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Unit 2 Notes for Timeline
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Things to think about…
1) What considerations should guide the development of American foreign policy?
2) When should the United States go to war?
3) What responsibilities do people with power have to those people who have less power?
4) Did America’s emergence as a world power move it closer or further away from its founding ideals?
Part 1 - Imperialism
America as a World Power
Key Terms
Isolationism Collective Security Internationalism Imperialism Protectorate – Area protected and
partially controlled by another nation
Reasons For U.S. Imperialism
1) Global Competition2) Cultural Superiority3) Military Power 4) New Markets
1) Global Competition
Competition with European countries Africa and Asia seen as main targets
Only two African countries remain independent
Theodore Roosevelt’s desire to be a world power
This is what world powers do“As one of the great nations of the world, the
United States must not fall out of the line of march.”
~ U.S. Senator
What does this mean???
2) Cultural superiority
Social Darwinism racial superiority America’s duty to “Christianize and
Civilize” Idea that God had willed the United
States to be greater than all other nations (Manifest Destiny)
Rudyard Kipling’s, “White Man’s Burden”
Josiah Strong’s, “Our Country”
Take up the White Man's burden--Send forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives' need;To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild--Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.
Take up the White Man's burden--In patience to abide,To veil the threat of terrorAnd check the show of pride;By open speech and simple,An hundred times made plainTo seek another's profit,And work another's gain.
Take up the White Man's burden--The savage wars of peace--Fill full the mouth of FamineAnd bid the sickness cease;And when your goal is nearestThe end for others sought,Watch sloth and heathen FollyBring all your hopes to nought.
According to Kipling, what is the “white man’s burden?”
3) Naval Bases
Alfred T. Mahan – encourage U.S. to build its naval power (compete with world powers) Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia
Need for naval bases for fuel stations throughout the world Throughout the Pacific
4) New Markets
Surplus of goods creating need for new markets throughout the world (raw materials and foreign trade)
New investment
Our Acquisitions: Alaska
Purchased in 1867 William Seward, U.S. Secretary of
State Called “Seward’s Folly”
U.S. bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million
Equates to 2 cents / acre Rich in natural resources
The Inflation Calculator
Our Acquisitions: Hawaii
Vital for food (sugar), supplies, and fuel (Pearl Harbor)
Spread Christianity Issues of “duty free”
status Queen Liliuokalani –
wanted to rid American influence (“Hawaii for the Hawaiians”)
Becomes a territory until 1959 (50th state)
Our Acquisitions: Samoa
Important for refueling U.S. promises to help with disputes
among other countries Divided among Germany and the
United States (almost led to war)
Part 2: Spanish American War
America as a World Power
Events Leading up to War
U.S. attempts to buy Cuba from Spain
Cuban War for Independence Led by Jose Marti (Cuban
poet) American opinion split
Spanish Response Valeriano Weyler (Spanish
General) beats rebellion and imprisons thousands of Cubans
Causes of the War
Major Causes1) Yellow Journalism2) De Lome Letter3) Sinking of the ‘U.S.S.
Maine’Minor Causes1. Support of Monroe
Doctrine2. Desire for Empire3. Belief in American
Superiority
Yellow Journalism Sensational stories about Spanish
atrocities towards the Cubans “Butcher Weyler” Stories of poisoned wells and killing
children William Randolph Hearst and
Joseph Pulitzer fuel the war
“You furnish the pictures and I’ll
furnish the war.” ~ Hearst
“Remember the Maine”
Like Pearl Harbor during WWII, this slogan is at the center of American public support over the Spanish-American War
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De Lome Letter
Enrique Dupuy de Lome Spanish minister to the U.S.
Letter criticized the President Called him “weak”
and insulted greatly Letter is stolen and
leaked to New York Journal
De Lome is forced to resign, Spanish embarrassed and Americans angry
Sinking of the U.S.S. Maine
Battleship sent in to escort American citizens and protect property
Feb. 15, 1898 ship blows up in Havana Harbor (260 men killed)
Debate over the reason for the ship exploding still exists (newspapers blame the Spanish angering Americans more)
April 20, 1898 U.S. declares war on Spain
Before
After
Theaters of War
The Pacific The Caribbean
War in the Philippines
First battle in the Philippines Commodore George Dewey attacks the
Spanish fleet
War in the Philippines
Spanish are easily defeated
U.S. receives help from Filipino rebels led by Emilio
Aguinaldo Spanish surrender
at Manila
Filipino rebel Emilio Aguinaldo
War in the Caribbean
Rough Riders cavalry group led by Theodore Roosevelt Gain fame at Kettle Hill
and San Juan Hill (Cuba) Spanish easily
defeated in Cuba Soon after they are
defeated in Puerto Rico
Treaty of Paris
December 10, 1898 Terms
Cuba is given independence Guam and Puerto Rico given to the U.S. Spain sells Philippines to U.S. for $20
million Actual war lasts a total of 15 weeks
361 American deaths, 2,061 of food poisoning and disease
Sec. of State John Hay calls the war, “a splendid little war.”
