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LOCATION:
The Roman civilisation was originated in the
centre of the Italian Peninsula.
GREECE
EGYPT
In the 8th Century BC the Italian Peninsula was
NOT UNIFIED from a political point of view.
It was inhabited by different tribes such as:
Etruscans north
Latins centre
Greeks south
THE ITALIAN
PENINSULA
IN THE 8TH
CENTURY BC
Activity 1: ORIGINS OF ROME
a) In which Peninsula did the Roman Civilization originated?
b) Was the Italian Peninsula unified at the beginning of the 8th
Century BC?
c) Which 3 main tribes inhabited it? Draw a map & locate them in it.
THE ITALIAN
PENINSULA
IN THE 8TH
CENTURY BC
FOUNDING OF ROME:
The origins of Rome are not clear. It’s a mix of...
Facts archaeological remains and ancient texts.
Legend twins Romulus & Remus.
ACCORDING TO FACTS: Rome was founded in
the mid-8th century BC by Latin tribes that
settled in 7 hills near the river Tiber.
THE ITALIAN
PENINSULA
IN THE 8TH
CENTURY BC
ACCORDING TO THE LEGEND: Rome was
founded in 753 BC by the twin brothers
Romulus & Remus, in the place where they
were found by a she-wolf. Its name comes from
Romulus, who killed his brother and became the
first king of Rome.
Let’s role-play this story!!!
Activity 2: copy & answer in your notebook:
FOUNDING OF ROME:
1)According to historical facts, what’s
the origin of Rome?
2)According to the legend, what’s the
origin of Rome?
CHRONOLOGY:
The Roman Civilisation went through 3 periods:
Monarchy
753 BC – 509 BC
Republic
509 BC – 27 BC
Empire
27 BC – 476 AD
During this time, Rome conquered the entire Mediterranean coastline and became the most
powerful state in the West.
Activity 3: Copy and fill in the following chart in your notebook.
HISTORICAL PERIODS OF ANCIENT
ROMAN CIVILISATION
Period Chronology
753 – 509 BC
Chronology: 753 – 509 BC.
Form of government: Absolute monarchy: the
king ruled with absolute power. There were 7
kings in total.
End: in 509 BC the Patricians organised a revolt
against the king Tarquin the Proud:
Tarquin the Proud was expelled.
It was the end of the monarchy. A new form of
government was established: the REPUBLIC.
1. Romulus
2. Numa Pompilius
3. Tullus Hostilius
4. Ancus Marcius
5. Tarquin Priscus
6. Servius Tullius
7. Tarquin the Proud
4
LATIN
KINGS
3
ETRUSCAN
KINGS
Tarquin used violence, murder & intimidation to maintain control over Rome. People hated him!!
Tensions came to a head when his son (Sextus Tarquinius) raped Lucretia, a woman of a patrician family. As a consequence, the patricians organized a revolt and in 509 BC they expelled the last king of Rome: Tarquinthe Proud.
Activity 4: copy & answer in your notebook:
1st PERIOD OF THE HISTORY OF ROME
1)What was the first form of government
of Rome? Who held the power?
2)How many kings were there during the
Roman Monarchy? Name the first & the
last one.
3)What happened in 509 BC?
Now power was divided among three institutions:
POPULAR ASSEMBLIES (COMITIA)
SENATE
MAGISTRATES
a) POLITICAL CHANGES: the form of government of
Rome changed. It became a REPUBLIC.
The motto of the Roman Republic was
“Senātus Populus Que Rōmānus ”, in English “The Senate and People of Rome”.
It meant that the power was held by the Senate and the People of Rome (not by a king anymore!).
POPULAR ASSEMBLIES (COMITIA)• All Roman citizens.
• Functions:
• Passed laws.
• Elected the magistrates.
SENATE
• 300 ex-magistrates.
• Functions:
• Approved laws that had been previously passed by the Comitia.
• Advised & controlled the magistrates
• Decided on foreign policy.
