who should succeed him. The
Spaniards took advantage of this
situation and conquered Cuzco (capital)
in 1533.
Machu Picchu
Further conquests
Spanish gained territories in:
Rest of Central America
South America (except Brazil)
South of North America
(Florida, Texas, California)
Philippines
Activity 7:
• P. 42 ex. 1
• Explain the characteristics of the process of conquest of America
• Draw a map of America locating:- Aztec Empire, its capital & king- Inca Empire, its capital & king- Include the name of the conqueror of each of these empires and the chronology of their conquest.
Government & administration
Government: new territories were governed from Castilla by the
Council of the Indies controlled affairs in the Americas &
drafted laws.
Administration: the territory was
organized in 2 viceroyalities: large
territories controlled by a viceroy, direct
representative of the king.
Viceroyalty of New Spain
Viceroyalty of Peru
Spanish exploitation of America
(economic activities)
America
provided Spain
with a source of
unparalleled
wealth in the
form of natural
resources (and
labor).
Mining
Mining for gold & silver were extremely important.
“Mita” system: system by which the Spanish
government required Indians to perform periodic
paid forced labour, especially in the mines. Salaries
were insufficient: workers had to pay for living
expenses & they were charged taxes.
Most important gold & silver mines:
Potosí (Bolivia) - silver
Zacatecas (Mexico) - gold
Have you heard the expression “Vale un Potosí”?!?!
• Cerro Rico was famous
for providing vast
quantities of silver for
Spain during the period
of the New World
Spanish Empire.
• 41,000 metric tons of
pure silver were mined
from Cerro Rico between
the 16th & 18th centuries.
Cerro Rico in Potosí
(Bolivia)
Other economic activities
Agrarian activities Trade
Undertaken in large agrarian
properties: Haciendas agriculture
Estancias livestock farming
Labor force consisted of indians &
Africans under a system of
“encomienda” (similar to feudalism). The “encomendero” was granted a
specific number of natives, which he
had to take care of (protection, place
to live, evangelization…)
In return, the natives worked for them
& paid tributes (metals, agricultural
product…)
Monopolized by Castilla.
Organized from the “Casa de
Contratación” (Sevilla)
controlled the ships, goods &
people coming and going to
the Indies.
THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
Spain (Europe) America
• European crops (wheat, barley, oats, vines, olives) & livestock (horses, cows, pigs, chickens)
• Asian crops (coffee, sugar)
America Spain (Europe)
• Maize
• Tomatoes
• Potatoes
• Green beans
• Pepper
• Cocoa
• Tobacco
• Turkey
• Tropical fruits
Now Spanish Royalty could finally enjoy… TORILLA DE PATATA!!!!
Consequences
For the Native Americans…what do you think? Positive, negative, mixed???
And for the Spaniards???
Consequences for the Natives
MOSTLY NEGATIVE:
Civilizations destroyed
Severe demographic decline
Diseases
Forced labour
Religious conversion
Forced to abandon their culture & traditional
economy
CATHOLICS AROUND THE WORLD
Spain set out on the mission to
Christianize the Natives
Indigenous practices were suppressed
and many Natives were pushed to
convert to Catholicism
Consequences for Spain
MOSTLY POSITIVE
Crown of Castilla was rewarded substantially for exploration &
colonization
Conquest stimulated Spanish trade & economy, and financed
Spanish hegemony in the 16th century
Negative:
2,000 – 3,000 Spanish emigrants/year
Spain extracted so many precious metals that it caused
inflation of prices (products became more expensive) in the
home country money lost value because there was so much
supply of gold & silver.
Activity 8:
• Define:• Council of Indies• Viceroyalties•Mita system• Encomienda system• Casa de Contratación
• Devise two charts:a) Traded products between America &
Spain.b) Consequences of the conquest for natives
& for Spain.
