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Transitioning the Library into the Users’ Environment
Lynn Silipigni Connaway, PhDSenior Research [email protected]@LynnConnaway
Americas Regional Council (ARC) Member Forum
Vancouver November 5, 2015
Overview
Visitors and Residents: What motivates engagement with the digital information environment?
Partners• JISC (UK funding body)
• OCLC• Lynn Silipigni Connaway, Ph.D.• Erin M. Hood, M.L.I.S.
• Oxford University• David White • Alison Le Cornu, Ph.D.
• University of North Carolina, Charlotte
• Donna Lanclos, Ph.D.
About Digital Visitors and Residents
o Identify individuals’ modes of engagementoHow they acquire their informationoWhy they make their choices
(White, Connaway, Lanclos, Hood, and Vass 2014)
V&R Framework
(White and Le Cornu 2011)
#vandrVisitors and Residents resources http://goo.gl/vxUMRD
Visitor Mode
oFunctional use of technology
oFormal needo Invisible online
presenceo Internet is a toolbox
(White and Connaway 2011-2014)
Resident Mode
oVisible and persistent online presence
oCollaborative activity onlineoContribute onlineo Internet is a place
(White and Connaway 2011-2014)
Educational Stages
(Connaway, White, and Lanclos 2011)
Data Collection Tools
o4 Project PhasesoSemi-structured interviewsoDiaries/monthly semi-
structured interviewsoWrittenoVideooSkype or telephone
oSecond group of semi-structured interviews
oOnline survey(White and Connaway 2011-2014)
Project Phases
oPhase 1: Interviewso31 (16 US/15 UK) Emerging (Last
year of secondary/high school & first year of university)
o10 (5 US, 5 UK) Establishing (2nd-3rd year undergraduates)
o10 (5 US, 5 UK) Embedding (Postgraduates, PhD students)
o10 (5 US, 5 UK) Experiencing (scholars)
Some Phase 1 participants agreed to submit monthly diaries (White and Connaway 2011-2014)
Diarists
Phase 2: Diaries & Follow-Up Interviews22 Diarists (10 UK/12 US):o66 diaries collectedo53 follow-up diarist
interviews conducted
oConducted and collected from April 2011 through October 2013
(White and Connaway 2011-2014)
Project PhasesoPhase 3o Interviews of second
group of 12 Emerging stage students (6 US/6 UK)
oPhase 4o In-depth online surveyo 150 participants representing each educational stage (90 US/60 UK)
(White and Connaway 2011-2014)
(Connaway and White for OCLC Research 2012)
Participant Interview Questions
Selected Questions2. Think of the ways you have used technology
and the web for your studies. Describe a typical week.
4. Think of a time when you had a situation where you needed answers or solutions and you did a quick search and made do with it. You knew there were other sources but you decided not to use them. Please include sources such as friends, family, teachers, coaches, etc.
(White and Connaway 2011-2014)
Diarist Monthly Interview Questions
Selected Questions2. Think of a time fairly recently
when you struggled to find appropriate resources to help you complete an ACADEMIC assignment. What happened?
3. Explain a time in the past month when you were successful in getting what you needed in a PERSONAL situation. What steps did you take? (White and Connaway 2011-2014)
Diary Submission Example
(White and Connaway 2011-2014)
Participant Online Survey Questions
Selected QuestionsThink of a time in the past month when you *struggled* to find appropriate resources to help you complete an ACADEMIC/PROFESSIONAL assignment. Please include sources such as friends, family, teachers, teaching assistants, tutors, coaches, colleagues, professors, etc. Please answer each of the following questions.17. What steps did you take and why?18. What resources did you choose to use?19. What made you choose these resources instead of others?20. What made these resources easy or difficult to use?