MAGISTRATES• Elected annually:
• Consul (army)
• Praetor (justice)
• Censor (list of citizens)
• Functions:
• Governed Rome.
• Aedile (police)
• Quaestor (taxes)
• Plebeian tribune (defense
of plebeians rights).
The Roman Senate
The fight over political rights!!
At the beginning only the
patricians had political rights.
Plebeians fought during 200 years to have the same
political rights as the patricians:
494 BC: they achieved
the right to have a
magistrate that defended
their interests, the
Plebeian Tribune.
451 BC: they
achieved a written
law code, the
Twelve Tables.
PLEBEIAN TRIBUNE (magistrate that defended
the interests of the Plebeians).
Plebeians achieved to have this representative in 494 AC, after a kind
of strike (“secessioplebis”) in which they abandoned Rome and
threaten with founding their own city. They emptied & paralyzed
Rome!!
The TwelveTables of
Rome
By publishing the laws in the Forum all Romans could read and know
them, so plebeians were freed from injustice during
trials.
Activity 5: copy & answer in your notebook:
2nd PERIOD OF THE HISTORY OF ROME
1) What form of government was established in 509 BC
after the Absolute Monarchy? In this form of
government, who held the power?
2) Who elected the magistrates of Rome? Say which
magistrate…
• Administered justice?
• Controlled the army?
• Was in charge of the police?
• Made the list of citizens of Rome?
• Defended the plebeians interests?
• Collected the taxes?
3) Did patricians and plebeians had the same political
rights during all the Republic? Explain it.
During the Republic Rome began to expand territorially.
This expansion was possible thanks to a very disciplined & organized army.
b) TERRITORIAL EXPANSION:
509 BC 19 BC
PHASES OF THE EXPANSION:
1º) Italian Peninsula.
2º) Western Mediterranean. This was achieved by defeating
Carthage in the Punic wars.
3º) Eastern Mediterranean. This was achieved by defeating
the Hellenistic Monarchies.
With the final conquests of Egypt (30 BC) and Hispania (19 BC)
the Romans controlled all the Mediterranean area which they
called “Mare Nostrum” (our sea).
1st ) Domination over all theItalian Peninsula
270 BC
2nd ) Control of theWestern Mediterranean
These
conquests
involved 3
wars against
Carthage:
the PUNIC
WARS.
140 BC
1st Punic War (264 – 241 BC)
2nd Punic War (218 – 201 BC)
3rd Punic War (149 – 146 BC)
Video about thePunic Wars
3rd ) Control of theEastern Mediterranean
After defeating the
Hellenistic
Monarchies &
conquering Egypt
(30 BC) and
Hispania (19 BC)
the Romans
controlled all the
Mediterranean area
which they called
“MARE NOSTRUM”.19 BC
Evolution of the
territories under Roman control
(.gif image)
CONSEQUENCES OF THE EXPANSION:
POSITIVES NEGATIVES
It provided: Raw
materials
Land
Slaves
Plebeians who left their lands to serve in the army
were ruined because they couldn’t compete with
patricians who appropriated the conquered lands &
formed latifundia (large farms) worked by slaves.
This unequal distribution of land caused social
conflicts & revolts among the plebeians, who
wanted to take part in the share-out of conquered
lands.
To stop these revolts, the Senate gave the power to
military chiefs, who fought for absolute power in
Civil Wars. In 48 BC Julius Caesar was made dictator
for life, but he was murdered in the Senate (44 BC). A
new civil war started that led to the end of the
Republic in 27 BC.
Let’s watch a video about the crisis at the end of the Republic…
Activity 6: copy & answer in your notebook:
2nd PERIOD OF THE HISTORY OF ROME
5) Explain the phases of the territorial
expansion of Rome during the Republic.
6) Who fought in the Punic Wars? Who won?
What territorial changes did they brought?
7) What were the consequences of the territorial
expansion?