New U.S. “spheres of influence”
Effects on new areas
Puerto Rico Foraker Act (1900) Set up gov’t where
U.S. had a great deal of influence Puerto Ricans have been granted U.S.
citizenship Cuba
Platt Amendment gives the U.S. far more power in Cuba and right to intervene
Guantanamo Bay, Cuba (Marine base)
Effects on the Philippines
U.S. acts much like the Spanish in the Philippines
Emilio Aguinaldo leads rebellion against U.S. (guerilla tactics)
1917 = WWI
1941 = WWII
1950 = Korea
1964 = Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – Vietnam
1991 = Persian Gulf War (invasion of Kuwait)
2001 = Invasion of Afghanistan (to depose the Taliban)
2003 = Invasion of Iraq (to depose Saddam Hussein)
Victory in the Spanish-American War touched off a new era in the United States. Its role in world affairs forever changed; the United States became involved in many foreign conflicts over the next century.
The United States into the 21st Century
Part 3 - The United States in
Asia
America as a World Power Unit
Beginning of Trade
China being split by European powers Spheres of Influence – only one nation can
trade in a specific area Increased trade w/ the U.S.
American missionaries sent to China Chinese workers come to America to work
on railroads
“The Empress of China” trading
goods b/w the U.S. and China
Conflict
Chinese want to preserve traditional culture
Mixed perceptions of China exotic, backward and
immoral Chinese Exclusion Act
(1882) suspends Chinese immigration
Open Door Notes
Letters to share trading rights w/ the U.S. John Hay (Sec. Of State for McKinley) Agreed to by foreign powers, but not
happy
Boxer Rebellion
Traditionalist Chinese become angered Attack and murder
missionaries, other foreigners, and Chinese converts
Hundreds of foreigners die, thousands of Chinese die in fighting
Rebellion eventually put down and shaky relations with China continue
Roosevelt and the Treaty
Roosevelt wants both to have open door policy w/ China
Roosevelt fears Japanese power
Treaty at Portsmouth, NH (1905)
Roosevelt wins the Nobel Peace Prize
“it could possibly mean a struggle between them
(Japan) and us in the future” ~ Roosevelt foreshadowing
Part 4: United States in Latin America
America as a World Power
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Background
Monroe Doctrine – U.S. opposes any European involvement in Western Hemisphere (1823)
Interested in protection within own region
Concerned about potential canal zone
Economic interests
U.S. Foreign Policy in Latin America
Big Stick Diplomacy (Roosevelt) Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
Dollar Diplomacy (Taft) Moral Diplomacy (Wilson)
Big Stick Diplomacy
“Speak softly and carry a big stick.” ~TR Believed that the U.S. had to build up a strong
military Military sphere of influence
The military would provide the “threat” of force in order to protect American interests The threat would allow America to back up its word
A Latin American Police Force
Roosevelt Corollary – Says that US will intervene in any Latin American country whose stability was in question (get rid of European influence) Military sphere of influence
Examples: Venezuela, Dominican Republic, Cuba, Nicaragua, Haiti
Mixed Opinions
Dollar & Moral Diplomacy
William H. Taft Dollar Diplomacy – urge banks and business to
invest in Latin America Economic sphere of influence
Woodrow Wilson Wilson was more an anti-imperialist Thought using money or force would hurt the
U.S. and Latin America Promote democratic gov’ts
Great White Fleet
Roosevelt sends U.S. navy on a global cruise
16 white battleships to show that U.S. is a power in the Pacific and the world
The panama canal
1880 – French company begins work on a canal across Panama Ferdinand de Lesseps (same man who
built the Suez Canal) After a decade, the canal was
canceled (disease and terrain) 20,000 dead
in 9 years (French give up)
American motivations
1) Boost the nation’s economy2) 2) Shorten journey b/w eastern
factories and Asian markets
Revolution in Panama
French (Bunau-Varilla) help the Panamanians rebel They want out.