Digital Visitors & Residents Codebook Sample
18
19
Data Analysis: Digital Visitors & ResidentsI. Place
A. Internet 1. Search engine
a. Googleb. Yahoo
2. Social Mediaa. FaceBookb. Twitterc. You Tubed.
Flickr/image sharinge. Blogging
B. Library1. Academic2. Public3. School (K-12)
C. HomeD. School, classroom, computer labE. Other
CodebookNvivo 10
(White and Connaway 2011-2014)
Phases 1-4 DemographicsAges of Interview, Diary, and Follow-up Interview Participants Compared to Ages of Online Survey Participants
12-18 19-25 26-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 64+
Demographic Age Band
Interview,
Diary, Follow-up
Online
Survey
Interview,
Diary, Follow-up
Online
Survey
Interview,
Diary, Follow-up
Online
Survey
Interview,
Diary, Follow-up
Online
Survey
Interview,
Diary, Follow-up
Online
Survey
Interview,
Diary, Follow-up
Online
Survey
Interview,
Diary, Follow-up
Online
Survey
Emerging 25 23 14 15 2 0 1 4 0 0 1 0 0 0
Establishing 1 1 5 38 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Embedding 0 0 6 15 1 18 0 5 3 1 0 2 0 1
Experiencing 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 7 5 6 2 6 0 2
(White and Connaway 2011-2014)
Phases 1-4 Demographics
Academic Disciplines of Interview, Diary, and Follow-up Interview Participants Compared to Academic Disciplines of Online Survey Participants
Discipline Type Interview, Diary, Follow-up Online SurveySecondary/ High School 21 15
Sciences 22 86
Arts/ Humanities 12 23
Social Sciences 16 26
Undeclared 2 0
(White and Connaway 2011-2014)
(Connaway, Lanclos, and Hood 2013)
Convenience trumps all other reasons for selecting and using a
source
“Convenient” Isn’t Always Simple
“Well I probably actually use these things on emails because it’s an incredibly easy and quick way of getting information.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, UKS8, Female, Age 16, Secondary School Student)
Interview & Survey: Decision, Choice: Convenience
(White and Connaway 2011-2014)
Emerging Establishing Embedding Experiencing0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
37, 88% 38, 90% 32, 76%20, 83%
39, 91%10, 100% 10, 100%
9, 90%
Online Surveys (N=150) Interviews (N=73)
“…convenience, I needed the answer, my maths, I was doing an exercise, I got stuck on a question, I still had the rest of the exercise to go and I had like an hour to do it and I just wanted the formula and the quickest way to do it was to type it into Google and it came up.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, UKS2, Female, Age 17, Secondary School Student)
Interview & Survey: Decision, Choice: Available Time
Emerging Establishing Embedding Experiencing0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
4, 10%5, 12%
7, 17%
2, 8%
17, 40% 4, 40%
5, 50% 5, 50%
Online Surveys (N=150) Interviews (N=73)
“It’s like a taboo I guess with all teachers, they just all say – you know, when they explain the paper they always say, ‘Don’t use Wikipedia.’”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, USU7, Female, Age 19, Political Science)
The Learning Black Market
“I just don’t – I really don’t understand why Wikipedia is so taboo because – I mean, I do understand that anyone can add information on there but then again anyone can make a website, anyone can make a journal, it doesn’t make it like an educational source.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, USU7, Emerging, Female, Age 19, Political Science)
“The problem with Wikipedia is it’s too easy…you don’t actually learn anything, you just get an answer.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, USU6, Male, Age 28, Electrical Engineering, quoting what he heard a teacher say)
Interview: Place
(White and Connaway 2011-2014)
Emerging (N=43)
Establishing (N=10)
Embedding (N=10)
Experiencing (N=10)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
41, 95%10, 100% 10, 100%
9, 90%
9, 21%
5, 50% 5, 50%
7, 70%
14, 33% 5, 50% 3, 30% 4, 40%
35, 81%9, 90%
7, 70%
5, 50%
Facebook Twitter YouTube Wikipedia
“I always stick with the first thing that comes up on Google because I think that’s the most popular site which means that’s the most correct.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, USS1, Female, Age 17, High School Student)
“So Google has a good algorithm for that too. I think I know how to search, which helps a lot. I know what
words to put in, I know to put in journal / report / study / research. Those are words that tend to bring the correct results quickly to the top and I think that’s because I’ve been searching on Google for so long, as long as I can