After Julius Caesar’s death (44 BC), a civil war started
(Octavian Augustus VS Marc Antony).
a) Political Changes:
27 BC: Octavian Augustus won, and he
was granted complete power establishing
a new form of government: the Empire.
The emperor hold all the power: he
summoned the Senate, passed the laws,
appointed the magistrates...
The Republic’s institutions continued to
exist, but under control of the emperor.
1– 2nd Centuries: period known as PAX ROMANA:
Maximum expansion of Rome
Peace inside Roman frontiers
Division into provinces ruled by governors to
make it easier to control such a huge territory.
Romanisation: process through which the
conquered people (Barbarians) adopted the
Roman culture (Latin language, art, towns...)
b) Historical evolution:
Roman Empire at its maximum extension under emperor TRAJANUS
Division of the Roman Empire into provinces.
They were ruled by governors (proconsul)
Romanisation of the conquered people:
they adopted Roman language (Latin), art,
urbanism…
Activity 7: copy & answer in your notebook:
3rd PERIOD OF THE HISTORY OF ROME
1) What happened after Julius Caesar’s death? What
form of government was established? Who held
the power?
2) What is the Pax Romana?
3) What name did the Romans gave to the
conquered people?
4) What was Romanisation?
3rd Century AD: the end of the territorial expansion
caused a deep CRISIS!!!!! Some reasons that caused
this crisis were…:
First defeats by the barbarians made frontiers no longer
safe, so military chiefs took control in some areas.
As conquests ended, there were fewer slaves to work, so this
caused economic problems: prices increased & trade
dropped. This made the empire became poorer, so taxes were
increased.
Due to the economic problems, many people abandoned
cities & migrated to the countryside. The empire became
ruralised (self-sufficient economy; no trade; no prosperity...)
b) Historical evolution:
In the 3rd century the Roman Empire suffered some defeats against the barbarians.
The governor of the province of Germania “Postumus” took control over the western provinces (Gaul, Germania,
Britannia & Hispania) and created the “Gallic Empire” (260-274).
Western Roman Empire
Eastern Roman Empire
395: to try to solve the crisis, emperor Theodosius
divided the empire in two parts:
Western Roman Empire
• Capital: Rome
• Evolution: in 476 it fell due to the invasion of the Germanic tribes. Odoacredeposed the last Roman Emperor, Romulus Augustus.
Eastern Roman Empire
• Capital: Constantinople
• Evolution: after 476 AD it continued existing as the Byzantine Empire until 1453, when it fell to the Turks.
Invasions of the Germanic tribes (also known as barbarians!!)
Germanic Kingdoms established after the fall of the Western Roman Empire
Map of Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire
Activity 7: copy & answer in your notebook:
3rd PERIOD OF THE HISTORY OF ROME
6) Explain the reasons that caused the crisis of the
3rd Century AD.
7) What did the Roman Empire do to try to solve the
crisis? (say who and when!)
8) What caused the fall of the Western Roman
Empire? Who was the last Roman emperor? who
deposed him? When?
9) What happened to the Eastern Roman Empire
after 476 AD?
Activity 7: copy & answer in your notebook:
3rd PERIOD OF THE HISTORY OF ROME
10) Fill in the map representing the situation of the
Roman Empire in 395 AD:
• Locate the area occupied by the Western Roman
Empire
• Locate the area occupied by the Eastern Roman
Empire.
• Locate the capital of each of the parts of the
empire.
• Next to the name of each capital, write:
• Which civilization put an end to that part of the empire.
• The year in which it happened.
The Roman economy was based on
slaves.• Worked in both agriculture and urban activities
• Slaves were acquired by Roman conquests of
territories
The main economic activity was agriculture.
Mediterranean triad: olives, cereals & vines.
Small properties worked by their owners
Large properties (latifundia) worked by
slaves.
Very important activity for Rome.
Due to its huge size, in Rome there were many different valuable minerals: gold, silver, iron, coal, copper, tin, lead…
Mines belonged to the state, and workforce was completely slaves.