Roosevelt supports Varilla by sending a warship (U.S.S. Nashville)
With support from U.S., rebellion is successful U.S. recognizes Panama as a new nation
Many believe it is a violation of Colombian rights (eventually pay them $25 million)
Significance of Canal
50 mile canal Trip was 8,000 miles
shorter Gateway between
the Atlantic and Pacific
“The Land Divided, the World United”
One of the two most important canals in the world
Part 5 - World War IAmerica as a World Power Unit
Europe before War Fewer nations than today
All nations have national self-interests hegemony = power
Balkan Peninsula is constantly unstable Many nationalities
Great reliance on Alliance system
Belief that war would be quick
and victorious
Long Term Causes of the War
M MilitarismA Alliances I ImperialismN Nationalism
(M)ilitarism
Definition – development of armed forces and their use as a diplomatic tool
Military spending to defend empires; everybody wanted a stronger military than their competition
By 1890 – Great Britain is greatest naval power; Germany is greatest land power
Other countries quickly join the race
European competition for the greatest navy and most advanced
technology
(A)lliances
Triple Entente – France, Great Britain and Russia (a.k.a. the “allies”)
Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy (a.k.a. the “central powers”)
Purpose was to maintain the balance of power and stop war from occurring
The system primarily set up by Otto Von Bismarck (German statesman)
(I)mperialism
Definition - Building of empires economically and politically (not exclusive to the US)
Colonies provide raw materials, markets, and extension of power
Leads to competition and increased militarism
All nations begin to extend their influence throughout the “third world”
(N)ationalism
Definition – devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation
Social Darwinism and ethnic differences
Leads to competition and rivalry among European countries
Pan-Slavism A united country of Slavic people protected by Russia (leads to outbreak of war)
The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand& The July Crisis
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary Nephew of the
current king – Franz Joseph
Dangerous to Serbia
Would have granted Southern Slavs autonomy (self-rule) but couldn’t let them be independent
Ended possible revolution in Bosnia and reunification with Serbia
June 28, 1914 Franz Ferdinand visits Sarajevo, Bosnia on a goodwill tour
200th anniversary of A-H’s rule over Bosnia
Bad Choice… Gavrilo Princip and “Black Hand” gang shot Ferdinand while he visited Sarajevo
Gavrilo Princip:Facts:
(1) Wanted to free Bosnia from the rule of Austria-Hungary and make it part of Serbia once again
(2) Murdered Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his pregnant wife Sophia
(3) His purpose was to send a message to Austria-Hungary and promote national self-determination
(4) The Assassination was planned and supported by the Serbian government
Question:
Is Gavrilo Princip a terrorist or freedom fighter?
July Crisis
Austria confers with Germany for almost 1 month
Germany offers unlimited and unconditional support
Russia’s Role
Austria tries to provoke Serbia into war July 23 – delivered 24 point ultimatum
Serbia submits to all but 1 condition A-H can’t come into Serbia to investigate
July 28 A-H declares war on Serbia Felt bound to help defend
Serbia (Pan-Slavism) July 30-31 – Russia mobilized
against A-H and Germany – also asked France to mobilize
July 31 – A-H mobilized against Russia Germany began to mobilize and
gave Russia a 12 hr. deadline to stop their mobilization
Russia refused to stop
Further declarations of war
August 1 – Ger. Declares war on Russia August 3 – Ger. Declares war on France
Italians were left out of loop Claim ignorance and insult
Brit. Fears a Ger. victory August 4 – Brit. Joins France and Russia
Includes Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Ireland…
Where is America?
U.S. is officially neutral Individuals are divided on who
they should support (or to support any nation at all)
American Neutrality
Interventionists
isolationists Split ties due to immigration
Support Germany German ancestry Irish looking to gain
independence from Britain
Support Britain Common culture,
language, and legal system
German attack on Belgium Economic ties w/ British
Socialists criticize war Conflict over markets and
economic control U.S. should be an example
peace William Jennings Bryan
Fear of families experiencing horrors of war
Sinking of the Lusitania
Sailing from New York to England (carrying civilians and munitions)
May 7, 1915 Sunk by a German U-Boat
Lusitania
1,198 killed (128 Americans) Wilson demands an apology, money,
and commitment not to use submarines
Germans agree to most; Americans back down and remain neutral
The Sussex Pledge German U-boat sinks French liner “Sussex”
March, 1916 Sussex Pledge
Germans promise not to sink merchant ships without warning and without saving human lives U.S. Congress agrees to begin building up the army and navy
U.S. is still aiding in the war effort but not yet officially involved in the war
Zimmermann Note
Arthur Zimmermann – German ambassador to Mexico
If Mexico joins a German alliance, Germany would help to restore territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona back to Mexico
Note is made public and outrages Americans
The Final Straw Wilson says “the
world must be made safe for democracy” in his call for war to Congress
Germans continue use of unrestricted submarine warfare
April 6, 1917 – U.S. Congress declares war
“It is a war against all nations…the
challenge is to all mankind.”
Recruiting & Raising an Army
Selective Service Act (May 1917) Required all men between
21-30 to sign up for military service (opposed by many)
Random selection Later made to include ages
18-45 3 million men drafted 2 more million volunteer 400,000 African Americans
serve. Women worked as clerks, nurses, stenographers and radio operators
The American impact Mass Production
1) ship workers exempt from draft
2) Emphasize importance of ship making
3) Fabrication techniques used Built elsewhere, but
assembled at the shipyard
4) Gov’t took over some commercial and private ships
American arrival Europe had been at war for more than
2 years already. Convoy system warships guard troop
carriers across the Atlantic (soldiers and supplies reach safely)
June 14, 1917 – General John J. Pershing and the American Expeditionary Forces (“Doughboys”) Fresh and enthusiastic troops A boost in morale
American forces turn the tide of the war in a time of desperate need
General John J. Pershing, leader of the American Expeditionary
Forces
Pershing fought in both the Spanish American War and was in charge
of tracking down Pancho Villa before the United States headed off to war in Europe
The American Expeditionary Forces, or
“Doughboys”
The Trenches
Systems of digging out the ground to protect army
Both sides utilize the trenches Life in the trenches was uncomfortable
and quite bleak “no man’s land” barren expanse of
mud with shell craters and barbed wire
BBC Trenches
Image of soldiers “going over the top” – meaning to climb over the trenches and charge across “no man’s land”
Trenches (Con’t)
Trench warfare creates a stalemate in France that neither army can break
Combined with the new technology of the war, this creates massive casualties that have never been seen before
The Daily Grind
1. Clean Rifle2. Eat Breakfast (unofficial truce)3. Complete Daily Chores -refilling of sandbags, repair the duckboards, and the draining of trenches. 4. Sleep, write letters, etc.5. Wait for nightfall (most action happened then)
Part 6: Weapons of War
America as a World Power
Machine Gun
Modified during World War I (most effective weapon) Up to 600 rounds/minute
Considered “weapon of mass destruction” (MWD)
Mainly used as a defensive weapon Problems: (1) immobile (2) overheating
(3) frequently jammed
Flamethrower
Psychological weapon of terror
Idea to launch burning fuel
Used to clear defenders before infantry charge
Later used as extensions from tanks
Tanks Airplanes
Caterpillar treads Constructed w/ steel Used more to destroy
barbed wire defenses First used in WWI (By
British in 1916) Still have many weak
areas
First used in WWI mostly as scout planes
Machine guns mounted for “dogfights” and used for early bombing
Air balloons also used for scouting
Poison Gas
Physical and psychological weapon First used by the French
Chlorine fog – suffocates (choking attacks), burns, and blinds victims (yellow-green gas)
Phosgene – caused violent coughing and choking w/ delayed effect (next step up)
Mustard Gas – caused internal and external blisters
Gas attacks receive condemnation (topic of debate for years)
A mental War
Mental Illness Shell Shock – called Post Traumatic
Stress Disorder today Thousands were discovered to suffer Lack of sleep
Medicine breakthroughs Treating wounds and injury becomes
more advanced (along w/ fighting infection)
Use of rehabilitation Skin-graft technology to heal face
wounds (leads to plastic surgery) Red Cross Ambulances used
Goals of homefront organizations
Raising money for the war
Gaining public support for the war
Paying for the War
$35.5 billion spent on the war 1/3 from taxes
Progressive Income Taxes on tobacco,
liquor, and luxury goods
The rest from bonds “Liberty” and
“Victory” Loans
American Industry
War Industries Board Encourage mass production Eliminate waste Set up production quotas and distributed raw materials Bernard Baruch, set up in 1917
Impact on Labor American industry grows by 20% Largely responsible for allied victory in the
war With so many white men off to war,
women and blacks found many jobs in the factories
Conservation of Resources
Food Administration Herbert Hoover Set crop prices
and regulate food exports
Families conserve food, coal, gas Daylight savings
time Encourage
Americans to plant “victory gardens” to save food for the soldiers
Patriotism & Propaganda
Committee on Public Information Promote the war to American public
Posters, paintings, cartoons, and speeches
George Creel (former muckraker) “Star Spangled Banner” sung at
many public occasions “100 percent Americanism” Support for the war is great
Ensuring Loyalty
Espionage Act (1917) Punished anyone found guilty of helping
the enemy, hindering recruitment, or inciting revolt.
Sedition Act (1918) Prohibited speech that was “disloyal,
profane, scurrilous, or abusive about the government, flag, Constitution or armed forces.”
Were those new laws Constitutional?
Do you think that the Sedition Act and Espionage Act violate the Constitution of the United States of America?
Schenck v. U.S. – Supreme Court says the Espionage Act is constitutional. Oliver Wendell Holmes (Supreme Court
Justice) says there are cases where the first amendment right of free speech can be limited (cases of clear, and present danger, like wartime)
End of the War
Russia pulls out of war in 1917 Germans concentrate forces and make a
push on the western front U.S. troops arrive just in time
Chateau-Thierry, Belleau Wood, and 2nd Marne No invasion or decisive battle (war of
attrition)
Armistice Day
• November 11, 1918 Armistice day (cease fire)
• 48,000 U.S. dead in battle, 62,000 of disease
• 22 Million total deaths in Europe
How to Solve the Peace???
What were the long-term and immediate causes of war? Explain briefly.
How should a peace treaty have resolved these problems?
Wilson’s 14 Points
January 1918 Wilson presents his plan for peace (Intended end the causes that had begun the war in the first place)
Proposed an international organization called the League of Nations to preserve peace in the worldThe 14 points truly express Wilson’s optimism and idealism
1. Self determination (personal independence) of all peoples
2. Arms reduction
3. Non-punishment
4. Formation of the League of Nations
5. Freedom of the Seas
6. No secret treaties
7. Free and open trade
Ideals in Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Peace in Paris
United States - primarily concerned with maintaining world peace Woodrow Wilson
France – punish Germany Georges Clemenceau
Italy – gain land and spoils of war Vittorio Orlando
Britain – punish Germany, not as bad as France David Lloyd George
The “Big Four” have a difficult time compromising on the right course of action for Europe and the world
Germany blamed, demilitarized, forced to pay reparations ($33 billion)Treaty written without German representationAnschluss (Combining of Germany and Austria) forbidden foreverLeague of Nations created but Germany not admitted
Treaty of Versailles
Map altered with little regard for ethnic or true national boundaries
Poland created out of Germany and Russia
France given the Alsace Lorraine province
Czechoslovakia created out of Germany and Austria-Hungary
Yugoslavia created by combining Montenegro, Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia, and other small territories
Austria-Hungary broken up
England received mandates territorial holdings in the Middle East from the Ottoman Empire
Treaty of Versailles
Disagreement over the league
No L.O.N. Fear of war w/out
Congressional approval
U.S. involvement in issues beyond its concern
Henry Cabot Lodge
For the L.O.N.
Claim that cooperation among nations would create peace
Wilson’s idea and U.S. as a world leader
Franklin Roosevelt
Wilson and the League
Wilson attempted to convince the American public and U.S. Congress to pass a treaty allowing the League of Nations Partisanship –rivalry among political parties-
defeats the L.O.N. Wilson collapses from exhaustion and suffers
a stroke days later Congress never passes the treaty League of Nations begins without the support
of the United States
The Ideal League The League in Practice
All nations should be members. Not all nations were members (eg. USA and Russia).
All nations should be equal partners in the League.
Not equal partners because major powers made decisions in the Council.
The League should be able to make decisions quickly and easily.
League structure was weak, disagreement caused delays.
National interests should be second to the league’s interests.
Nations were more interested in their OWN affairs, especially after 1929 with the economic crisis.
•Members should obey the League’s sanctions: The Moral Sanction.•The Economic Sanction.•The Military Sanction.
It was ignored (eg. Japan in Manchuria – 1931). Offenders could trade with none League members (eg. Abyssinia Crisis – 1935/6).It wasn't realistic to use violence to stop violence.
The Ideal versus Real League of Nations