remember...”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, UKG2, Embedding, Female, Age 22, Learning and Technology)
“Sometimes I just use Google and that will get me started… Sometimes I’ll do a more extensive search through library databases like PsychINFO, things like that, or Academic Premier...”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, USF5, Experiencing, Male, Age 51, Theater)
Interview & Survey Place: Search Engine
(White and Connaway 2011-2014)
Emerging Establishing Embedding Experiencing 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
16, 38%
25, 60%
19, 45%
15, 63%
38, 88%
10, 100% 10, 100%9, 90%
Online Surveys (N=150) Interviews (N=73)
“Probably the biggest thing is email. I live on my email and Facebook also, which I’m not as proud of. Just because it’s a time vortex.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, USS3, Female, Age 17, High School Student)
“Oh my goodness when I was starting my academic life everything was in the library and you could go in to these libraries at your university which were such fascinating places. …So I miss that – the old fashioned library.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, UKF2, Female, Age 51, Marketing)
“And so like my parents will always go, ‘Well look it up in a book, go to the library.’ And I’ll go, ‘Well
there’s the internet just there.’”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, UKU5, Emerging, Female, Age 19, Chemistry)
“Frequently when I’m working from home, it does feel a bit onerous to come all the way … to use the library when I’m immediately probably going to go home afterwards.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, UKG2, Embedding, Female, Age 22, Learning and Technology)
Interview & Survey Place: Library
Emerging Establishing Embedding Experiencing 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
5, 12%2, 5%
9, 21%
0, 0%
32, 74%8, 80%
10, 100%
6, 60%
Online Surveys (N=150) Interviews (N=73)
“I tend to check my emails to see whether tutors have emailed me or assignment dates or if anything important like that has changed.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, UKU6, Female, Age 19, History)
Interview: Means of Contact
(White and Connaway 2011-2014)
Emerging (N=43)
Establishing (N=10)
Embedding (N=10)
Experiencing (N=10)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
35, 81%
10, 100% 10, 100% 10, 100%
26, 60% 6, 60%
4, 40%
7, 70%
33, 77%
9, 90%
7, 70%
7, 70%
Email Face-to-Face Phone Call
“I do, like I’ll call home and ask my dad a question about something or another, or like my grandparents.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, USU4, Male, Age 19, Mechanical Engineering)
Interview Sources: Human
Emerging (N=43)
Establishing (N=10)
Embedding (N=10)
Experiencing (N=10)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
21, 49%
5, 50%
4, 40%
1, 10%
25, 58%
5, 50%4, 40%
1, 10%
23, 53% 5, 50%
3, 30%2, 20%
Father Mother Extended Family
(White and Connaway 2011-2014)
“Just because all my friends have it, it’s just an easy way to catch up and then, especially if I need some work to hand in for tomorrow, go and find out on Facebook, ask all my friends.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, UKS1, Male, Age 18, Secondary School Student)
Interview Sources: Human
Emerging (N=43)
Establishing (N=10)
Embedding (N=10)
Experiencing (N=10)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%33, 77%
7, 70%
4, 40%4, 40%
22, 51%6, 60%
4, 40%
5, 50%
9, 21%4, 40%
3, 30%
6, 60%
Friends/Colleagues Peers Other
(White and Connaway 2011-2014)
“One of my favorite ways of getting information is by asking people.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, UKU3, Female, Age 19, French and Italian)
Interview Sources: Human
(White and Connaway 2011-2014)
Emerging (N=43)
Establishing (N=10)
Embedding (N=10)
Experiencing (N=10)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
13, 30%
2, 20%
3, 30%
2, 20%5, 12%
0, 0%
1, 10% 2, 20%
37, 86% 9, 90%
6, 60%
2, 20%
Experts/Professionals Librarians Teachers/Professors
“Well, I do think the kind of – I mean, the library system’s very good, the way you can renew books, the way you can search for publications, e-journals… That is amazing really, the way you can do those kind of searches.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, UKG3, Male, Age 51, Practical Theology)
“If it were- if I had a question about history or some sort of discussion based thing I would probably call my dad or my grandfather or my sister beforehand.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, UKU12, Female, Age 21, Mathematical Physics)
The word “librarian” never mentioned in original interviews by Emerging Stage participants as a source of information
One participant referred to “a lady in the library who helps you find things” (Digital Visitors and Residents, USU5, Male, Age 19, Systems Engineering)
“This morning I was looking for a homemade bread recipe that I could use to bake and then blog about…At first I started looking online, and it was a little bit overwhelming…I ended up reaching into my mom’s cupboard and using a recipe that I found in one of her old cookbooks. The recipe was just what I was looking for: it was a simple homemade white bread.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, USS3, Female, Age 17, High School Student)
“Like, if two of them say the same thing then that must be right.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, USS4, Male, Age 17, High School Student)
Assessing Non-Traditional Sources:Determining Credibility and Authority“I look at the organization. Usually I
would look at the link, the actual link URL. That usually tells you if it’s an edu if it’s with a university, if it’s…”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, UKG2, Embedding, Female, Age 22, Learning and Technology)
“And I liked using a lot of official websites, so if a company had given me – I did mine on premature babies so I got a parent help book that was given to parents who had premature babies and it had a list of like trusted websites in it and things like that. I knew that they were good content because otherwise I wouldn’t have been given them.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, UKS2, Emerging, Female, Age 17, Secondary School Student)
All Survey QuestionsEmerging + Establishing Embedding + Experiencing
1. Agency\Decision, choice\Convenience, ease of use, accessibility
1. Agency\Decision, choice\Convenience, ease of use, accessibility
2. Sources\Human 2. Sources\Digital
3. Situation, context\Professional, academic 3. Agency\Decision, choice\Searching
4. Agency\Decision, choice\Searching 4. Sources\Human
5. Sources\Digital 5. Situation, context\Professional, academic
6. Place\Internet 6. Sources\Digital\Websites
7. Sources\Digital\Websites 7. Agency\Evaluation\Accept
8. Agency\Evaluation\Accept 8. Situation, context\Personal
9. Situation, context\Personal 9. Place\Internet\Search engine
10. Place\Internet\Search engine 10. Agency\Motivation\Extrinsic (externally motivated)
Think of a time in the past month when you had either a Personal or Academic/Professional situation where you needed answers or solutions and you did a quick search and made do with it.
Emerging + Establishing Embedding + Experiencing
1. Agency\Decision, choice\Convenience, ease of use, accessibility
1. Agency\Decision, choice\Convenience, ease of use, accessibility
2. Situation, context\Professional, academic 2. Sources\Digital
3. Sources\Digital 3. Sources\Digital\Websites
4. Agency\Decision, choice\Searching 4. Situation, context\Professional, academic
5. Sources\Digital\Websites 5. Agency\Decision, choice\Searching
6. Sources\Human 6. Place\Internet\Search engine
7. Place\Internet\Search engine 7. Place\Internet\Search engine\Google
8. Place\Internet\Search engine\Google 8. Sources\Human
9. Place\Internet 9. Agency\Motivation\Extrinsic (externally motivated)
10. Agency\Decision, choice\Speed Convenience, ease of use, accessibility
10. Agency\Evaluation\Accept
Think of a time in the past month when you were successful in completing an Academic/Professional assignment.
Emerging + Establishing Embedding + Experiencing
1. Situation, context\Professional, academic 1. Situation, context\Professional, academic
2. Agency\Decision, choice\Convenience, ease of use, accessibility
2. Sources\Digital
3. Agency\Decision, choice\Searching 3. Agency\Decision, choice\Convenience, ease of use, accessibility
4. Sources\Digital 4. Agency\Motivation\Extrinsic (externally motivated)
5. Sources\Human 5. Agency\Decision, choice\Searching
6. Sources\Physical 6. Sources\Human
7. Place\Internet 7. Sources\Digital\Websites
8. Agency\Motivation\Extrinsic (externally motivated) 8. Agency\Evaluation\Accept
9. Sources\Digital\Websites 9. Sources\Physical
10. Sources\Physical\Books 10. Sources\Physical\Books
Think of a time in the past month when you struggled to find appropriate resources to help you complete an Academic/Professional assignment.
Emerging + Establishing Embedding + Experiencing
1. Situation, context\Professional, academic 1. Situation, context\Professional, academic
2. Agency\Decision, choice\Searching 2. Agency\Motivation\Extrinsic (externally motivated)
3. Agency\Decision, choice\Convenience, ease of use, accessibility
3. Sources\Digital
4. Sources\Human 4. Sources\Human
5. Agency\Motivation\Extrinsic (externally motivated) 5. Agency\Decision, choice\Convenience, ease of use, accessibility
6. Place\Internet 6. Agency\Decision, choice\Searching
7. Sources\Digital 7. Sources\Digital\Websites
8. Agency\Evaluation\Accept 8. Agency\Evaluation\Accept
9. Sources\Physical 9. Place\Internet\Search engine
10. Agency\Decision, choice\Relevance 10. Place\Internet\Search engine\Google
Think of a time in the past month when you were successful in getting what you needed in a Personal situation.
Emerging + Establishing Embedding + Experiencing
1. Sources\Human 1. Agency\Decision, choice\Convenience, ease of use, accessibility
2. Situation, context\Personal 2. Situation, context\Personal
3. Agency\Decision, choice\Convenience, ease of use, accessibility
3. Agency\Motivation\Intrinsic (internal, self motivated)
4. Sources\Human\Friends, colleagues 4. Sources\Human
5. Agency\Motivation\Intrinsic (internal, self motivated)
5. Agency\Decision, choice\Searching
6. Agency\Evaluation\Accept 6. Sources\Digital
7. Agency\Decision, choice\Searching 7. Agency\Evaluation\Accept
8. Agency\Decision, choice\Reliability 8. Sources\Digital\Websites
9. Sources\Human\Mother 9. Place\Internet\Search engine
10. Agency\Decision, choice\Familiarity 10. Place\Internet\Search engine\Google
Think of a time in the past month when you struggled to find what you needed in a Personal situation.
Emerging + Establishing Embedding + Experiencing
1. Sources\Human 1. Situation, context\Personal
2. Situation, context\Personal 2. Agency\Motivation\Intrinsic (internal, self motivated)
3. Agency\Decision, choice\Convenience, ease of use, accessibility
3. Sources\Human
4. Agency\Decision, choice\Searching 4. Agency\Decision, choice\Searching
5. Sources\Human\Friends, colleagues 5. Sources\Digital
6. Agency\Motivation\Intrinsic (internal, self motivated)
6. Sources\Digital\Websites
7. Place\Internet 7. Agency\Decision, choice\Convenience, ease of use, accessibility
8. Agency\Evaluation\Accept 8. Sources\Human\Friends, colleagues
9. Agency\Decision, choice\Relevance 9. Place\Internet\Search engine
10. Sources\Digital 10. Place\Internet\Search engine
Mapping
Guide: Evaluating Digital Services
oWhat is it?o Contains advice on evaluating digital/online services within the broader context of traditional services.
oWhy did we create it?o To understand the contexts surrounding individual engagement with digital resources, spaces and tools.
oWho will use it?o Librarians and information technology staff
(White, Connaway, Lanclos, Hood, and Vass 2014)
Guide
http://bit.ly/evaldigservs-infokit
Implications
• Spend less time on unproven strategies
• Accelerate learning in a time of change
• Find better ways of scaling learning and innovation
(Dempsey, 2015)
So What?
• Identify how target audiences –Engage with technology–Discover & access information
• Modify & develop services & systems
Know Your Community
oMobileoEasy, Elegant, & EngagingoContentoCurationoPhysical & Online
Presence
(Roskill 2014)
A colleague posted on Facebook:
“ I showed my 12-year-old son an old floppy disk.
He said, ‘Wow….Cool! You 3d printed the save icon.’”
“Our traditional model was one in which we thought of the user in the life of the library…but we are now increasingly thinking about the library in the life of the user.”
(Dempsey 2015)
ReferencesAlexa, 2015. “Site overview: Wikipedia.org,” http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo.
Connaway, Lynn Silipigni, Donna Lanclos, and Erin M. Hood. 2013. “’I always stick with the first thing that comes up on Google…’ Where People Go for Information, What They Use, and Why.” EDUCAUSE Review Online (December 6), http://www.educause.edu/ero/article/i-always-stick-first-thing-comes-google-where-people-go-information-what-they-use-and-why.
Connaway, Lynn Silipigni, Donna Lanclos, and Erin M. Hood. 2013. “‘I find Google a lot easier than going to the library website.’ Imagine Ways to Innovate and Inspire Students to Use the Academic Library.” Proceedings of the Association of College & Research Libraries (ACRL) 2013 conference, April 10-13, 2013, Indianapolis, IN, http://www.ala.org/acrl/sites/ala.org.acrl/files/content/conferences/confsandpreconfs/2013/papers/Connaway_Google.pdf.
Connaway, Lynn S., David White, and Donna Lanclos. 2011. “Visitors and Residents: What motivates engagement with the digital information environment?” Proceedings of the 74th ASIS&T Annual Meeting 48: 1-7.
Connaway, Lynn Silipigni, David White, Donna Lanclos, and Alison Le Cornu. 2013. Visitors and Residents: What Motivates Engagement with the Digital Information Environment? Information Research 18, no. 1, http://informationr.net/ir/18-1/infres181.html.
Dempsey, Lorcan. 2012. “Thirteen Ways of Looking at Libraries, Discovery, and the Catalog: Scale, Workflow, Attention.” EDUCAUSE Review Online, http://www.educause.edu/ero/article/thirteen-ways-looking-libraries-discovery-and-catalog-scale-workflow-attention.
ReferencesDe Santis, Nick. 2012. “On Facebook, Librarian Brings 2 Students from the Early 1900s to Life.” Chronicle of Higher Education (January 6), http://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/on-facebook-librarian-brings-two-students-from-the-early-1900s-to-life/34845.
Duggan, Maeve. 2015. “Mobile Messaging and Social Media 2015.” Pew Research Center (August 19). http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/08/19/mobile-messaging-and-social-media-2015/.
McDiarmid, E. W. 1940. The Library Survey: Problems and Methods. Chicago: American Library Association.
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QSR International. 2011. NVivo 9: Getting started. http://download.qsrinternational.com/Document/NVivo9/NVivo9-Getting-Started-Guide.pdf.
Rainie, Lee, Aaron Smith, and Maeve Duggan. 2013. “Coming and Going on Facebook.” Pew Research Center (February 5). http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/02/05/coming-and-going-on-facebook/.
Ranganathan, Shiyali Ramamrita. 1931. The Five Laws of Library Science. London: Edward, Goldston, Ltd.
Roskill, Andrew. 2014. “Get a Read on This: Libraries Bridging the Digital Divide: Andrew Roskill at TEDxCharleston.” YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J198u5HK0pY.
ReferencesTurkle, Sherry. 2015. “Stop Googling. Let’s Talk.” New York Times, Opinion. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/27/opinion/sunday/stop-googling-lets-talk.html.
White, David S., and Alison Le Cornu. 2011. “Visitors and Residents: A New Typology for Online Engagement.” First Monday 16, no. 9. http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/3171/3049. White, David S., and Lynn Silipigni Connaway. 2011-2014. Visitors & Residents: What Motivates Engagement with the Digital Information Environment. Funded by JISC, OCLC, and Oxford University. http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/vandr/.
White, David, Lynn Silipigni Connaway, Donna Lanclos, Erin M. Hood, and Carrie Vass. 2014. Evaluating Digital Services: A Visitors and Residents Approach. http://www.jiscinfonet.ac.uk/infokits/evaluating-services/.
Zhang, Jie, and Nevin Mayer. 2014. “Proactive Chat Reference: Getting in the Users’ Space.” College & Research Libraries News 75, no. 4: 202-205. http://crln.acrl.org/content/75/4/202.full.pdf+html.
Zickuhr, Kathryn, Lee Rainie, and Kristen Purcell. 2013. Library Services in the Digital Age. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project.