Las Médulas
gold mines for
Roman Empire
(Castilla-León)
Production was commonly undetook in
large workshops with slaves.
Romans developed a varied range of
industries: pottery, textiles, silverware,
weapons… Food processing was also
important:• Olives into oil
• Grapes into wine
Trade was a huge part of Rome’s economic activity.
There was an intense trading activity within & beyond the borders of the Roman Empire.
Commerce was
favoured by several
factors:
• A road network
• A common currency
• Standardized weights
• Control over the
Mediterranean
• Strategic
geographical location
The use of the same currency & units of measureacross the whole
empire made trading easier.
Network of Roman roads (“calzadas romanas”)
Activity 8: copy & answer in your notebook:
ROMAN ECONOMY
Complete these sentences:A. The Roman economy was based on the work of ________.
B. The main economic activity of the Romans was ____________.
The main crops they cultivated were ___________, __________ &
_____________ (Mediterranean triad)
C. The huge size of the Roman Empire made it possible to
excavate ______ with many different minerals. They belonged to
the ________ and were worked by ________.
D. There was an intense ________ activity within & beyond the
borders of the Roman Empire.
What factors helped commerce grow in Rome?
Social groups
PATRICIANS:
Were the aristocracy of Rome.
Richest & most powerful families.
Had huge plots of land (latifundia).
Had political rights, and controlled the government
PLEBEIANS:
Common people of ancient Rome: artisans, small farmers…
Had some civil rights, but no political rights at the beginning.
SLAVES:
Worked for their owner.
Had no rights at all.
Activity 9: copy & answer in yournotebook:
ROMAN SOCIETY
1) Define “patrician” & “plebeian”.
2) Design a social pyramid of
Roman society
At first, Romans were
polytheistic:
DOMESTIC/PRIVATE RELIGION
• Worship of household gods (lares & penates) & the spirits of ancestors (manes).
• The pater familias (head of the house) made offerings in the lararium(altar).
STATE/OFFICIAL RELIGION
• Worship of different gods, many taken from Greek mythology (Jupiter, Mars, Venus, Neptune...).
• From the 1st Century AD onwards: worship of the emperor.
LARARIUMSPlace where domestic offerings & rituals took place
The apotheosis (transformation into gods) of Antoninus Pius and his wife Faustina. 161 AD.
Sculpted relief.
BIRTH OF CHRISTIANITY: 1st Century AD (early years of the Empire).
Preached by Jesus of Nazareth, who claimed to be the
son of God, and defended …
The existence of one single god.
Equality of all people
He was condemned & crucified.
EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY:
EARLY DAYS: Christians were persecuted by
the Romans (refusal to worship the emperors, to
enrol in the army...). However, Christianity
expanded rapidly since it promised life after
death in heaven, equality...
313 AD: emperor Constantine announced the
Edict of Milan Christians were allowed to
practice their religion.
380 AD: emperor Theodosius announced the
Edict of Thessalonica made Christianity the
official religion of the Empire.
Christians’
persecution
Christian catacombs:
burial & cult places
Activity 10: copy & answer in your notebook:
ROMAN RELIGION
1) Was Roman religion polytheistic or
monotheistic?
2) Name 3 roman gods.
3) What was the “lararium”?
4) Fill in the chart:
Emperor Year Edict
The practice of
Christianity was
allowed
Christianity was made
the official religion of
the Empire.
CHARACTERISTICS:
It had a practical purpose.
Influenced by Greek art.
Materials: stone, brick, concrete.
Ceilings supported by columns: o Greek architectural orders: Doric, Ionic & Corinthian.
o 2 new order: Tuscan & Composite
Vaulted roofs: arches & domes
Was Roman an original art??
GREEK
VS
ROMAN
Stone(Temple of Jupiter, Baalbek, Lebanon)
Bricks & concrete
Mixture of limestone, gravel & sand that
hardens with water. VERY RESISTANT!!!
Greek orders New orders
Similar to Doric, but with a base
Combination of Ionic & Corinthian
Arch
Dome(The Pantheon of Rome, temple
consecrated to all the Roman gods)
VAULTED ROOFS(≠ Greek architecture)
Activity 11: copy & answer in your notebook:
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
1) Which civilisation mostly influenced Roman
architecture?
2) What materials did Romans use to construct their
buildings?
3) Complete:
• Roman architecture was functional: it had a _______ purpose.
• Ceilings were supported by ______: they used Greek orders
(____, ____, ____) & introduced 2 new ones (______ & _______).
• Roofs were frequently vaulted: use of _____ & ______ to cover
surfaces.
4) Draw & label the architectural orders used by Romans?
MAIN BUILDINGS:
RELIGIOUS
BUILDINGS
PUBLIC
BUILDINGS
ENGINEERING
CONSTRUCTIONS
o Temples
o Tombs: catacombs
o Entertainment:
circuses, amphitheatres,
theatres, thermal baths.
o Administrative:
basilicas
o Commemorative:
columns, triumphal
arches.
o Roads
o Bridges
o Sewer systems
o Aqueducts
Temple of Hercules
Pantheon of Rome
(Temple of all the Roman gods)
Greek influence.
Pantheon of Rome
(Temple of all the Roman gods)
M·AGRIPPA·L·F·COS·TERTIVM·FECITMarcus Agrippa, Luciī fīlius, consul tertium, fēcit
'Marco Agripa, hijo de Lucio, cónsul por tercera vez, (lo) hizo'
Panteón de Agripa
Catacombs of Saint Callixtus (Rome)
Subterranean collective burials
Gladiators & naumachia shows
Roman theatre
in Merida
(Extremadura)
GREEK THEATRE VS ROMAN THEATRE
Water & air was
heated using the
hypocaust system
Basilica of Maxentius &
Constantine
(Roman Forum, Rome, Italy)
Trajan column
(Rome, Italy)
It commemorates emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars
(Rome VS Dacia, an area north of Macedon and Greece)
Arch of
Constantine
(Rome, Italy)
Ruins of a Roman road that
belonged to the Silver Route
(Vía de la Plata.
Caceres, Extremadura)
Roman bridge in
Cordoba
Roman bridge in
Merida
Roman aqueduct
in Segovia
(Spain)
Sculptures:o Copied Greek models, but it was more realistic.
o Romans developed 2 new genres:
Portrait
Historical relief
Augusto
Prima
Porta
Pompey
Sculpture of Neptune
Portrait of a Roman priest
Portrait of a
emperor
Caracalla
Detail of the column of
emperor Trajan
Painting: o Frescoe technique
o Used to decorate walls of Roman villas.
Mosaics:o Made with small pieces of coloured stone
(tessellas).
o Used to decorate floors.
Frescos in “Villa dei Misteri”(Villa of the Mysteries).
Pompey (Italy)
Frescos in a Roman Villa in
Herculaneum (Italy)
In both cases, they survived quite
undamaged to the eruption of the
Vesuvius volcano of 79 AD
Frescoe: technique in which colour
pigments are dissolved in water and
applied to a wet plaster wall. When it
dries the paint becomes an integral
part of the wall.
Activity 12: Copy & answer in your notebook
1) Put the following buildings in its corresponding category: Columns / Amphitheatres / Aqueducts / Bridges / Basilicas / Tombs: catacombs / Circuses / Sewer systems / Thermal baths / Theatres /Temples / Triumphal arches / Roads
2) Make 2 sentences with the following words: Tessellas / Walls / Painting / Mosaics /
Floors / Frescoe
RELIGIOUS
BUILDINGS
PUBLIC
BUILDINGS
ENGINEERING
CONSTRUCTIONS
o Entertainment:
o Administrative:
o Commemorative:
